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Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This chauvinism has lead to a backlash where either e xplicitly or implicitly through their behavior --Black women and other women of color have refused to join them.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“None of the writers previously alluded to --Hooks, Davis or Joseph --denies the existence of racism and elitism within the contemporary feminist movement.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hooks, From Margin to Center
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Davis, Women, Race and Class
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Joseph and Lewis, Common Differences
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Each further refutes the reductionist analysis that combatting racism alone, will mean that Black women will then ipso facto become liberated.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hooks, From Margin to Center
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Davis, Women, Race and Class
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Joseph and Lewis, Common Differences
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
- Probably not a substantial claim. 21
- It may state two separate claims as one. 12
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only after the recognition of common differences ~s acknowledged and the diversity of women's condition is made central to the feminist framework, can the feminist movement move forward.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Hooks contends that if feminists are to succeed in creating a viable mass movement against sexual oppression , it must account for the complexity and diversity of female experience and cease catering to the needs of a privileged few.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hooks, From Margin to Center
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Furthermore, she comments that “It was a mark of race and class privilege, as well as the expression of treedom from many constraints of sexism placed upon working class women, that middle-class white women were able to make their interests the primary focus of the feminist movement and employ a rhetoric of commo~lity that made their condition synonymous with oppression .””
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hooks, p.6
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“She be9ins her discussion with a critique of the contemporary feminist movement that asserts that “Feminism in the u.s. has never emerged from the women who are the most victimized by sexist oppression; women who arE' daily beaten down, mentally, physically and spiritually --women who are powerless to change thei~ condition in life: all non-white women and poor women.””
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hooks, p.5
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“From Margin to Center, a leading work in an emergent body-of literature written by Black feminists, clearly delineates the nexus of race, class and sexual oppression upon the lives of Black women.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hooks, From Margin to Center
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Hooks' new book speaks directly to major contradictions within the feminist movement in the United States: Eurocentrism, elitism, opportunism, romaniticism of sisterhood, and a false consciousness which targets men as the enemy and deflects attention from an economic system based upon exploitation, racism and sexual discrimination.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hooks, From Margin to Center
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A viable feminist framework must acknowledge that “women are divided by sexist attitudes, racism, class privilege , and a host of other I prejudices” which have 3 precluded their coming together and organizing effectively .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hooks, p.44
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Bell Hooks' earlier work, Ain't I a W oman: Black Wome and Feminism (1981); Gloria I .Joseph and Jill Lewis', Commo Differences (1981); and Angela Y. Davis', Women, Rac-;;-a:n Class (1983), collectively provide a rationale for Blac ;o;nen' s necessRry participation in the feminist movement o our own terms .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hooks, Ain't I a Woman
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Joseph and Lewis, Common Differences
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Davis, Women, Race and Class
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Furthermore, these authors do however, contradict the notion that the feminist movement belongs to white women (middle-class white women at that), and challenge the 1.dea that Black women do not have legitimate concerns related to gender and exploitation.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hooks, From Margin to Center
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Davis, Women, Race and Class
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Joseph and Lewis, Common Differences
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Together, these works hav~ explored ou multifaceted history and its various permutations: the impac of racism on Black women during slavery, the devaluation of Black womanhood, racism within the contemporary feminist movement, the relationship between mothers and daughters, sexual atitudes and sexuality, housework, birth control and struggle.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hooks, Ain't I a Woman
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Joseph and Lewis, Common Differences
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Davis, Women, Race and Class
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Women who were not opposed to patriarchy, capitalism, classism or racism, labeled themselves feminists; yet these women claimed sisterhood with the very women they sought to silence and exclude from the struggle.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hooks, From Margin to Center
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Hooks, Davis and Joseph see Black women 's feminist concerns as undeniable and they speak in direct contrast to Black and African women (and men) who preoccupied by reactions to racism, cast aspersions and espouse the belief that ... Black American and African women should beware of the term 'feminism ' which is suspect, negative and usually associated with middle-class white American women who (e”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hooks, From Margin to Center
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Davis, Women, Race and Class
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Joseph and Lewis, Common Differences
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“To transform feminism and raise it fron this quagmire, Hooks suggests that feminism be define( clearly, as a movement to end sexist oppression as well a1 other forms of oppression and domination --not as a movemen1 promotinq a life-style choice or as gaining equality with me1 within an oppressive and exploitative system.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hooks, From Margin to Center
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Instead, they express repugnance for its tenacious grip on the movement and its alienation of women of color.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hooks, From Margin to Center
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Davis, Women, Race and Class
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Joseph and Lewis, Common Differences
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In her conclusion, Roods enjoins women and men to support feminism and to restore its revolutionary life force by “rethinking and reshaping its direction so that the experiences of people on the margin who suffer sexist oppression and other forms of group oppression are understood, addressed and incor~rated into the making of theory and the planning of action.””
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hooks, p.161
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, the movement's stagnation and isolation form the very forces who could have galvanized feminism into a legitimate masf based organization .”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“she pulls together the various strands and argues effectively for an analysis which acknowledges the interdependence of race, sex and class and the necessity of fighting them through a combined and multi-pronged strategy .”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Instead, our struggle is defined as one against the combined forces of racial, sexual , and class oppression.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hooks, From Margin to Center
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Davis, Women, Race and Class
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Joseph and Lewis, Common Differences
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“women are not a monolithj group; there is diversity , there is conflict, and there are differences in spite of the commonality of gender.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hooks, From Margin to Center
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hooks s killfully sidesteps the Marxist orthodxy of myoptically focusing on class to the exclusion of all else ; she transcends the nationalist thinking of defining race as the sole barrier ; and she refuses to be seduced by the lure of sisterhood with women who have coopted feminism and appropriated it as a vehicle for their own self-serving needs.”
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A. nd, men too, are not allowed to abdicate their obligation to struggle with women in bringing about an end to exploitation based upon race, class and sex .”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Black women and other women of color are addressed and identified as principal characters in the struggle against sexism; they are brought front stage , center, no longer relegated to the wings.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Black women are no longer silent and have entered the arena of debate and done their homework.
“Black women o.1re no longer silent.We have entered the arena of debate and we have done our homework.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Black women have begun to express compassion for themselves and to assess their own particular condition as women and as members of an oppressed ethnic group.
“As Black women we have begun tc express compassion for ourselves .We have begun to assess out own particular condition as women and as members of ar oppressed ethnic group.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Black women have dared to become advocates of feminism within an Afrocentric context.
“We have even dared to becomE advocates of feminism that 1s within an Afrocentri< context.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Black women have done this in spite of resistance and incisive criticism from Black women and Black men who deem feminism an inappropriate topic for them.
“We have done this in spite of resistance an< incisive criticism from Black women and Black men who deer feminism an inappropriate topic for us.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In increasing numbers, Black women's novels, poems, and expository works attest to their understanding that sexism is a barrier they must organize to eradicate.
“In increasing numbers our novels, poems and expository works attest to ou understanding that sexism is indeed a barrier which we mus organize to eradicate .”
Citations
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Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept
Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243205278639 · Cited by 9,367
Acker, J. R. (2006) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243206289499 · Cited by 3,858
Choo, H. Y., & Ferree, M. M. (2010) · Sociological Theory · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2010.01370.x · Cited by 1,698
Foundations of Place: A Multidisciplinary Framework for Place-Conscious Education
Gruenewald, D. A. (2003) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312040003619 · Cited by 1,280
Theorizing and Researching Intersectionality: A Challenge for Feminist Geography*
Valentine, G. (2007) · The Professional Geographer · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9272.2007.00587.x · Cited by 1,250
Metadata
- Authors
- Jackson, S.
- Corresponding author
- Jackson, Sandra
- Venue
- Ufahamu A Journal of African Studies
- Publisher
- California Digital Library (CDL)
- Published
- 1985-01-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 0041-5715 (ISSN-L)
- 2150-5802
- OpenAlex
- W299429925
- Cited by
- 4,441
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 256 · 2024: 474 · 2023: 392 · 2022: 393 · 2021: 325 · 2020: 258 · 2019: 248 · 2018: 199 · 2017: 142 · 2016: 127 · 2015: 86 · 2014: 104 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 114
- FWCI
- 18.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.escholarship.org
- Locations
- Ufahamu A Journal of African Studies (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Feminist Theory and Gender Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Feminism, Gender, and Intersectionality
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Keywords
- feminist theory, marginality, women's studies, African feminism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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