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Cited by 28Cerebral Palsy and Movement DisordersChildren's Physical and Motor DevelopmentBotulinum Toxin and Related Neurological Disorders

Intelligence, Functioning, and Related Factors in Children with Cerebral Palsy

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Turkoglu, Gozde, Turkoglu, Serhat, Celik, Canan, Ucan, Halil·2017·Noro Psikiyatri Arsivi
DOI 10.5152/npa.2015.12676PMC PMC5439469
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Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common significant motor impairment in childhood. CP is defined as a primary disorder of posture and movement; however, intellectual impairment is prevalent in children with CP. The purpose of this study was to examine the intelligence level associated with gross motor function and hand function, type of CP, the presence of comorbid disorders such as epilepsy, and other factors. METHODS: In total, 107 children with CP were included. Age, gender, prenatal/natal/postnatal risk factors, type of CP, and presence of other neurodevelopmental disorders were recorded as demographic findings. Intellectual functions of the patients were determined by clinical assessment, adaptive function of daily life, and individualized, standardized intelligence testing. The gross motor function and hand function of the patients were classified using the "Gross Motor Function Classification System" and "Bimanual Fine Motor Function" measurements, respectively. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 8.10±3.43 years (2-16 years). The study included 63 (58.9%) male patients and 44 (41.1%) female patients. During clinical typing, 80.4% of the patients were spastic, 11.2% were mixed, 4.7% were dyskinetic, and 3.7% were ataxic. Intellectual functioning tests found 26.2% of the children within the intellectual norm and that 10% of the children had a borderline intellectual disability, 16% of them had a mild intellectual disability, 17% of them had a moderate intellectual disability, and 30.8% of them had a severe intellectual disability. No significant relationship was determined between the CP type and intellectual functioning (p>0.05). Intellectual functioning was found to be significantly correlated with hand functions and motor levels (p<0.001). Factors related with intellectual functioning were neonatal convulsion, epilepsy, and speech disorders. CONCLUSION: Intelligence assessment should be an essential part of CP evaluation and research. There is not enough reliable knowledge, unanimity regarding validity data, and population-specific norms in the intelligence assessments of children with CP. Research is required to assess properly intelligence for children with CP.

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  • GMFCS level and intelligence levels have been found to be significantly correlated, with increasing GMFCS levels being associated with lower intellectual abilities.

    “This mirrors results in which GMFCS level and intelligence levels have been found to be significantly correlated, with increasing GMFCS levels being associated with lower intellectual abilities [56].”

    From The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research (2025) · cites this paper as [56]

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Authors
Turkoglu, G., Turkoglu, S., Celik, C., & Ucan, H.
Venue
Noro Psikiyatri Arsivi
Publisher
Turk Noropsikiyatri Dernegi
Published
2017-05-08
Volume
54
Issue
1
Pages
33-37
ISSN
  • 1300-0667 (ISSN-L)
  • 1309-4866
DOI
10.5152/npa.2015.12676
PMC
PMC5439469
OpenAlex
W2612468711
Cited by
28
References
26
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1
FWCI
0.27
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Botulinum Toxin and Related Neurological Disorders
Keywords
cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, intelligence assessment, gross motor function, hand function, spastic cerebral palsy, epilepsy, neonatal seizures, speech disorders, adaptive behavior, Gross Motor Function Classification System

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