Cognitive Functioning in Children with Cerebral Palsy
Open accessAbstract
Children with cerebral palsy (CP) have an increased risk of cognitive impairments. This narrative review of the literature discusses assessment of cognition in children with CP, presents the most salient characteristics of cognitive functioning pertaining to each subtype, and discusses the relationships between brain injury, functioning, and intervention from a developmental perspective. A search for original studies of cognitive functioning in children with different subtypes of CP was performed. The search resulted in 81 unique hits. There were few studies with a representative sample of children with CP where all participants were individually assessed. Cognitive functioning in children with the most severe motor impairments were often assumed and not assessed. Furthermore, there was a confounding of IQ below 70 and intellectual disability, possibly leading to an overestimation of the prevalence of intellectual disability. Longitudinal neuropsychological studies, including also very young children and those with the most severe speech and motor impairments, as well as intervention studies, are called for. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Few studies have assessed cognition in a representative sample of children with cerebral palsy. Cognition in children with severe motor impairment is often assumed, not assessed. Lack of assessment may lead to overestimating the prevalence of intellectual disability. Lowered cognitive functioning in older children highlights the need for longitudinal studies.
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Children with CP and more severe motor impairment often do not undergo adequate evaluation of their cognitive functioning.
“Children with CP and more severe motor impairment often do not undergo adequate evaluation of their cognitive functioning [57].”
From The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research (2025) · cites this paper as [57]
Difficulties with assessment may contribute to a misrepresentation of the frequency of ID within children with CP.
“These difficulties with assessment may contribute to a misrepresentation of the frequency of ID within children with CP [57].”
From The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research (2025) · cites this paper as [57]
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Cummins, D., Kerr, C., McConnell, K., & Perra, O. (2021) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2020-320441 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Academic Skills in Children with Cerebral Palsy and Specific Learning Disorders
Micheletti, S., Galli, J., Vezzoli, M., Scaglioni, V., Agostini, S., Calza, S., Merabet, L. B., & Fazzi, E. (2024) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.15808 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research
Rausch, R., Chahin, S., Miller, C., Dopheide, L., Bovio, N., Harris, A., & Patel, D. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14124364 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Stadskleiv, K.
- Affiliations
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Stadskleiv, Kristine
- ORCID
- Stadskleiv, Kristine
- Venue
- Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-01-09
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 283-289
- ISSN
- 0012-1622 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8749
- OpenAlex
- W3000602128
- Cited by
- 168
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 3.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
- Keywords
- cerebral palsy, cognitive function, intellectual disability, cognitive impairment, cerebral palsy subtypes, motor impairment severity, neuropsychological assessment, brain injury, cognitive development, cognitive intervention, prevalence overestimation
- MeSH terms
- Cerebral Palsy, Child, Cognition, Humans, Intellectual Disability, Neuropsychological Tests, Cognitive Dysfunction
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