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Cited by 21Marine and coastal ecosystemsCO2 Sequestration and Geologic InteractionsClimate Change and Geoengineering

Ocean alkalinity enhancement in an open-ocean ecosystem: biogeochemical responses and carbon storage durability

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Paul, Allanah Joy, Haunost, Mathias, Goldenberg, Silvan Urs, Hartmann, Jens, Sánchez, Nicolás, Schneider, Julieta, Suitner, Niels, Riebesell, Ulf·2025·Biogeosciences
DOI 10.5194/bg-22-2749-2025

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Abstract

Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is considered for the long-term removal of gigatonnes of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the atmosphere to achieve our climate goals. Little is known, however, about the ecosystem-level changes in biogeochemical functioning that may result from the chemical sequestration of CO 2 in seawater and how stable the sequestration is. We studied these two aspects in natural plankton communities under carbonate-based, CO 2 -equilibrated OAE of up to a doubling of ambient alkalinity (+2400 µeq kg −1 , Ω aragonite ∼10) in the nutrient-poor North Atlantic. During our month-long mesocosm experiment, the majority of biogeochemical pools, including inorganic nutrients, particulate organic carbon and phosphorus, and biogenic silica, remained unaltered across all OAE levels. Noticeable exceptions were a minor decrease in particulate organic nitrogen and an increase in the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N) of particulate organic matter in response to OAE. Thus, in our nitrogen-limited system, nitrogen turnover processes appear more susceptible than those of other elements, which could lead to decreased food quality and increased organic carbon storage. However, alkalinity and chemical CO 2 sequestration were not stable at all levels of OAE. Two weeks after alkalinity addition, we measured a loss of added alkalinity and of the initially stored CO 2 in the mesocosm where alkalinity was highest. The loss rate in this mesocosm accelerated over time and amounted to ∼10 % of stored CO 2 within 4 weeks after alkalinity enhancement. Additional tests showed that such secondary precipitation can be initiated by particles acting as precipitation nuclei and that this process can occur even at lower levels of OAE. In conclusion, in scenarios like our study with carbonate-based OAE, where the carbon is already sequestered, the risk of major and sustained impacts on biogeochemical functioning may be low in the nutrient-poor ocean. However, the durability of carbon sequestration using OAE could be constrained by alkalinity loss in supersaturated waters with precipitation nuclei present. Our study provides an evaluation of the ecosystem impacts of an idealised OAE deployment for monitoring, reporting, and verification in an oligotrophic system. Whether biogeochemical functioning is resilient to more technically simple and economically viable approaches that induce stronger water chemistry perturbations remains to be seen.

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  • The net impact of OAE-induced changes on carbon export is unclear, and early research has not shown a significant impact in either direction.

    “The net impact of these changes on C export is unclear, and early research has not shown a significant impact in either direction. 81,82”

    From A framework for understanding efficiency losses of Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (2026) · cites this paper as [81]

    The Abstract reports that particulate organic carbon remained unaltered across OAE levels, and Section 4.1 describes only minor impacts on the measured biogeochemical properties in this nutrient-poor experiment. But the paper does not report a carbon-export measurement or establish that OAE has no significant effect on export in either direction; unchanged particulate carbon concentrations are not the same as unchanged export. (LLM, conf=0.74)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Paul, A. J., Haunost, M., Goldenberg, S. U., Hartmann, J., Sánchez, N., Schneider, J., Suitner, N., & Riebesell, U.
Affiliations
  • GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (DE)
  • Universität Hamburg (DE)
ORCID
Venue
Biogeosciences
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Published
2025-06-18
Volume
22
Issue
12
Pages
2749-2766
ISSN
  • 1726-4170 (ISSN-L)
  • 1726-4189
DOI
10.5194/bg-22-2749-2025
OpenAlex
W4411433627
Cited by
21
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2
FWCI
9.11
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Biogeosciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) (acceptedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Horizon 2020 (869357, 731065)
  • Helmholtz Association (PIE-0021)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Geoengineering
Keywords
ocean alkalinity enhancement, carbon dioxide removal, secondary precipitation, plankton communities, biogeochemical responses, C/N ratio, nitrogen limitation, particulate organic carbon, phosphorus, biogenic silica, monitoring, reporting and verification, mesocosm experiment

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