Enhanced chemical weathering as a geoengineering strategy to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide, supply nutrients, and mitigate ocean acidification
Open accessAbstract
Chemical weathering is an integral part of both the rock and carbon cycles and is being affected by changes in land use, particularly as a result of agricultural practices such as tilling, mineral fertilization, or liming to adjust soil pH. These human activities have already altered the terrestrial chemical cycles and land‐ocean flux of major elements, although the extent remains difficult to quantify. When deployed on a grand scale, Enhanced Weathering (a form of mineral fertilization), the application of finely ground minerals over the land surface, could be used to remove CO 2 from the atmosphere. The release of cations during the dissolution of such silicate minerals would convert dissolved CO 2 to bicarbonate, increasing the alkalinity and pH of natural waters. Some products of mineral dissolution would precipitate in soils or be taken up by ecosystems, but a significant portion would be transported to the coastal zone and the open ocean, where the increase in alkalinity would partially counteract “ocean acidification” associated with the current marked increase in atmospheric CO 2 . Other elements released during this mineral dissolution, like Si, P, or K, could stimulate biological productivity, further helping to remove CO 2 from the atmosphere. On land, the terrestrial carbon pool would likely increase in response to Enhanced Weathering in areas where ecosystem growth rates are currently limited by one of the nutrients that would be released during mineral dissolution. In the ocean, the biological carbon pumps (which export organic matter and CaCO 3 to the deep ocean) may be altered by the resulting influx of nutrients and alkalinity to the ocean. This review merges current interdisciplinary knowledge about Enhanced Weathering, the processes involved, and the applicability as well as some of the consequences and risks of applying the method.
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Mechanical comminution produces an approximately log-normal particle size distribution that varies with different grinding and milling technologies.
“However, mechanical comminution produces an approximately log-normal psd 16 that varies with different grinding and milling technologies.”
From Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
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Self-citationPotential and costs of carbon dioxide removal by enhanced weathering of rocks
Strefler, J., Amann, T., Bauer, N., Kriegler, E., & Hartmann, J. (2018) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aaa9c4 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Self-citationEnhanced weathering strategies for stabilizing climate and averting ocean acidification
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Negative emissions—Part 3: Innovation and upscaling
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Lawrence, M. G., Schäfer, S., Muri, H., Scott, V., Oschlies, A., Vaughan, N. E., Boucher, O., Schmidt, H., Haywood, J., & Scheffran, J. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05938-3 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Self-citationOlivine dissolution rates: A critical review
Oelkers, E. H., Declercq, J., Saldi, G. D., Gislason, S. R., & Schott, J. (2018) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.10.008 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Kelland, M. E., Wade, P. W., Lewis, A. L., Taylor, L. L., Sarkar, B., Andrews, M. G., Lomas, M. R., Cotton, T. E. A., Kemp, S. J., James, R. H., et al. (2020) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.15089 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Carbon Dioxide Efficiency of Terrestrial Enhanced Weathering
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Self-citationPotential CO2 removal from enhanced weathering by ecosystem responses to powdered rock
Goll, D. S., Ciais, P., Amann, T., Buermann, W., Chang, J., Eker, S., Hartmann, J., Janssens, I., Li, W., Obersteiner, M., et al. (2021) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-021-00798-x · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citationRapid CO2 mineralisation into calcite at the CarbFix storage site quantified using calcium isotopes
Pogge von Strandmann, P. A. E., Burton, K. W., Snæbjörnsdóttir, S. O., Sigfússon, B., Aradóttir, E. S., Gunnarsson, I., Alfredsson, H. A., Mesfin, K. G., Oelkers, E. H., & Gislason, S. R. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10003-8 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Dahl, T. W., & Arens, S. K. M. (2020) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119665 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Fossil fuels in a trillion tonne world
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Manning, D. A. C., Renforth, P., Lopez-Capel, E., Robertson, S., & Ghazireh, N. (2013) · International journal of greenhouse gas control · doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2013.05.012 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Atmospheric CO2 Sequestration in Iron and Steel Slag: Consett, County Durham, United Kingdom
Mayes, W. M., Riley, A. L., Gomes, H. I., Brabham, P., Hamlyn, J., Pullin, H., & Renforth, P. (2018) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b01883 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
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The potential for implementation of Negative Emission Technologies in Scotland
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Ideas and perspectives: Synergies from co-deployment of negative emission technologies
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Self-citationde Oliveira Garcia, W., Amann, T., Hartmann, J., Karstens, K., Popp, A., Boysen, L. R., Smith, P., & Goll, D. (2019) · doi:10.5194/bg-2019-386 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
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Self-citationReview and outlook for agromineral research in agriculture and climate mitigation
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Enhanced rock weathering: biological climate change mitigation with co-benefits for food security?
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Quantified Carbon Dioxide Removal from an Alkalinity Addition Field Trial in the Kvina River, Norway
Bahler, I., Trueman, B., Vogt, R., Tucker, J., Brenan, C., & Sterling, S. (2026) · CDRxiv · doi:10.70212/cdrxiv.2026557.v1
- Authors
- Hartmann, J., West, A. J., Renforth, P., Köhler, P., De La Rocha, C. L., Wolf‐Gladrow, D. A., Dürr, H. H., & Scheffran, J.
- Affiliations
- Universität Hamburg (DE)
- University of Southern California (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (DE)
- UMR CNRS 6539, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Technôpole Brest‐Iroise Place Nicholas Copernic Plouzané France
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) Bremerhaven Germany
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Venue
- Reviews of Geophysics
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 113-149
- ISSN
- 0096-1043 (ISSN-L)
- 8755-1209
- 1944-9208
- OpenAlex
- W2146034720
- Cited by
- 717
- References
- 323
- Citations by year
- 2026: 117 · 2025: 121 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 10.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Reviews of Geophysics (publishedVersion)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung (Alfred-Wegener-Institut) (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- University of Oxford
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (EXC177)
- Universität Hamburg (EXC177)
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Geoengineering
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies
- Keywords
- enhanced weathering, geoengineering, atmospheric CO2 removal, ocean acidification, mineral fertilization, silicate dissolution, ocean alkalinity, nutrient supply, biological carbon pump, terrestrial carbon sequestration, liming, soil pH
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