CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 72

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Orbitally tuned timescale and astronomical forcing in the middle Eocene to early Oligocene

Westerhold, T., Röhl, U., Pälike, H., Wilkens, R., Wilson, P. A., Acton, G.·2014·Climate of the Past
DOI 10.5194/cp-10-955-2014

Published version of a preprint

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Abstract. Deciphering the driving mechanisms of Earth system processes, including the climate dynamics expressed as paleoceanographic events, requires a complete, continuous, and high-resolution stratigraphy that is very accurately dated. In this study, a robust astronomically calibrated age model was constructed for the middle Eocene to early Oligocene interval (31–43 Ma) in order to permit more detailed study of the exceptional climatic events that occurred during this time, including the middle Eocene climate optimum and the Eocene–Oligocene transition. A goal of this effort is to accurately date the middle Eocene to early Oligocene composite section cored during the Pacific Equatorial Age Transect (PEAT, IODP Exp. 320/321). The stratigraphic framework for the new timescale is based on the identification of the stable long eccentricity cycle in published and new high-resolution records encompassing bulk and benthic stable isotope, calibrated XRF core scanning, and magnetostratigraphic data from ODP Sites 171B-1052, 189-1172, 199-1218, and 207-1260 as well as IODP Sites 320-U1333, and 320-U1334 spanning magnetic polarity Chrons C12n to C20n. Subsequently orbital tuning of the records to the La2011 orbital solution was conducted. The resulting new timescale revises and refines the existing orbitally tuned age model and the geomagnetic polarity timescale from 31 to 43 Ma. The newly defined absolute age for the Eocene–Oligocene boundary validates the astronomical tuned age of 33.89 Ma identified at the Massignano, Italy, global stratotype section and point. The compilation of geochemical records of climate-controlled variability in sedimentation through the middle-to-late Eocene and early Oligocene demonstrates strong power in the eccentricity band that is readily tuned to the latest astronomical solution. Obliquity driven cyclicity is only apparent during 2.4 myr eccentricity cycle minima around 35.5, 38.3, and 40.1 Ma.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.5194/cp-10-955-2014

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 Location map of sites used in this study on 34 Ma paleogeographic reconstruction in Mollweide projection (ODSN, 2011; Hay et al., 1999) and detailed location map in the Pacific (big map, red stars) with additional IODP/ODP/DSDP sites. F.Z. = fracture zone (modified from Pälike et al., 2010).
Figure 1 Location map of sites used in this study on 34 Ma paleogeographic reconstruction in Mollweide projection (ODSN, 2011; Hay et al., 1999) and detailed location map in the Pacific (big map, red stars) with additional IODP/ODP/DSDP sites. F.Z. = fracture zone (modified from Pälike et al., 2010).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 2 Overview of data from ODP Site 1218 and IODP Sites U1333/U1334 in the depth domain (in brackets the water depth of each site at 34 Ma; Pälike et al., 2010). The plots show stable carbon isotope data (black, gray), normalized median scaled (NMS) wt% based on calibrated XRF core scanning data for Si (green), Ca (blue), and Fe (red) (for details see methods chapter), spliced core image, and magnetic polarity reversal pattern transferred to 1218 and U1334 by correlation to U1333 (Pälike et al., 2010; Westerhold et al., 2012a). Data sources: all XRF core scanning data from this study; bulk δ 13 C U1334 from Wilson et al. (unpublished) (black) and this study (gray), 1218 from Coxall et al. (2005) (black), U1333 from Wilson et al. (unpublished) (black), and Leon-Rodriguez and Dickens (2013) (gray); benthic ( Cibicidoides spp.) δ 13 C of 1218 from Lear et al. (2004), Coxall et al. (2005), Tripati et al. (2005), and Coxall and Wilson (2011).
Figure 2 Overview of data from ODP Site 1218 and IODP Sites U1333/U1334 in the depth domain (in brackets the water depth of each site at 34 Ma; Pälike et al., 2010). The plots show stable carbon isotope data (black, gray), normalized median scaled (NMS) wt% based on calibrated XRF core scanning data for Si (green), Ca (blue), and Fe (red) (for details see methods chapter), spliced core image, and magnetic polarity reversal pattern transferred to 1218 and U1334 by correlation to U1333 (Pälike et al., 2010; Westerhold et al., 2012a). Data sources: all XRF core scanning data from this study; bulk δ 13 C U1334 from Wilson et al. (unpublished) (black) and this study (gray), 1218 from Coxall et al. (2005) (black), U1333 from Wilson et al. (unpublished) (black), and Leon-Rodriguez and Dickens (2013) (gray); benthic ( Cibicidoides spp.) δ 13 C of 1218 from Lear et al. (2004), Coxall et al. (2005), Tripati et al. (2005), and Coxall and Wilson (2011).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 3 High-resolution XRF core scanning data, bulk and benthic stable carbon isotope data, core images and cyclostratigraphy from Chron C12n to C13n for Sites U1334, 1218, and U1333 in the depth domain. For details see captions of Fig. 2. Blue lines mark early Oligocene ash layers apparent in all three sites (Kuroda and and Westerhold, 2013). Numbers represent the assigned short (green) and long (blue) eccentricity cycle maxima positions in the orbital solution (see Supplement Fig. S8). Band pass filters: for Site U1334 from Si data (0 . 14 ± 0 . 042 cycle meter -1 (c m -1 ), 7.2 m band in Supplement Fig. S2a), for Site 1218 from benthic stable carbon isotope data (0 . 164 ± 0 . 049 c m -1 ), and for Site U1333 from Si data (0 . 2 ± 0 . 06 c m -1 ; 5 m band in Supplement Fig. S2c).
Figure 3 High-resolution XRF core scanning data, bulk and benthic stable carbon isotope data, core images and cyclostratigraphy from Chron C12n to C13n for Sites U1334, 1218, and U1333 in the depth domain. For details see captions of Fig. 2. Blue lines mark early Oligocene ash layers apparent in all three sites (Kuroda and and Westerhold, 2013). Numbers represent the assigned short (green) and long (blue) eccentricity cycle maxima positions in the orbital solution (see Supplement Fig. S8). Band pass filters: for Site U1334 from Si data (0 . 14 ± 0 . 042 cycle meter -1 (c m -1 ), 7.2 m band in Supplement Fig. S2a), for Site 1218 from benthic stable carbon isotope data (0 . 164 ± 0 . 049 c m -1 ), and for Site U1333 from Si data (0 . 2 ± 0 . 06 c m -1 ; 5 m band in Supplement Fig. S2c).CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 4
CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 5
CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 6 Cyclostratigraphy from Chron C15r to C18n.1n for ODP Site 1052 in the depth domain. Ca / Fe data, revised depth scale and paleomagnetic reversal pattern with errors from Pälike et al. (2001), inclination data from Ogg and Bardot (2001). Numbers represent the assigned short (green) and long (blue) eccentricity cycle maxima positions in the orbital solution (see Supplement Fig. S8). Band pass filters: 405 kyr filter in black (0 . 09 ± 0 . 027 c m -1 ); 100 kyr filter in green (0 . 32 ± 0 . 096 c m -1 ). Please note the strong obliquity component present from 10 to 30 rmcd in the 1052 sedimentary record.
Figure 6 Cyclostratigraphy from Chron C15r to C18n.1n for ODP Site 1052 in the depth domain. Ca / Fe data, revised depth scale and paleomagnetic reversal pattern with errors from Pälike et al. (2001), inclination data from Ogg and Bardot (2001). Numbers represent the assigned short (green) and long (blue) eccentricity cycle maxima positions in the orbital solution (see Supplement Fig. S8). Band pass filters: 405 kyr filter in black (0 . 09 ± 0 . 027 c m -1 ); 100 kyr filter in green (0 . 32 ± 0 . 096 c m -1 ). Please note the strong obliquity component present from 10 to 30 rmcd in the 1052 sedimentary record.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 7 High-resolution XRF core scanning data, bulk and benthic stable carbon isotope data, core images, and cyclostratigraphy from Chron C18n.1n to C20n for Sites U1333, 1218, 1260, and Hole 1172A in the depth domain. For details see caption of Fig. 2. ODP Site 1260 XRF Fe intensity data from Westerhold and Röhl (2013), benthic stable isotope data, and magnetostratigraphy from Edgar et al. (2007). ODP 1172A XRF data from Röhl et al. (2004), bulk δ 13 C data from Bijl et al. (2010). Extend of the MECO is marked by a light orange bar and the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the MEO is marked by a orange bar in 1260 and 1172A (for correlation details see Supplement Fig. S10). Arrows mark change in phase relation between stable isotope and XRF core scanning data. 405 kyr band pass filters: for Site U1333 from Fe data (155-165 rmcd 0 . 36 ± 0 . 110 c m -1 ; 165175 rmcd 0 . 25 ± 0 . 07 c m -1 ; 175-190 rmcd 0 . 36 ± 0 . 1 c m -1 ; 2.78, 4, and 2.78 m bands in Fig. S6c); for Site 1218 from Si data (260270 rmcd 0 . 42 ± 0 . 105 c m -1 ; 270-278 rmcd 0 . 22 ± 0 . 05 c m -1 ; 278-293 rmcd 0 . 11 ± 0 . 027 c m -1 ; 2.38, 4.55, and 9.09 m bands in Supplement Fig. S5b); for Site 1260 from benthic stable carbon isotope data (0 . 1 ± 0 . 03 c m -1 ); and for Hole 1172A from log ( Ca / Fe ) data (0 . 1 ± 0 . 03 c m -1 ). Note the dominant obliquity component in Hole 1172A.
Figure 7 High-resolution XRF core scanning data, bulk and benthic stable carbon isotope data, core images, and cyclostratigraphy from Chron C18n.1n to C20n for Sites U1333, 1218, 1260, and Hole 1172A in the depth domain. For details see caption of Fig. 2. ODP Site 1260 XRF Fe intensity data from Westerhold and Röhl (2013), benthic stable isotope data, and magnetostratigraphy from Edgar et al. (2007). ODP 1172A XRF data from Röhl et al. (2004), bulk δ 13 C data from Bijl et al. (2010). Extend of the MECO is marked by a light orange bar and the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the MEO is marked by a orange bar in 1260 and 1172A (for correlation details see Supplement Fig. S10). Arrows mark change in phase relation between stable isotope and XRF core scanning data. 405 kyr band pass filters: for Site U1333 from Fe data (155-165 rmcd 0 . 36 ± 0 . 110 c m -1 ; 165175 rmcd 0 . 25 ± 0 . 07 c m -1 ; 175-190 rmcd 0 . 36 ± 0 . 1 c m -1 ; 2.78, 4, and 2.78 m bands in Fig. S6c); for Site 1218 from Si data (260270 rmcd 0 . 42 ± 0 . 105 c m -1 ; 270-278 rmcd 0 . 22 ± 0 . 05 c m -1 ; 278-293 rmcd 0 . 11 ± 0 . 027 c m -1 ; 2.38, 4.55, and 9.09 m bands in Supplement Fig. S5b); for Site 1260 from benthic stable carbon isotope data (0 . 1 ± 0 . 03 c m -1 ); and for Hole 1172A from log ( Ca / Fe ) data (0 . 1 ± 0 . 03 c m -1 ). Note the dominant obliquity component in Hole 1172A.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 8 Sedimentation rate estimate in cm kyr -1 based on astronomical tuning compared with paleomagnetic based estimates using the timescale of Cande and Kent (1995, CK95). For reference the CK95 and tuned GPTS (this study) are drawn.
Figure 8 Sedimentation rate estimate in cm kyr -1 based on astronomical tuning compared with paleomagnetic based estimates using the timescale of Cande and Kent (1995, CK95). For reference the CK95 and tuned GPTS (this study) are drawn.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 9 Comparison of magnetochron boundary ages and durations for Chron C12 to C19 based on estimates from Cande and Kent (1995; CK95), Ogg and Smith (2004; GPTS 2004), Pälike et al., (2006; P06), Ogg (2012; GPTS 2012), Pacific Equatorial Age Transect (PEAT; this study), and combined ODP Sites 1052 and 1260 (this study). Orange lines track changes between different estimates. Calibration points with error bar used by CK95, GPTS2004 and GPTS2012 are plotted in red dots. Also given is the respective absolute age of the Eocene-Oligocene boundary (E-O; blue line) and the long eccentricity cycle number for reference (see Supplement Fig. S8).
Figure 9 Comparison of magnetochron boundary ages and durations for Chron C12 to C19 based on estimates from Cande and Kent (1995; CK95), Ogg and Smith (2004; GPTS 2004), Pälike et al., (2006; P06), Ogg (2012; GPTS 2012), Pacific Equatorial Age Transect (PEAT; this study), and combined ODP Sites 1052 and 1260 (this study). Orange lines track changes between different estimates. Calibration points with error bar used by CK95, GPTS2004 and GPTS2012 are plotted in red dots. Also given is the respective absolute age of the Eocene-Oligocene boundary (E-O; blue line) and the long eccentricity cycle number for reference (see Supplement Fig. S8).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 10 Tuned bulk and benthic stable carbon isotope data plotted against La2011 orbital solution for eccentricity (Laskar et al., 2011b). Bulk data: 1218 (gray; Pälike et al., 2006), U1333 (green; this paper; Wilson et al., unpublished; Leon-Rodriquez and Dickens, 2013), U1334 (red; this paper; Wilson et al., unpublished). Benthic data: 1218 (black; Lear et al., 2004; Coxall et al., 2005; Tripati et al., 2005; Coxall and Wilson, 2011), 1260 (blue; Edgar et al., 2007). Long eccentricity (405 kyr) band pass filters of the detrended, tuned records are plotted on top La2011 (dash line). Magnetostratigraphy as provided in Table 1 and combined core images from Site U1333, U1334, and 1218 for illustration.
Figure 10 Tuned bulk and benthic stable carbon isotope data plotted against La2011 orbital solution for eccentricity (Laskar et al., 2011b). Bulk data: 1218 (gray; Pälike et al., 2006), U1333 (green; this paper; Wilson et al., unpublished; Leon-Rodriquez and Dickens, 2013), U1334 (red; this paper; Wilson et al., unpublished). Benthic data: 1218 (black; Lear et al., 2004; Coxall et al., 2005; Tripati et al., 2005; Coxall and Wilson, 2011), 1260 (blue; Edgar et al., 2007). Long eccentricity (405 kyr) band pass filters of the detrended, tuned records are plotted on top La2011 (dash line). Magnetostratigraphy as provided in Table 1 and combined core images from Site U1333, U1334, and 1218 for illustration.CC-BY · From the PDF

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 1 references

Research works printed but not linked: 98

  1. Bijl, P. K., Houben, A. J. P., Schouten, S., Bohaty, S. M., Sluijs, A., Reichart, G.-J., Sinninghe Damste, J. S., and Brinkhuis, H.: Transient Middle Eocene Atmospheric CO2 and Temperature Variations, Science, 330, 819–821, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1193654, 2010. · DOI
  2. Bijl, P. K., Bendle, J. A. P., Bohaty, S. M., Pross, J., Schouten, S., Tauxe, L., Stickley, C. E., McKay, R. M., Röhl, U., Olney, M., Sluijs, A., Escutia, C., Brinkhuis, H., and Scientists, E.: Eocene cooling linked to early flow across the Tasmanian Gateway, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 9645–9650, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1220872110, 2013. · DOI
  3. Bohaty, S. and Zachos, J. C.: Significant Southern Ocean warming event in the late middle Eocene, Geology, 31, 1017–1020, 2003. · DOI
  4. Bohaty, S. M., Zachos, J. C., Florindo, F., and Delaney, M. L.: Coupled greenhouse warming and deep-sea acidification in the middle Eocene, Paleoceanography, 24, PA2207, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008pa001676, 2009. · DOI
  5. Bohaty, S. M., Zachos, J. C., and Delaney, M. L.: Foraminiferal Mg/Ca evidence for Southern Ocean cooling across the Eocene–Oligocene transition, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 317–318, 251–261, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.11.037, 2012. · DOI
  6. Brown, R. E., Koeberl, C., Montanari, A., and Bice, D. M.: Evidence for a change in Milankovitch forcing caused by extraterrestrial events at Massignano, Italy, Eocene-Oligocene boundary GSSP, in: The Late Eocene Earth – Hothouse, Icehouse and Impacts, edited by: Koeberl, C., and Montanari, A., Geol. S. Am. S., 452, 119–137, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2452(08), 2009. · DOI
  7. Burgess, C. E., Pearson, P. N., Lear, C. H., Morgans, H. E. G., Handley, L., Pancost, R. D., and Schouten, S.: Middle Eocene climate cyclicity in the southern Pacific: Implications for global ice volume, Geology, 36, 651–654, 2008. · DOI
  8. Cande, S. C. and Kent, D. V.: Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 6093–6095, 1995. · DOI
  9. Coxall, H. K. and Wilson, P. A.: Early Oligocene glaciation and productivity in the eastern equatorial Pacific: Insights into global carbon cycling, Paleoceanography, 26, PA2221, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010pa002021, 2011. · DOI
  10. Coxall, H. K., Wilson, P. A., Pälike, H., Lear, C. H., and Backman, J.: Rapid stepwise onset of Antarctic glaciation and deeper calcite compensation in the Pacific Ocean, Nature, 433, 53–57, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03135, 2005. · DOI
  11. DeConto, R. M. and Pollard, D.: Rapid Cenozoic glaciation of Antarctica induced by declining atmospheric CO2, Nature, 421, 245–249, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01290, 2003. · DOI
  12. DeConto, R. M., Pollard, D., Wilson, P. A., Pälike, H., Lear, C. H., and Pagani, M.: Thresholds for Cenozoic bipolar glaciation, Nature, 455, 652–656, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07337, 2008. · DOI
  13. Dunn, D. A.: Change from "Atlantic-type" to "Pacific-type" carbonate stratigraphy in the middle Pliocene Equatorial Pacific Ocean, Mar. Geol., 50, 41–59, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(82)90060-3, 1982. · DOI
  14. Dupont-Nivet, G., Krijgsman, W., Langereis, C. G., Abels, H. A., Dai, S., and Fang, X.: Tibetan plateau aridification linked to global cooling at the Eocene-Oligocene transition, Nature, 445, 635–638, 2007. · DOI
  15. Edgar, K. M., Wilson, P. A., Sexton, P. F., and Suganuma, Y.: No extreme bipolar glaciation during the main Eocene calcite compensation shift, Nature, 448, 908–911, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06053, 2007. · DOI
  16. Edgar, K. M., Wilson, P. A., Sexton, P. F., Gibbs, S. J., Roberts, A. P., and Norris, R. D.: New biostratigraphic, magnetostratigraphic and isotopic insights into the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum in low latitudes, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 297, 670–682, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.09.016, 2010. · DOI
  17. Ehrmann, W. U. and Mackensen, A.: Sedimentological evidence for the formation of an East Antarctic ice sheet in Eocene/Oligocene time, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 93, 85–112, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(92)90185-8, 1992. · DOI
  18. Eldrett, J. S., Harding, I. C., Wilson, P. A., Butler, E., and Roberts, A. P.: Continental ice in Greenland during the Eocene and Oligocene, Nature, 446, 176–179, 2007. · DOI
  19. Fuller, M. and Touchard, Y.: On the Magnetostratigraphy of the East Tasman Plateau, Timing of the Opening of the Tasmanian Gateway and Paleoenvironmental Changes, in: The Cenozoic Southern Ocean: Tectonics, Sedimentation and Climate Change between Australia and Antarctica, edited by: Exon, N. F., Kennett, J. P., and Malone, M. J., Am. Geophys. Union, Geophys. Monogr., 63–78, 2004. · DOI
  20. Gale, A. S., Huggett, J. M., Pälike, H., Laurie, E., Hailwood, E. A., and Hardenbol, J.: Correlation of Eocene-Oligocene marine and continental records: orbital cyclicity, magnetostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy of the Solent Group, Isle of Wight, UK, J. Geol. Soc. London, 163, 401–415, https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764903-175, 2006. · DOI
  21. Grazzini, C. V. and Oberhaensli, H.: Isotopic Events at the Eocene/Oligocene Transition. A Review, Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, 311–329, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5446(08)70136-5, 1986. · DOI
  22. Guidry, E. P., Richter, C., Acton, G. D., Channell, J. E. T., Evans, H. F., Ohneiser, C., Yamamoto, Y., and Yamazaki, T.: Oligocene-Miocene magnetostratigraphy of deep-sea sediments from the Equatorial Pacific (IODP Site U1333), Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 373, 13–27, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP373.7, 2013. · DOI
  23. Hay, W. W., DeConto, R., Wold, C. N., Wilson, K. M., Voigt, S., Schulz, M., Wold-Rossby, A., Dullo, W.-C., Ronov, A. B., Balukhovsky, A. N., and Soeding, E.: Alternative Global Cretaceous Paleogeography, in: The Evolution of Cretaceous Ocean/Climate Systems, edited by: Barrera, E. and Johnson, C., Geological Society of America Special Paper, 1–47, 1999. · DOI
  24. Hilgen, F. J. and Kuiper, K. F.: A critical evaluation of the numerical age of the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, in: The Late Eocene Earth – Hothouse, Icehouse, and Impacts: Geological Society of America Special Paper, edited by: Koeberl, C. and Montanari, A., Geol. S. Am. S., 452, 139–148, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2452(09), 2009. · DOI
  25. Hinnov, L. A. and Hilgen, F. J.: Cyclostratigraphy and Astrochronology, in: The Geological Timescale 2012, edited by: Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M. D., and Ogg, G. M., Elsevier, 63–83, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00004-4, 2012. · DOI
  26. Jovane, L., Florindo, F., Sprovieri, M., and Pälike, H.: Astronomic calibration of the late Eocene/early Oligocene Massignano section (central Italy), Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 7, Q07012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001195, 2006. · DOI
  27. Katz, M. E., Cramer, B. S., Toggweiler, J. R., Esmay, G., Liu, C., Miller, K. G., Rosenthal, Y., Wade, B. S., and Wright, J. D.: Impact of Antarctic Circumpolar Current Development on Late Paleogene Ocean Structure, Science, 332, 1076–1079, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1202122, 2011. · DOI
  28. Kirschvink, J. L.: The least-squares line and plane and the analysis of palaeomagnetic data, Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. S., 62, 699–718, 1980. · DOI
  29. Koeberl, C. and Montanari, A.: The Late Eocene Earth – Hothouse, Icehouse and Impacts, Geol. S. Am. S., 322 pp., 2009. · DOI
  30. Kuiper, K. F., Deino, A., Hilgen, F. J., Krijgsman, W., Renne, P. R., and Wijbrans, J. R.: Synchronizing Rock Clocks of Earth History, Science, 320, 500–504, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1154339, 2008. · DOI · Paper page
  31. Kuroda, J. and Westerhold, T.:: Data report: volcanic glass shards from the Eocene–Oligocene transition interval at Site U1333, in: Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, 320/321, edited by: Pälike, H., Lyle, M., Nishi, H., Raffi, I., Gamage, K., Klaus, A., and the Expedition 320/321 Scientists, https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.proc.320321.211.2013, 2013. · DOI
  32. Lanci, L., Pares, J. M., Channell, J. E. T., and Kent, D. V.: Miocene magnetostratigraphy from Equatorial Pacific sediments (ODP Site 1218, Leg 199), Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 226, 207–224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.07.025, 2004. · DOI
  33. Lanci, L., Parés, J. M., Channell, J. E. T., and Kent, D. V.: Oligocene magnetostratigraphy from Equatorial Pacific sediments (ODP Sites 1218 and 1219, Leg 199), Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 237, 617–634, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.07.004, 2005. · DOI
  34. Laskar, J., Robutel, P., Joutel, F., Gastineau, M., Correia, A., and Levrard, B.: A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth, Astron. Astrophys., 428, 261–285, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20041335, 2004. · DOI · Paper page
  35. Laskar, J., Fienga, A., Gastineau, M., and Manche, H.: La2010: a new orbital solution for the long-term motion of the Earth, Astron. Astrophys., 532, A89, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201116836, 2011a. · DOI
  36. Laskar, J., Gastineau, M., Delisle, J. B., Farrés, A., and Fienga, A.: Strong chaos induced by close encounters with Ceres and Vesta, Astron. Astrophys., 532, L4, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201117504, 2011b. · DOI · Paper page
  37. Lear, C. H., Rosenthal, Y., Coxall, H. K., and Wilson, P. A.: Late Eocene to early Miocene ice sheet dynamics and the global carbon cycle, Paleoceanography, 19, PA4015, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001039, 2004. · DOI
  38. Lear, C. H., Bailey, T. R., Pearson, P. N., Coxall, H. K., and Rosenthal, Y.: Cooling and ice growth across the Eocene-Oligocene transition, Geology, 36, 251–254, 2008. · DOI
  39. Leon-Rodriguez, L. and Dickens, G. R.: Data report: stable isotope composition of Eocene bulk carbonate at Sites U1331, U1332, and U1333, in: Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, 320/321, edited by: Pälike, H., Lyle, M., Nishi, H., Raffi, I., Gamage, K., Klaus, A., and and the Expedition 320/321 Scientists, https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.proc.320321.208.2013, 2013. · DOI
  40. Liu, Z., Pagani, M., Zinniker, D., DeConto, R., Huber, M., Brinkhuis, H., Shah, S. R., Leckie, R. M., and Pearson, A.: Global Cooling During the Eocene-Oligocene Climate Transition, Science, 323, 1187–1190, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1166368, 2009. · DOI
  41. Lourens, L. J., Hilgen, F. J., Laskar, J., Shackleton, N. J., and Wilson, D.: The Neogene Period, in: A Geological Timescale 2004, edited by: Gradstein, F., Ogg, J., and Smith, A., 409–440, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511536045.022, 2004. · DOI
  42. Lourens, L. J., Sluijs, A., Kroon, D., Zachos, J.`C., Thomas, E., Röhl, U., Bowles, J., and Raffi, I.: Astronomical pacing of late Palaeocene to early Eocene global warming events, Nature, 435, 1083–1087, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03814, 2005. · DOI
  43. Lowrie, W. and Lanci, L.: Magnetostratigraphy of Eocene-Oligocene boundary sections in Italy: No evidence for short subchrons within chrons 12R and 13R, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 126, 247–258, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(94)90110-4, 1994. · DOI
  44. Luterbacher, H. P., Ali, J. R., Brinkhuis, H., Gradstein, F. M., Hooker, J. J., Monechi, S., Ogg, J. G., Powell, J., Röhl, U., Sanfilippo, A., Schmitz, B.: The Paleogene Period, in: A Geological Timescale 2004, edited by: Gradstein, F., Ogg, J., and Smith, A., Cambridge University Press, 20, 384–408, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511536045.021, 2004. · DOI
  45. Lyle, M., Wilson, P. A., Janecek, T. R., et al.: Initial Reports volume citation, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program Initial Reports, Leg 199: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), USA, 2002. · DOI
  46. Lyle, M., Olivarez Lyle, A., Backman, J., and Tripati, A.: Biogenic sedimentation in the Eocene equatorial Pacific – the stuttering greenhouse and Eocene carbonate compensation depth, in: Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 199: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by: Wilson, P. A., Lyle, M., and Firth, J. V., 1–35, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.199.219.2005, 2005. · DOI
  47. Lyle, M., Olivarez Lyle, A., Gorgas, T., Holbourn, A., Westerhold, T., Hathorne, E., Kimoto, K., and Yamamoto, S.: Data report: raw and normalized elemental data along the Site U1338 splice from X-ray fluorescence scanning, in: Proc. IODP, 320/321: Tokyo (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Inc.), edited by: Pälike, H., Lyle, M., Nishi, H., Raffi, I., Gamage, K., Klaus, A., and and the Expedition 320/321 Scientists, https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.proc.320321.203.2012, 2012. · DOI
  48. Miller, K. G., Wright, J. D., and Fairbanks, R. G.: Unlocking the icehouse: Oligocene-miocene oxygen isotope, eustacy, and margin erosion, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 6829–6848, 1991. · DOI
  49. Moore, T. C. and Kamikuri, S.: Data report: radiolarian stratigraphy across the Eocene/Oligocene boundary in the equatorial Pacific, Sites 1218, U1333, and U1334, in: Proc. IODP, 320/321: Tokyo (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Inc.), edited by: Pälike, H., Lyle, M., Nishi, H., Raffi, I., Gamage, K., Klaus, A., and and the Expedition 320/321 Scientists, https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.proc.320321.204.2012, 2012. · DOI
  50. Moore Jr., T. C.: Erosion and reworking of Pacific sediments near the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, Paleoceanography, 28, 263–273, https://doi.org/10.1002/palo.20027, 2013. · DOI
  51. Moore Jr., T. C., Pisias, N. G., and Dunn, D. A.: Carbonate time series of the Quaternary and Late Miocene sediments in the Pacific Ocean: A spectral comparison, Mar. Geol.y, 46, 217–233, 1982. · DOI
  52. Ogg, J. G.: Geomagnetic Polarity time scale, in: The Geological Timescale 2012, edited by: Gradstein, F., Ogg, J., Schmitz, M. D., and Ogg, G. M., Elsevier, 85–114, 2012. · DOI · Paper page
  53. Ogg, J. G. and Bardot, L.,: Aptian through Eocene magnetostratigraphic correlation of the Blake Nose Transect (Leg 171B), Florida continental margin, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, edited by: Kroon, D., Norris, R. D., and Klaus, A., Scientific Results Volume 171B, 1–58, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.171b.104.2001, 2001. · DOI
  54. Ogg, J. G. and Smith, A. G.: The geomagnetic polarity time scale, in: A Geological Timescale 2004, edited by: Gradstein, F., Ogg, J., and Smith, A., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 63–86, 2004. · DOI
  55. Pälike, H., Shackleton, N. J., and Röhl, U.: Astronomical forcing in Late Eocene marine sediments, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 193, 589–602, 2001. · DOI
  56. Pälike, H., Moore, T., Backman, J., Raffi, I., Lanci, L., Parés, J. M., and Janecek, T.: Integrated stratigraphic correlation and improved composite depth scales for ODP Sites 1218 and 1219, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, edited by: Wilson, P. A., Lyle, M., and Firth, J. V., Scientific Results Volume 199, 1–41, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.199.213.2005, 2005. · DOI
  57. Pälike, H., Norris, R. D., Herrle, J. O., Wilson, P. A., Coxall, H. K., Lear, C. H., Shackleton, N. J., Tripati, A. K., and Wade, B. S.: The Heartbeat of the Oligocene Climate System, Science, 314, 1894–1898, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1133822, 2006. · DOI
  58. Pälikelike, H., Nishi, H., Lyle, M., Raffi, I., Gamage, K., Klaus, A., and the Expedition 320/321 Scientists: Proc. IODP, 320/321: Tokyo (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Inc.), https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.proc.320321, 2010. · DOI
  59. Pälike, H., Lyle, M. W., Nishi, H., Raffi, I., Ridgwell, A., Gamage, K., Klaus, A., Acton, G., Anderson, L., Backman, J., Baldauf, J., Beltran, C., Bohaty, S. M., Bown, P., Busch, W., Channell, J. E. T., Chun, C. O. J., Delaney, M., Dewangan, P., Dunkley Jones, T., Edgar, K. M., Evans, H., Fitch, P., Foster, G. L., Gussone, N., Hasegawa, H., Hathorne, E. C., Hayashi, H., Herrle, J. O., Holbourn, A., Hovan, S., Hyeong, K., Iijima, K., Ito, T., Kamikuri, S.-I., Kimoto, K., Kuroda, J., Leon-Rodriguez, L., Malinverno, A., Moore Jr, T. C., Murphy, B. H., Murphy, D. P., Nakamura, H., Ogane, K., Ohneiser, C., Richter, C., Robinson, R., Rohling, E. J., Romero, O., Sawada, K., Scher, H., Schneider, L., Sluijs, A., Takata, H., Tian, J., Tsujimoto, A., Wade, B. S., Westerhold, T., Wilkens, R., Williams, T., Wilson, P. A., Yamamoto, Y., Yamamoto, S., Yamazaki, T., and Zeebe, R. E.: A Cenozoic record of the equatorial Pacific carbonate compensation depth, Nature, 488, 609–614, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11360, 2012. · DOI
  60. Pearson, P. N., van Dongen, B. E., Nicholas, C. J., Pancost, R. D., Schouten, S., Singano, J. M., and Wade, B. S.: Stable warm tropical climate through the Eocene Epoch, Geology, 35, 211–214, https://doi.org/10.1130/g23175a.1, 2007. · DOI
  61. Pearson, P. N., McMillan, I., Wade, B., Jones, T., Coxall, H., Bown, P., Lear, C.: Extinction and environmental change across the Eocene-Oligocene boundary in Tanzania, Geology, 36, 179–182, https://doi.org/10.1130/G24308A.1, 2008. · DOI
  62. Peters, S. E., Carlson, A. E., Kelly, D. C., and Gingerich, P. D.: Large-scale glaciation and deglaciation of Antarctica during the Late Eocene, Geology, 38, 723–726, https://doi.org/10.1130/g31068.1, 2010. · DOI
  63. Pollard, D. and DeConto, R. M.: Hysteresis in Cenozoic Antarctic ice-sheet variations, Global Planet. Change, 45, 9–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.09.011, 2005. · DOI
  64. Premoli Silva, I. and Jenkins, G. D.: Decision on the Eocene-Oligocene boundary stratotype, Episodes, 16, 379–382, 1993. · DOI
  65. Prentice, M. L. and Matthews, R. K.: Cenozoic ice-volume history: Development of a composite oxygen isotope record, Geology, 16, 963–966, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1988)0162.3.co;2, 1988. · DOI · Paper page
  66. Prothero, D. R. and Emry, R. J.: The Terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene Transition in North America, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996. · DOI
  67. Prothero, D. R., Ivany, L. C., and Nesbitt, E. A.: From greenhouse to icehouse: The marine Eocene-Oligocene transition, Columbia University Press, New York, 2003.
  68. Röhl, U. and Abrams, L. J.: High-Resolution, Downhole and Non-Destructive Core Measurements from Sites 999 and 1001 in the Caribbean Sea: Application to the Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, edited by: Leckie, R. M., Sigurdsson, H., Acton, G. D., and Draper, G., Scientific Results, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 165, 191–203, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.165.009.2000, 2000. · DOI
  69. Röhl, U., Wefer, G., Brinkhuis, H., Stickley, C. E., Fuller, M., Schellenberg, S. A., and Williams, G. L.: Sea level and astronomically induced environmental changes in middle and late sediments from the East Tasman Plateau, in: The Cenozoic Southern Ocean: Tectonics, Sedimentation and Climate Change between Australia and Antarctica, edited by: Exon, N. F., Kennett, J. P., and Malone, M. J., American Geophysical Union (AGU), Geoph. Monog. Series, 151, 113–126, 2004. · DOI
  70. Röhl, U., Westerhold, T., Bralower, T. J., and Zachos, J. C.: On the duration of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM), Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 8, Q12002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001784, 2007. · DOI
  71. Shackleton, N. J. and Kennett, J. P.: Paleotemperature History Of The Cenozoic and The Initiation of Antarctic Glaciation: Oxygen and Carbon Isotope analyses in DSDP Sites 277, 279, and 281, in: Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), Volume XXIX, edited by: Kennett, J. P., Houtz, R. E., and et al., DSDP Initial Reports, Part III, 17, 743–755, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.29.117.1975, 1975. · DOI
  72. Shipboard Scientific Party: Site 1052, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by: Norris, R. D., Kroon, D., Klaus, A., and et al., Initial Reports, 171B, 241–319, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.171b.106.1998, 1998. · DOI
  73. Shipboard Scientific Party: Site 1171, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by: Exon, N. F., Kennett, J. P., Malone, M. J., and et al., Initial Reports, 189, 1–176, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.189.106.2001, 2001. · DOI
  74. Shipboard Scientific Party: Site 1260, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by: Erbacher, J., Mosher, D. C., Malone, M. J., and et al., Initial Reports, 207, 1–113, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.207.107.2004, 2004. · DOI
  75. Smith, M. E., Chamberlain, K. R., Singer, B. S., and Carroll, A. R.: Eocene clocks agree: Coeval 40Ar/39Ar, U-Pb, and astronomical ages from the Green River Formation, Geology, 38, 527–530, https://doi.org/10.1130/g30630.1, 2010. · DOI
  76. Stickley, C. E., St John, K., Koc, N., Jordan, R. W., Passchier, S., Pearce, R. B., and Kearns, L. E.: Evidence for middle Eocene Arctic sea ice from diatoms and ice-rafted debris, Nature, 460, 376–379, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08163, 2009. · DOI
  77. St. John, K.: Cenozoic ice-rafting history of the central Arctic Ocean: Terrigenous sands on the Lomonosov Ridge, Paleoceanography, 23, PA1S05, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007PA001483, 2008. · DOI
  78. Suganuma, Y. and Ogg, J. G.: Campanian through Eocene magnetostratigraphy of Sites 1257–1261, ODP Leg 207, Demerara Rise (western equatorial Atlantic), in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Volume 207, Chapter 3: Sedimentology and stratigraphy, edited by: Mosher, D. C., Erbacher, J., and Malone, M. J., ODP, Sci. Results, 207: Initial Reports, 1–48, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.207.102.2006, 2006. · DOI
  79. Tripati, A., Backman, J., Elderfield, H., and Ferretti, P.: Eocene bipolar glaciation associated with global carbon cycle changes, Nature, 436, 341–346, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03874, 2005. · DOI
  80. Tripati, A. K., Eagle, R. A., Morton, A., Dowdeswell, J. A., Atkinson, K. L., Bahe, Y., Dawber, C. F., Khadun, E., Shaw, R. M. H., Shorttle, O., and Thanabalasundaram, L.: Evidence for glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere back to 44 Ma from ice-rafted debris in the Greenland Sea, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 265, 112–122, 2008. · DOI
  81. Van Andel, T. H.: Mesozoic/cenozoic calcite compensation depth and the global distribution of calcareous sediments, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 26, 187–194, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(75)90086-2, 1975. · DOI
  82. Vandenberghe, N., Hilgen, F. J., and Speijer, R. P.: The Paleogene Period, in: The Geological Timescale 2012, edited by: Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M. D., and Ogg, G. M., Elsevier, 855–922, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00028-7, 2012. · DOI
  83. Vonhof, H. B., Smit, J., Brinkhuis, H., Montanari, A., and Nederbragt, A. J.: Global cooling accelerated by early late Eocene impacts?, Geology, 28, 687–690, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)282.0.co;2, 2000. · DOI
  84. Wade, B. S. and Pälike, H.: Oligocene climate dynamics, Paleoceanography, 19, PA4019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001042, 2004. · DOI
  85. Walsh, S. L., Prothero, D. R., and Lundquist, D. J.: Stratigraphy and paleomagnetism of the middle Eocene Friars Formation and Poway Group, southwestern San Diego County, California in: The Terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene Transition in North America, edited by: Prothero, D. R. and Emry, R. J., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 120–151, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511665431.007, 1996. · DOI
  86. Westerhold, T. and Röhl, U.: High resolution cyclostratigraphy of the early Eocene – new insights into the origin of the Cenozoic cooling trend, Clim. Past, 5, 309–327, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-5-309-2009, 2009. · DOI
  87. Westerhold, T. and Röhl, U.: Orbital pacing of Eocene climate during the Middle Eocene climate optimum and the chron C19r event: Missing link found in the tropical western Atlantic, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 14, 4811–4825, https://doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20293, 2013. · DOI
  88. Westerhold, T., Röhl, U., Laskar, J., Bowles, J., Raffi, I., Lourens, L. J., and Zachos, J. C.: On the duration of magnetochrons C24r and C25n and the timing of early Eocene global warming events: Implications from the Ocean Drilling Program Leg 208 Walvis Ridge depth transect, Paleoceanography, 22, PA2201, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006PA001322, 2007. · DOI · Paper page
  89. Westerhold, T., Röhl, U., Donner, B., McCarren, H. K., and Zachos, J. C.: A complete high-resolution Paleocene benthic stable isotope record for the central Pacific (ODP Site 1209), Paleoceanography, 26, PA2216, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010pa002092, 2011. · DOI · Paper page
  90. Westerhold, T., Röhl, U., Wilkens, R., Pälike, H., Lyle, M., Jones, T. D., Bown, P., Moore, T., Kamikuri, S., Acton, G., Ohneiser, C., Yamamoto, Y., Richter, C., Fitch, P., Scher, H., Liebrand, D., and the Expedition 320/321 Scientists: Revised composite depth scales and integration of IODP Sites U1331–U1334 and ODP Sites 1218–1220, in: Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, 320/321, edited by: Pälike, H., Lyle, M., Nishi, H., Raffi, I., Gamage, K., Klaus, A., and the Expedition 320/321 Scientists, https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.proc.320321.201.2012, 2012a. · DOI
  91. Westerhold, T., Röhl, U., and Laskar, J.: Time scale controversy: Accurate orbital calibration of the early Paleogene, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 13, Q06015, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012gc004096, 2012b. · DOI
  92. Westerhold, T., Röhl, U., Pälike, H., Wilkens, R., Wilson, P. A., and Acton, G.: Orbitally tuned time scale and astronomical forcing in the middle Eocene to early Oligocene determined on ODP and IODP sediment cores, Unpublished dataset #821903, Supplement to: Westerhold, T., Röhl, U., Pälike, H., Wilkens, R., Wilson, P. A., and Acton, G.: Orbitally tuned time scale and astronomical forcing in the middle Eocene to early Oligocene, Clim. Past Discuss., 9, 6635–6682, https://doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-6635-2013, 2013, available online in the WDC-MARE PANGAEA database: http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.821903, last access: 12 May 2014, 2013. · DOI
  93. Wilkens, R., Dickens, G. R., Tian, J., Backman, J., and the Expedition 320/321 Scientists: Data report: revised composite depth scales for Sites U1336, U1337, and U1338, in: Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, 320/321, edited by: Pälike, H., Lyle, M., Nishi, H., Raffi, I., Gamage, K., Klaus, A., and the Expedition 320/321 Scientists, https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.proc.320321.201.2012, 2013. · DOI
  94. Xiao, G. Q., Abels, H. A., Yao, Z. Q., Dupont-Nivet, G., and Hilgen, F. J.: Asian aridification linked to the first step of the Eocene-Oligocene climate Transition (EOT) in obliquity-dominated terrestrial records (Xining Basin, China), Clim. Past, 6, 501–513, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-6-501-2010, 2010. · DOI
  95. Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., and Billups, K.: Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present, Science, 292, 686–693, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1059412, 2001. · DOI · Paper page
  96. Zachos, J. C., Stott, L. D., and Lohmann, K. C.: Evolution of early Cenozoic marine temperatures, Paleoceanography, 9, 353–387, https://doi.org/10.1029/93PA03266, 1994. · DOI
  97. Zachos, J. C., Quinn, T. M., and Salamy, K. A.: High-resolution (104 years) deep-sea foraminiferal stable isotope records of the Eocene-Oligocene climate transition, Paleoceanography, 11, 251–266, https://doi.org/10.1029/96PA00571, 1996. · DOI
  98. Zachos, J. C., McCarren, H., Murphy, B., Röhl, U., and Westerhold, T.: Tempo and scale of late Paleocene and early Eocene carbon isotope cycles: Implications for the origin of hyperthermals, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 299, 242–249, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.004, 2010. · DOI

Cited by

See all 72

Metadata

Authors
Westerhold, T., Röhl, U., Pälike, H., Wilkens, R., Wilson, P. A., & Acton, G.
ORCID
Venue
Climate of the Past
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Published
2014-05-16
Volume
10
Issue
3
Pages
955-973
ISSN
1814-9332
DOI
10.5194/cp-10-955-2014
Cited by
72
References
1
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (vor)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Orbitally tuned timescale and astronomical forcing in the middle Eocene to early Oligocene. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.5194/cp-10-955-2014
The paper
Westerhold, T., Röhl, U., Pälike, H., Wilkens, R., Wilson, P. A., & Acton, G. (2014). Orbitally tuned timescale and astronomical forcing in the middle Eocene to early Oligocene. Climate of the Past. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-955-2014