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Cited by 16Ocean Acidification Effects and ResponsesMarine and coastal ecosystemsGeology and Paleoclimatology Research

The carbonate pump feedback on alkalinity and the carbon cycle in the 21st century and beyond

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Planchat, Alban, Bopp, Laurent, Kwiatkowski, Lester, Torres, Olivier·2024·Earth System Dynamics
DOI 10.5194/esd-15-565-2024

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Abstract

Ocean acidification is likely to impact all stages of the ocean carbonate pump, i.e. the production, export, dissolution and burial of biogenic CaCO 3 . However, the associated feedback on anthropogenic carbon uptake and ocean acidification has received little attention. It has previously been shown that Earth system model (ESM) carbonate pump parameterizations can affect and drive biases in the representation of ocean alkalinity, which is critical to the uptake of atmospheric carbon and provides buffering capacity towards associated acidification. In the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), we show divergent responses of CaCO 3 export at 100 m this century, with anomalies by 2100 ranging from −74 % to +23 % under a high-emission scenario. The greatest export declines are projected by ESMs that consider pelagic CaCO 3 production to depend on the local calcite/aragonite saturation state. Despite the potential effects of other processes on alkalinity, there is a robust negative correlation between anomalies in CaCO 3 export and salinity-normalized surface alkalinity across the CMIP6 ensemble. Motivated by this relationship and the uncertainty in CaCO 3 export projections across ESMs, we perform idealized simulations with an ocean biogeochemical model and confirm a limited impact of carbonate pump anomalies on 21st century ocean carbon uptake and acidification. However, we highlight a potentially abrupt shift, between 2100 and 2300, in the dissolution of CaCO 3 from deep to subsurface waters when the global-scale mean calcite saturation state reaches about 1.23 at 500 m (likely when atmospheric CO 2 reaches 900–1100 ppm). During this shift, upper ocean acidification due to anthropogenic carbon uptake induces deep ocean acidification driven by a substantial reduction in CaCO 3 deep dissolution following its decreased export at depth. Although the effect of a diminished carbonate pump on global ocean carbon uptake and surface ocean acidification remains limited until 2300, it can have a large impact on regional air–sea carbon fluxes, particularly in the Southern Ocean.

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  • Much of what is known about OAE impacts on carbonate export is extrapolated from ocean acidification studies, which do not show clear directional impacts between carbonate export and seawater pH.

    “Given the early stages of research on this topic, much of what is known is extrapolated from ocean acidification studies, which do not show clear directional impacts between carbonate export and seawater pH. 77”

    From A framework for understanding efficiency losses of Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (2026) · cites this paper as [77]

    The Introduction (page not provided) discusses ocean-acidification studies and says that models project divergent carbonate-pump responses. The Conclusion (page not provided) likewise reports CaCO₃ export changes ranging from −74% to +23%, supporting uncertainty about the direction of export change. The paper does not say that knowledge of OAE impacts is largely extrapolated from acidification studies, nor does it directly assess the relationship between carbonate export and seawater pH under OAE. (LLM, conf=0.83)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Planchat, A., Bopp, L., Kwiatkowski, L., & Torres, O.
Affiliations
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
Corresponding author
Planchat, Alban
ORCID
Venue
Earth System Dynamics
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Published
2024-05-03
Volume
15
Issue
3
Pages
565-588
ISSN
  • 2190-4979 (ISSN-L)
  • 2190-4987
DOI
10.5194/esd-15-565-2024
OpenAlex
W4396616541
Cited by
16
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1
FWCI
3.23
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Earth System Dynamics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Informationszentrum Lebenswissenschaften (ZB MED) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
European Commission (101137673)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Ocean Acidification Effects and Responses
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
Keywords
carbonate pump, ocean alkalinity, ocean acidification, calcite saturation state, ocean carbon uptake, carbonate dissolution, CMIP6 projections, anthropogenic carbon

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