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Cited by 165Wetland Management and ConservationPeatlands and Wetlands EcologySoil Moisture and Remote Sensing

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Multi-source global wetland maps combining surface water imagery and groundwater constraints

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Tootchi, Ardalan, Jost, Anne, Ducharne, Agnès·2019·Earth System Science Data
DOI 10.5194/essd-11-189-2019

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Abstract

Many maps of open water and wetlands have been developed based on three main methods: (i) compiling national and regional wetland surveys, (ii) identifying inundated areas via satellite imagery and (iii) delineating wetlands as shallow water table areas based on groundwater modeling. However, the resulting global wetland extents vary from 3 % to 21 % of the land surface area because of inconsistencies in wetland definitions and limitations in observation or modeling systems. To reconcile these differences, we propose composite wetland (CW) maps, combining two classes of wetlands: (1) regularly flooded wetlands (RFWs) obtained by overlapping selected open-water and inundation datasets; and (2) groundwater-driven wetlands (GDWs) derived from groundwater modeling (either direct or simplified using several variants of the topographic index). Wetlands are statically defined as areas with persistent near-saturated soil surfaces because of regular flooding or shallow groundwater, disregarding most human alterations (potential wetlands). Seven CW maps were generated at 15 arcsec resolution (ca. 500 m at the Equator) using geographic information system (GIS) tools and by combining one RFW and different GDW maps. To validate this approach, these CW maps were compared with existing wetland datasets at the global and regional scales. The spatial patterns were decently captured, but the wetland extents were difficult to assess compared to the dispersion of the validation datasets. Compared with the only regional dataset encompassing both GDWs and RFWs, over France, the CW maps performed well and better than all other considered global wetland datasets. Two CW maps, showing the best overall match with the available evaluation datasets, were eventually selected. These maps provided global wetland extents of 27.5 and 29 million km 2 , i.e., 21.1 % and 21.6 % of the global land area, which are among the highest values in the literature and are in line with recent estimates also recognizing the contribution of GDWs. This wetland class covers 15 % of the global land area compared with 9.7 % for RFW (with an overlap of ca. 3.4 %), including wetlands under canopy and/or cloud cover, leading to high wetland densities in the tropics and small scattered wetlands that cover less than 5 % of land but are highly important for hydrological and ecological functioning in temperate to arid areas. By distinguishing the RFWs and GDWs based globally on uniform principles, the proposed dataset might be useful for large-scale land surface modeling (hydrological, ecological and biogeochemical modeling) and environmental planning. The dataset consisting of the two selected CW maps and the contributing GDW and RFW maps is available from PANGAEA at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.892657 (Tootchi et al., 2018).

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  • Estimates of the current and recent areal extent of wetlands vary substantially, from under 2% to over 20% of the global land area.

    “Estimates of the current and recent areal extent of wetlands vary substantially, from under 2% to over 20% of the global land area (46).”

    From Restoring Degraded Lands (2021) · cites this paper as [46]

    The Introduction (p. 2) describes substantially varying wetland estimates and reports that satellite imagery places permanent water coverage as low as 1.6% of land. Section 2.5.2 (p. 8) reports a wetland estimate of 22.6%, but identifies it as potential extent that does not account for human-caused losses. The claimed range therefore draws on different measures, rather than estimates of current or recent wetland extent throughout. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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    Background

Metadata

Authors
Tootchi, A., Jost, A., & Ducharne, A.
Affiliations
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
Corresponding author
Tootchi, Ardalan
ORCID
Venue
Earth System Science Data
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Published
2019-02-06
Volume
11
Issue
1
Pages
189-220
ISSN
  • 1866-3508 (ISSN-L)
  • 1866-3516
DOI
10.5194/essd-11-189-2019
OpenAlex
W2888622695
Cited by
165
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 18 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 5
FWCI
13.39
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Earth system science data (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Biogeosciences (European Geosciences Union) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-14-CE01-0018)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Wetland Management and Conservation
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Peatlands and Wetlands Ecology
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing
Keywords
flood inundation mapping, groundwater modeling, topographic index, wetland extent, wetland definition, land surface modeling, tropical wetlands, hydrological modeling, biogeochemical modeling

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