Downwelling surface solar irradiance in the tropical Atlantic Ocean: a comparison of re-analyses and satellite-derived data sets to PIRATA measurements.
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Abstract
Abstract. This paper assesses the merits and drawbacks of several data sets of solar downwelling radiation received at the horizontal surface of the tropical Atlantic Ocean where the magnitude of this radiation and its spatial and temporal variability are not well known. The data sets are compared to quality-controlled measurements of hourly means of irradiance made at five buoys of the PIRATA network for the period 2012–2013. The data sets comprise the re-analyses MERRA-2 and ERA5, and three satellite-derived data sets: HelioClim-3v5, SARAH-2 and CAMS Radiation Service v2. It was found that the re-analyses MERRA-2 and ERA5 often report cloud-free conditions while the actual conditions are cloudy, yielding an overestimation of the irradiance in such cases; and reciprocally, they report actual cloud-free conditions as cloudy, yielding an underestimation. The re-analyses exhibit more bias in irradiance in cases of medium and high-level clouds than for low-level clouds. They correlate well with the hourly means of irradiance (as a whole, correlation coefficients greater than 0.85 for MERRA-2 and 0.89 for ERA5); they correlate very poorly with daily means of irradiance (coefficients of less than 0.48 and 0.59 for MERRA-2 and ERA5, respectively) and with the hourly and daily clearness indices (coefficients of less than 0.53 and 0.46 for MERRA-2 and less than 0.63 and 0.59 for ERA5). The irradiance pattern at both hourly and daily timescales is spatially distorted by re-analyses, especially for MERRA-2. The three satellite-derived data sets exhibit similar performances between them. The correlation coefficients are greater than 0.95 and 0.78 for irradiance and clearness index, respectively, in most cases for hourly values and 0.90 and 0.88, respectively, for daily values. The relative standard deviation of errors is of the order of 15 % for hourly values and 8 % for daily values. It is concluded that these data sets reproduce well the dynamics of the irradiance and clearness index at both hourly and daily timescales. They exhibit overestimation, with the lowest biases reached by the CAMS Radiation Service v2 and ranging between 11 and 37 W m−2 depending on the buoy. It is suggested that HelioClim-3v5 and CAMS Radiation Service v2 are suited for reproducing the spatial gradients of the irradiance and reflecting the spatial variability in the irradiance.
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For reanalysis fluxes, there are major uncertainties in tropical shortwave and longwave radiation associated with long-standing problems of parameterizing tropical convective clouds and low-altitude stratocumulus clouds in reanalysis models.
“For reanalysis fluxes, there are major uncertainties in tropical shortwave and longwave radiation associated with the long-standing problems of parameterizing tropical convective clouds and low-altitude stratocumulus clouds in reanalysis models (Trolliet et al., 2018).”
From The tropical atlantic observing system (2019) · cites this paper as Trolliet et al., 2018
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Trolliet, M., & Lucien Wald, A. (2018) · Advances in science and research · doi:10.5194/asr-15-127-2018
Self-citation(2022) · Atmospheric measurement techniques · doi:10.5194/amt-2021-351-rc2
(2022) · Atmospheric measurement techniques · doi:10.5194/amt-2021-351-rc1
Muller, R. A. (2022) · Atmospheric measurement techniques · doi:10.5194/amt-2021-351-ac1
Muller, R. A. (2022) · Atmospheric measurement techniques · doi:10.5194/amt-2021-351-ac2
(2022) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-2022-451-rc1
(2022) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-2022-451-rc2
Wang, Q. (2022) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-2022-451-ac2
Probing the spuriousness of observed downwelling radiative fluxes over the global Tropical OceansPreprint
Thandlam, V., Davis³, T., kaagita, V., Rutgersson, A., & Rahaman, H. (2025) · doi:10.22541/au.175571767.72906574/v1
Harmonizing the hourly solar radiation calculation from satellite-derived irradiance
Zech, M., Hammer, A., Trentmann, J., & Pfeifroth, U. (2025) · Solar Energy · doi:10.1016/j.solener.2025.114243
Self-citationBecquet, V., Blanc, P., Saint‐Drenan, Y., Eissa, Y., & Verbois, H. (2026) · Solar Energy · doi:10.1016/j.solener.2026.114844
Self-citationOjo, O. S., Stefanello, M., Mergen, A., Pinheiro, M. E., Souza, V. D. A., & Roberti, D. R. (2026) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.70528
Hajar, S., Kim, C. K., Kim, H., Oh, M., Yun, C.-Y., & Kim, B. (2026) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs18203499
- Authors
- Trolliet, M., Walawender, J. P., Bourlès, B., Boilley, A., Trentmann, J., Blanc, P., Lefèvre, M., & Wald, L.
- Affiliations
- Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (FR)
- Deutscher Wetterdienst (DE)
- Laboratoire d’Études en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (FR)
- Transvalor (France) (FR)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Ocean Science
- Publisher
- Copernicus GmbH
- Published
- 2018-09-12
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1021-1056
- ISSN
- 1812-0784 (ISSN-L)
- 1812-0792
- OpenAlex
- W2891349009
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 3.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Ocean science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Institutional Archive of Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Biogeosciences (European Geosciences Union) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- European Commission
- European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics
- Keywords
- surface solar radiation, downwelling radiation, tropical Atlantic, reanalysis evaluation, MERRA-2, ERA5 reanalysis, satellite-derived irradiance, clearness index, data comparison
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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