Spanish version of the time management behavior questionnaire for university students
Abstract
The main objective of the study is to analyze the psychometric properties and predictive capacity on academic performance in university contexts of a Spanish adaptation of the Time Management Behavior Questionnaire. The scale was applied to 462 students newly admitted at the Universitat de València in the 2006-2007 school year. The analyses performed made it possible to reproduce the factorial structure of the original version of the questionnaire with slight modifications in the ascription of various items. The underlying factorial structure includes four interrelated dimensions (Establishing objectives and priorities, Time management tools, Perception of time control and Preference for disorganization), which present satisfactory levels of reliability and an adequate convergent validity with the Time management subscale of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. The scores on the dimensions of time management show significant levels of association with academic performance in the first year of university studies, especially highlighting the predictive capacity of the subscale dealing with the Establishment of objectives and priorities. These results show the reliability and validity of this adaptation of the scale for evaluating how the students manage their academic time, and predicting their performance in the year they initiate the degree program, thus aiding in the development of intervention proposals directed towards improving these skills.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The evaluation of participants' time management skills was done by using a Spanish validated version of the TMB Questionnaire.
“The evaluation of participants’ time management skills was done by using a Spanish validated version of the TMB Questionnaire [66].”
From Adaptive Tele-Therapies Based on Serious Games for Health for People with Time-Management and Organisational Problems: Preliminary Results (2014) · cites this paper as [66]
The Spanish version of the Time Management Behavior Questionnaire (TMBQ) used in the study was validated and accepted for measuring time management skills, especially for the selected age range.
“This scale was chosen for its prestige and validity in the measurement of time management skills, especially for the age range selected in the test. The Spanish version was validated and accepted [66,67].”
From Adaptive Tele-Therapies Based on Serious Games for Health for People with Time-Management and Organisational Problems: Preliminary Results (2014) · cites this paper as [66]
Cites
(1991) · Cited by 3,259 · see citing works
Self-regulation of learning and performance: Issues and educational applications.
Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. (1994) · Cited by 1,492 · see citing works
College students' time management: Correlations with academic performance and stress.
Macan, T. H., Shahani, C., Dipboye, R. L., & Phillips, A. P. (1990) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.82.4.760 · Cited by 933 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…references to them and their extensive use in university contexts, as in the case of the Time Structure Questionnaire –TSQ- (Bond & Feather, 1988), the Time Management Behavior Questionnaire –TMBQ- (Macan et al., 1990) and the Time Management Questionnaire – TMQ- (Britton & Tesser, 1991).”
MethodResultEffects of time-management practices on college grades.
Britton, B. K., & Tesser, A. (1991) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.83.3.405 · Cited by 858 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…references to them and their extensive use in university contexts, as in the case of the Time Structure Questionnaire –TSQ- (Bond & Feather, 1988), the Time Management Behavior Questionnaire –TMBQ- (Macan et al., 1990) and the Time Management Questionnaire – TMQ- (Britton & Tesser, 1991).”
BackgroundMethodA review of the time management literature
Claessens, B. J. C., van Eerde, W., Rutte, C. G., & Roe, R. A. (2007) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/00483480710726136 · Cited by 792 · see citing works
(2000) · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Gillespie, N. A., Walsh, M., Winefield, A. H., Dua, J., & Stough, C. (2001) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678370117944 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Time management: Test of a process model
Macan, T. H. (1994) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.79.3.381 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Some correlates of structure and purpose in the use of time.
Bond, M. J., & Feather, N. T. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.2.321 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Kitsantas, A., Winsler, A., & Huie, F. C. (2008) · Journal of Advanced Academics · doi:10.4219/jaa-2008-867 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Why do higher education students drop out? Evidence from Spain
Lassibille, G., & Gómez, L. N. (2007) · Education Economics · doi:10.1080/09645290701523267 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Planning behavior and perceived control of time at work
Claessens, B. J. C., van Eerde, W., Rutte, C. G., & Roe, R. A. (2004) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.292 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Time Management Behavior as a Moderator for the Job Demand-Control Interaction.
Peeters, M. A. G., & Rutte, C. G. (2005) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.10.1.64 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Time management as a moderator of relations between stressors and employee strain
Jex, S. M., & Elacqua, T. C. (1999) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/026783799296138 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Time-management training: effects on time behaviors, attitudes, and job performance
Macan, T. H. (1996) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1996.9915004 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
(2000) · Journal of college student development · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Time management and achievement striving interact to predict car sales performance.
Barling, J. I., Cheung, D., & Kelloway, E. K. (1996) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.81.6.821 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Kearns, H., & Gardiner, M. (2007) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360701310839 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-regulating academic study time: A strategy approach.
Zimmerman, B. J., Greenberg, D., & Weinstein, C. E. (1994) · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Assessing Time Management Skills as an Important Aspect of Student Learning
García-Ros, R., Pérez‐González, F., & Hinojosa, E. (2004) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034304043684 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationGarcía, T., & Pintrich, P. R. (1995) · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The Structure of Perceptions of Time
Mudrack, P. E. (1997) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164497057002003 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
García-Ros, R., & Pérez‐González, F. (2011) · Communities in ADDI (Universidad del Pais Vasco) · doi:10.1387/revpsicodidact.1002 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationAn investigation of the dispositional nature of the time management construct
Shahani, C., Weiner, R., & Streit, M. K. (1993) · Anxiety, Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615809308248382 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE TIME MANAGEMENT BEHAVIOR SCALE
Adams, G. A., & Jex, S. M. (1997) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1997.80.1.225 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Time management practices in an African culture: Correlates with college academic grades.
Mpofu, E., D’Amico, M., & Cleghorn, A. (1996) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/0008-400x.28.2.102 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Higher Education Students' Beliefs about the Causes of Examination Failure: A Network Approach
Ling, J., Heffernan, T. M., & Muncer, S. J. (2003) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1023/a:1023289908438 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Objective Test Analysis: Some Criteria for Item Selection
Wilmut, J. (1975) · Research in Education · doi:10.1177/003452377501300102 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Estilos de aprendizaje y habilidades de gestión del tiempo académico en Educación Secundaria
Pérez‐González, F., García-Ros, R., & González, I. T. (2003) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological and educational variables in university dropout
Benítez, J. T. B., Cabrera, L., Hernandez-Cabrera, J. A., Pérez, P. R. Á., & Gonzalez-Afonso, M. (2008) · Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ros, R. G., & González, F. P. (2009) · tic revista d innovació educativa · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 33 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Time management: skills to learn and put into practice
Álvarez, M., Rodríguez, A. M. F., & Ugidos, A. (2019) · Education + Training · doi:10.1108/et-01-2018-0027 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Galindo‐Domínguez, H., & Bezanilla, M. J. (2021) · Contemporary Educational Technology · doi:10.30935/cedtech/9607 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Effects of Parenting Styles on Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Stress in Spanish Adolescents
Fuentes, M. C., García-Ros, R., Pérez‐González, F., & Sancerni, M. D. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16152778 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationGestión del tiempo y procrastinación en la educación superior
Garzón-Umerenkova, A., & Flores, J. G. (2017) · Universitas Psychologica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy16-3.gtpe · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Garzón-Umerenkova, A., & Flores, J. G. (2017) · Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación - e Avaliação Psicológica · doi:10.21865/ridep43_149 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Frutos-Pascual, M., Zapirain, B., & Zorrilla, A. (2014) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph110100749 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“The following sections describe each of the tests, along with the results obtained. a. Test 1: TMBQ The evaluation of participants’ time management skills was done by using a Spanish validated version of the TMB Questionnaire [66].”
MethodGestión del tiempo en alumnado universitario con diferentes niveles de rendimiento académico
Garzón-Umerenkova, A., & Flores, J. G. (2017) · Educação e Pesquisa · doi:10.1590/s1678-4634201708157900 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Holland, D. F., Kraha, A., Zientek, L. R., Nimon, K., Fulmore, J. A., Johnson, U., Ponce, H. F., Aguilar, M. G., & Henson, R. K. (2018) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244018802334 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Guia de Técnicas para a Gestão do Tempo de Estudos: Relato da Construção
Marcilio, F. C. P., Blando, A., da Rocha, R. Z., & Dias, A. C. G. (2021) · Psicologia Ciência e Profissão · doi:10.1590/1982-3703003218325 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Validación de cuestionario sobre gestión del tiempo en universitarios mexicanos
Roblero, G. (2020) · Revista Electrónica de Investigación Educativa · doi:10.24320/redie.2020.22.e01.2136 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hua, Z., Ma, D., & Xia, X. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191911883 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Posada-Bernal, S., Cantillo, A. E. C., & Martins, M. D. S. (2021) · MOTRICIDADES Revista da Sociedade de Pesquisa Qualitativa em Motricidade Humana · doi:10.29181/2594-6463-2021-v5-n2-p196-212 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Dimensional Structure of MAPS-15: Validation of the Multidimensional Academic Procrastination Scale
González-Brignardello, M. P., & Paniagua, Á. S.-E. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043201 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Propiedades psicométricas del TMBS en universitarios
Garzón-Umerenkova, A., & Flores, J. G. (2017) · Revista Electrónica de Investigación Educativa · doi:10.24320/redie.2017.19.4.1340 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Alziyadat, Z., & Obidat, A. H. (2022) · Problems and Perspectives in Management · doi:10.21511/ppm.20(4).2022.30 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Impacto de un programa intracurricular sobre la disposición al estudio en universitarios
Sáez-Delgado, F., Mújica, A. D., Bustos, C., & Pérez, M. V. H. (2020) · Formación universitaria · doi:10.4067/s0718-50062020000400101 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Escala de estrategias de disposición al estudio en universitarios: propiedades psicométricas
Sáez-Delgado, F., Bustos, C., Lobos, K., Mella-Norambuena, J., & Mújica, A. D. (2021) · Revista Electrónica de Investigación Educativa · doi:10.24320/redie.2021.23.e08.3253 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Chronos: A tool to develop the time management competence among engineering students
Hernández‐Linares, R., Sánchez, H., Agudo, J. E., & Rico, M. (2016) · Computer Applications in Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/cae.21780 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Garzón-Umerenkova, A., Ros, R. G., & Pérez‐González, F. (2017) · Universitas Psychologica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy16-1.efpp · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationLeiva, G. S. C., Centeno, L. M. V., & Inacio, E. J. H. (2022) · Revista Iberoamericana ConCiencia. · doi:10.32654/concienciaepg.7-2.1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Proceedings from the International Congress on Project Management and Engineering
Martínez Caballé, D., Amante García, B., Romero Garcia, M. C., & Salán Ballesteros, M. N. (2023) · Proceedings · doi:10.61547/icpme2023 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Eduardo, C. C. D. (2022) · Revista Científica de Ciencias de la Salud · doi:10.17162/rccs.v14i2.1656 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A complementary methodology to assess time management behaviors
Romero, M., Hernández, J. M., Juola, J. F., Casadevante, C., & Santacreu, J. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01578-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Factores psicológicos asociados al juego problemático en estudiantes universitarios de Lima
Valdéz, N., Chau, C., & Ramírez, M. A. (2022) · Revista de Psicología · doi:10.18800/psico.202301.013 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Respuesta de Emilse Durán-Aponte
Durán-Aponte, E. (2025) · Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales Niñez y Juventud · doi:10.11600/rlcsnj.13.2.2029
Escolano-Pérez, E., & Nivela, M. L. H. (2017) · Congreso Internacional sobre Aprendizaje, Innovación y Competitividad (CINAIC) · doi:10.26754/cinaic.2017.000001_057
Baños-Chaparro, J. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/hnkv9
Gestión del tiempo y compromiso académico en estudiantes de psicologíaPreprint
Baños-Chaparro, J. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/8qvsw
Nor, F. M., Ismail, N. B., Rahman, T. H. A., Aziz, M. A., Houssaini, J., Wang, S. M., Abdullah, B., Heo, C. C., & Zohdi, W. N. W. M. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-25752/v1
SJP volume 15 issue 3 Cover and Back matter
(2012) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/s1138741600006910
Libro de Ponencias: I Congreso de Investigación e Innovación Multidisciplinario Virtual
(2021) · Fondo Editorial de la UNW eBooks · doi:10.37768/unw.ep/0003
AVALIAÇÃO DA PRESSÃO ARTERIAL SISTÊMICA FRENTE A INTERVENÇÕES CIRÚRGICAS ODONTOLÓGICAS
da Silva, A. C., & Giovani, É. M. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.1372328034
CUIDADOS PALIATIVOS EM IDOSOS: UMA PESQUISA BIBLIOGRÁFICA
Garcia, A. B., & Maia, S. C. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.13723280318
DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 2 E INSULINOTERAPIA: PERCEPÇÕES DE USUÁRIOS DA ATENÇÃO PRIMÁRIA À SAÚDE
da Silva, A. C., da Silva, L. M. C., Oliveira, G., Trombini, F. D. S., & Schimith, M. D. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.1372328039
Garcia, M. E. C., Gutschow, J. H., & Stipp, A. T. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.1372328036
FARINHA DE FEIJÃO BRANCO: IMPACTOS SOBRE OS PARÂMETROS ANTROPOMÉTRICOS E BIOQUÍMICOS DE RATOS WISTAR
Miller, T. C., Ribeiro, C. C. V., Braido, F. J., Tomaru, F. H., Fernandes, M. C., & Bueno, P. C. D. S. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.13723280311
RELAÇÃO ENTRE OBESIDADE E DOENÇAS INFECCIOSAS
Pinheiro, D. F., Moro, A. C. L., da Silva, L. S., Felipus, P. V., Rocha, G. C. R., & Adami, E. R. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.13723280317
BRIDA AMNIÓTICA: UM RELATO DE CASO
dos Santos, J. B., de Oliveira, E. P., Holak, L. C., & Toledo, D. O. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.1372328037
CUIDADOS PALIATIVOS NO PACIENTE PEDIÁTRICO
Matos, P. A. D. S. B. A., Damas, K. D. S., Sari-Eldin, O. F. G., Cerqueira, T. V., Bortolini, T. M. L. B., & Jardim, A. P. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.1372328038
NÍVEL DE CONHECIMENTO SOBRE SUPORTE BÁSICO DE VIDA EM UMA ASSOCIAÇÃO DE PAIS E AMIGOS EXCEPCIONAIS
Rezende, L. M., Ferreira, L. F., Tavares, L. F. F., Silva, C. M., Delboni, V. S., Ramos, S. L. R., & Reis, J. R. G. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.13723280314
TMBQ-LT: A Student-Facing Learning Tool to Support Time Management Skills
Núñez, A.-G., Echeverría, V., Zúñiga‐Prieto, M., Auria, B., & Laet, T. D. (2023) · International Conference on Computer Supported Education · doi:10.5220/0011847500003470
Gaudêncio, N. I. M., Rodrigues, S., Almeida, R., Santos, F., Ribeiro, L. P., Abrantes, A. F. C. L., & Bárbara, A. C. B. (2023) · ROENTGEN-Revista Científica das Técnicas Radiológicas · doi:10.46885/roentgen.v4i2.98
Uso del portafolio reflexivo en la docencia universitaria de gestión de proyectos
MARTÍNEZ, D., García, B. A., García, M. C. R., & Ballesteros, M. N. S. (2023) · Proceedings · doi:10.61547/3507
Manejo del tiempo en estudiantes de medicina paraguayos
Maidana-Pont, E., Barrios, I., Maqueda-Amarilla, V., Franco, I. E. M., & Torales, J. C. (2023) · Revista del Nacional (Itaguá) · doi:10.18004/rdn2023.dic.02.004.013
RELEP. Educación y Pedagogía en Latinoamérica. 2023.
Ahumada, N. B. P., & Rascón, O. C. A. (2024) · doi:10.46990/iquatro.2024.07.5.0
Terrazas, N. A. B., Flores, P. F., Depraect, N. E. Z., & Ramírez, C. R. J. (2024) · doi:10.46990/iquatro.2024.07.5.26
An Experience to Introduce the Planning and Time Management Competence in an Engineering Degree
Peña-Martín, J. P., García-Berdonés, C., Doblas-Navarro, M. C., Cáceres-Cansino, A. M., Sánchez, F. H., & Trujillo-Aguilera, F. D. (2023) · International Conference on Virtual Campus (JICV) · doi:10.1109/jicv59748.2023.10565651
Hacia la certificación de la competencia digital docente
Vargas, G. G. (2025) · Educación y ciencia · doi:10.32776/eyc.v14i63.833
Tendencias en los estudios de organización temporal en el ámbito educativo
García, C. M. O., & Martínez, Z. L. V. (2025) · Educación y ciencia · doi:10.32776/eyc.v14i63.832
Validation of the Time Management Behavior Questionnaire in Cuban University Students
Plutín, Y. S., & Santiago, D. V. (2025) · Salud Integral y Comunitaria · doi:10.62486/sic2026278
Rivas-García, M., Vidal-Ramírez, C., Toledano-González, A., Rodríguez-Martínez, M. D. C., Molina-Torres, E., Marín-Marín, J.-A., Triviño-Juárez, J. M., Gea, M., & Ayuso, D. M. R. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14030323
- Authors
- García-Ros, R., & Pérez-González, F.
- Affiliations
- Universitat de València (ES)
- Corresponding author
- García-Ros, Rafael
- Venue
- The Spanish Journal of Psychology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1485-1494
- ISSN
- 1138-7416 (ISSN-L)
- 1988-2904
- OpenAlex
- W2105259768
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Spanish Journal of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Outcomes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Keywords
- time management, university students, academic performance, Spanish adaptation, psychometric properties, factor structure, convergent validity, time management tools, time perception, Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire, student performance prediction
- MeSH terms
- Workforce, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Spain, Students, Time Factors, Universities, Reproducibility of Results, Time Management, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
