The DOI matches its OpenAlex record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Masked Autoencoders as Spatiotemporal Learners
Open accessAbstract
This paper studies a conceptually simple extension of Masked Autoencoders (MAE) to spatiotemporal representation learning from videos. We randomly mask out spacetime patches in videos and learn an autoencoder to reconstruct them in pixels. Interestingly, we show that our MAE method can learn strong representations with almost no inductive bias on spacetime (only except for patch and positional embeddings), and spacetime-agnostic random masking performs the best. We observe that the optimal masking ratio is as high as 90% (vs. 75% on images), supporting the hypothesis that this ratio is related to information redundancy of the data. A high masking ratio leads to a large speedup, e.g., > 4x in wall-clock time or even more. We report competitive results on several challenging video datasets using vanilla Vision Transformers. We observe that MAE can outperform supervised pre-training by large margins. We further report encouraging results of training on real-world, uncurated Instagram data. Our study suggests that the general framework of masked autoencoding (BERT, MAE, etc.) can be a unified methodology for representation learning with minimal domain knowledge.
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Cites
Self-Attention with Relative Position Representations
Shaw, P., Uszkoreit, J., & Vaswani, A. (2018) · Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers) · doi:10.18653/v1/n18-2074 · Cited by 2,505
Liu, Z., Ning, J., Cao, Y., Wei, Y., Zhang, Z., Lin, S., & Hu, H. (2021) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2106.13230 · Cited by 2,294
Florence: A New Foundation Model for Computer Vision
Yuan, L., Chen, D., Chen, Y.-L., Codella, N., Dai, X., Gao, J., Hu, H., Huang, X., Li, B., Li, C., et al. (2021) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2111.11432 · Cited by 389
Cited by
ImageBind One Embedding Space to Bind Them All
Girdhar, R., El-Nouby, A., Liu, Z., Singh, M., Alwala, K. V., Joulin, A., & Misra, I. (2023) · 2023 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr52729.2023.01457 · Cited by 863
VideoMAE V2: Scaling Video Masked Autoencoders with Dual Masking
Wang, L., Huang, B., Zhao, Z., Tong, Z., He, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., & Qiao, Y. (2023) · 2023 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr52729.2023.01398 · Cited by 536
Unmasked Teacher: Towards Training-Efficient Video Foundation Models
Li, K., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Wang, Y., He, Y., Wang, L., & Qiao, Y. (2023) · 2023 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv51070.2023.01826 · Cited by 143
Self-citationTowards Good Practices for Missing Modality Robust Action Recognition
Woo, S., Lee, S., Park, Y., Nugroho, M. A., & Kim, C. (2023) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v37i3.25378 · Cited by 67
Prithvi-EO-2.0: A Versatile Multitemporal Foundation Model for Earth Observation Applications
Szwarcman, D., Roy, S., Fraccaro, P., Gislason, T. E., Blumenstiel, B., Ghosal, R., de Oliveira, P. H., de Sousa Almeida, J. L., Sedona, R., Kang, Y., et al. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3642610 · Cited by 100
Token Merging: Your ViT But Faster
Bolya, D., Fu, C.-Y., Dai, X., Zhang, P., Feichtenhofer, C., & Hoffman, J. (2022) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2210.09461 · Cited by 140
Self-citationSpatial-Temporal Masked Autoencoder for Multi-Device Wearable Human Activity Recognition
Miao, S., Chen, L., & Hu, R. (2023) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3631415 · Cited by 23
Turgut, Ö., Müller, P., Hager, P., Shit, S., Starck, S., Menten, M. J., Martens, E., & Rueckert, D. (2025) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2024.103451 · Cited by 22
Foundation Models for Generalist Geospatial Artificial Intelligence
Jakubik, J., Roy, S., Phillips, C. E., Fraccaro, P., Godwin, D., Zadrozny, B., Szwarcman, D., Gomes, C., Nyirjesy, G., Edwards, B., et al. (2023) · arXiv · Cited by 157
Sturm, F., Trat, M., Sathiyababu, R., Allipilli, H., Menz, B., Hergenroether, E., & Siegel, M. (2025) · Machine Vision and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00138-024-01638-9 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Feichtenhofer, C., Fan, H., Li, Y., & He, K.
- Venue
- neural information processing systems
- Published
- 2022-01-01
- Pages
- 35946-35958
- ISSN
- 1049-5258 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W7133229819
- Cited by
- 273
- References
- 3
- FWCI
- 23.47
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
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