CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 350Artificial Intelligence in EducationDigital Education and SocietyArtificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education

The DOI matches its DataCite record; the references it cites are not checked yet.

Speculative futures on ChatGPT and generative artificial intelligence (AI): A collective reflection from the educational landscape

Open access
Bozkurt, A., Xiao, J., Lambert, S., Pazurek, A., Crompton, H., Koseoglu, S., Farrow, R., Bond, M., Nerantzi, C., Honeychurch, S., Bali, M., Dron, J., Mir, K., Stewart, B., Costello, E., Mason, J., Stracke, C. M., Romero-Hall, E., Koutropoulos, A., Toquero, C. M., Singh, L., Tlili, A., Lee, K., Nichols, M., Ossiannilsson, E., Brown, M., Irvine, V., Raffaghelli, J. E., Santos-Hermosa, G., Farrell, O., Adam, T., Thong, Y. L., Sani-Bozkurt, S., Sharma, R. C., Hrastinski, S., Jandrić, P.·2023·Zenodo
DOI 10.5281/zenodo.7636568
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

While ChatGPT has recently become very popular, AI has a long history and philosophy. This paper intends to explore the promises and pitfalls of the Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) AI and potentially future technologies by adopting a speculative methodology. Speculative future narratives with a specific focus on educational contexts are provided in an attempt to identify emerging themes and discuss their implications for education in the 21st century. Affordances of (using) AI in Education (AIEd) and possible adverse effects are identified and discussed which emerge from the narratives. It is argued that now is the best of times to define human vs AI contribution to education because AI can accomplish more and more educational activities that used to be the prerogative of human educators. Therefore, it is imperative to rethink the respective roles of technology and human educators in education with a future-oriented mindset.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

DataCite · 10.5281/zenodo.7636568

Cites

0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.

Research works printed but not linked: 34

  1. Asimov, I. (1950). I, Robot. Gnome Press.
  2. Bozkurt, A. (2023a). Postdigital artificial intelligence. In P. Jandrić (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of postdigital science and education. Cham: Springer.
  3. Bozkurt, A., & Sharma, R. C. (2022a). Exploring the learning analytics equation: What about the carpe diem of teaching and learning?. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 17(2), i-xiv. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7402312 · DOI
  4. Bozkurt, A., & Sharma, R. C. (2022b). Digital transformation and the way we (mis)interpret technology. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 17(1), i-viii. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6362290 · DOI
  5. Chu, H.-C., Hwang, G.-H., Tu, Y.-F., & Yang, K.-H. (2022). Roles and research trends of artificial intelligence in higher education: A systematic review of the top 50 most-cited articles. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 38(3), 22-42. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.7526 · DOI
  6. Costello, E. (2022). Rewild my heart: With pedagogies of love, kindness and the sun and moon. Postdigital Science and Education, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-022-00318-z · DOI
  7. Costello, E., Brown, M., Donlon, E., & Girme, P. (2020). 'The pandemic will not be on Zoom': A retrospective from the year 2050. Postdigital Science and Education, 2(3), 619-627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-020-00150-3 · DOI
  8. ch014 · DOI
  9. Graham, M., Kitchin, R., Mattern, S., & Shaw, J. (Eds.). (2019). How to Run a City Like Amazon and Other Fables. Meatspace Press.
  10. Jandrić, P. (2019). We-Think, We-Learn, We-Act: the Trialectic of Postdigital Collective Intelligence. Postdigital Science and Education, 1(2), 257-279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-019-00055- w. · DOI
  11. Jandrić, P., & Hayes, S. (2020). Postdigital We-Learn. Studies in Philosophy of Education, 39(3), 285.297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-020-09711-2. · DOI
  12. Jandrić, P., & Hayes, S. (2021). Postdigital education in a biotech future. Policy Futures in Education. https://doi.org/10.1177/14782103211049915. · DOI
  13. Jandrić, P., Hayes, D., Truelove, I., Levinson, P., Mayo, P., Ryberg, T., Monzó, L. D., Allen, Q., Stewart, P.A., Carr, P.R., Jackson, L., Bridges, S., Escaño, C., Grauslund, D., Mañero, J., Lukoko, H.O., Bryant, P., Fuentes Martinez, A., Gibbons, A., Sturm, S., Rose, J., Chuma, M.M., Biličić, E., Pfohl, S., Gustafsson, U., Arantes, J.A., Ford, D.R., Kihwele, J.E., Mozelius, P., Suoranta, J., Jurjević, L., Jurčević, M., Steketee, A., Irwin, J., White, E.J., Davidsen, J., Jaldemark, J., Abegglen, S., Burns, T., Sinfield, S., Kirylo, J.D., Batarelo Kokić, I., Stewart, G. T., Rikowski, G., Lisberg Christensen, L., Arndt, S., Pyyhtinen, O., Reitz, C., Lodahl, M., Humble, N., Buchanan, R., Forster, D.J., Kishore, P., Ozoliņš, J., Sharma, N., Urvashi, S., Nejad, H.G., Hood, N., Tesar, M., Wang, Y., Wright, J., Brown, J.B., Prinsloo, P., Kaur, K., Mukherjee, M., Novak, R., Shukla, R., Hollings, S., Konnerup, U., Mallya, M., Olorundare, A., Achieng-Evensen, C., Philip, A.P., Hazzan, M.K., Stockbridge, K., Komolafe, B.F., Bolanle, O.F., Hogan, M., Redder, B., Sattarzadeh, S.D., Jopling, M., SooHoo, S., Devine, N., & Hayes, S. (2020). Teaching in the age of Covid-19. Postdigital Science and Education, 2(3), 1069-1230. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs42438-020-00169-6 · DOI
  14. Kupferman, D. W. (2022). Educational futures and postdigital science. Postdigital Science and Education, 4(2), 216-223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-021-00236-6 · DOI
  15. Lin, Z. (2023). Modernizing authorship criteria: Challenges from exponential authorship inflation and generative artificial intelligence. (Preprint). https://psyarxiv.com/s6h58/
  16. Marenko, B. (2018). Futurecrafting: A speculative method for an imaginative AI. The 2018 AAAI Spring Symposium Series (pp. 419-422). https://www.orphandriftarchive.com/articles/futurecrafting/
  17. Mason, J., Peoples, B. E., & Lee, J. (2020). Questioning the scope of AI standardization in learning, education, and training. Journal of ICT Standardization, 107-122.
  18. McLuhan, M. (1962). The Gutenberg galaxy: The making of typographic man. University of Toronto Press.
  19. McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding media: The extensions of man. McGraw-Hill.
  20. O'Shea, T., & Self, J. (1986). Learning and teaching with computers: The artificial intelligence revolution. Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference. https://doi.org/10.5555/576781 · DOI
  21. Pelletier, K., Brown, M., Brooks, D. C., McCormack, M., Reeves, J., Arbino, N., Bozkurt, A., Crawford, S., Czerniewicz, L., Gibson, R., Linder, K., Mason, J., & Mondelli, V. (2021). 2021 EDUCAUSE 127 horizon report teaching and learning edition. EDUCAUSE. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/219489/
  22. Pelletier, K., McCormack, M., Reeves, J., Robert, J., Arbino, N., Al-Freih, M., Dickson-Deane, C., Guevara, C., Koster, L., Sanchez-Mendiola, M., Skallerup Bessette, L., & Stine, J. (2022). 2022 EDUCAUSE horizon report teaching and learning edition. EDUCAUSE. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/221033/
  23. Peters, M. A., Besley, T., Jandrić, P., & Zhu, X. (Eds.). (2020b). Knowledge Socialism. The Rise of Peer Production: Collegiality, Collaboration, and Collective Intelligence. Singapore: Springer.
  24. Selwyn, N. (2019). Should robots replace teachers?: AI and the future of education. John Wiley & Sons.
  25. Selwyn, N. (2021). Education and technology: Key issues and debates (3rd ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing.
  26. Sharma, R. C., Kawachi, P., & Bozkurt, A. (2019). The landscape of artificial intelligence in open, online and distance education: Promises and concerns. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 14(2),1- 2. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3730631 · DOI
  27. Sharples, M., & Pérez, R. P. (2022). Story machines: How computers have become creative writers. Routledge.
  28. Stracke, C. M., Burgos, D., Santos-Hermosa, G., Bozkurt, A., Sharma, R. C., Swiatek, C., Inamorato dos Santos, A., Mason, J., Ossiannilsson, E., Shon, J. G., Wan, M., Agbu, J.-F., Farrow, R., Karakaya, Ö., Nerantzi, C., Ramírez Montoya, M. S., Conole, G., Cox, G., & Truong, V. (2022a). Responding to the initial challenge of COVID-19 pandemic: Analysis of international responses and impact in school and higher education. Sustainability, 14(3), 1876. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031876 · DOI
  29. Stracke, C. M., Sharma, R. C., Bozkurt, A., Burgos, D., Swiatek, C., Inamorato dos Santos, A., Mason, J., Ossiannilsson, E., Santos-Hermosa, G., Shon, J. G., Wan, M., Agbu, J.-F., Farrow, R., Karakaya, Ö., Nerantzi, C., Ramírez Montoya, M. S., Conole, G., Cox, G., & Truong, V. (2022b). Impact of COVID-19 on formal education: An international review on practices and potentials of Open Education at a distance. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 23(4), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v23i4.6120 · DOI
  30. Viljoen, S. (2021). A relational theory of data governance. Yale Law Journal, 131(2), 573-654. https://www.yalelawjournal.org/feature/a-relational-theory-of-data-governance
  31. Weik, M. H. (1961). The ENIAC story. Ordnance, 45(244), 571-575.
  32. Winterson, J. (2022). Love(lace) Actually. In 12 Bytes: How artificial intelligence will change the way we live and love (pp. 9-32). Penguin Random House.
  33. Kyungmee Lee, Mark Nichols, Ebba Ossiannilsson, Mark Brown, Valerie Irvine, Juliana, Elisa Raffaghelli, Gema Santos-Hermosa, Orna Farrell, Taskeen Adam, Ying Li Thong, Sunagul Sani- Bozkurt, Ramesh C. Sharma: Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Writing -original draft, Writing -review & editing; Stefan Hrastinski, Petar Jandrić: Writing -original draft, Writing -review & editing. Suggested citation:
  34. Bozkurt, A., Xiao, J., Lambert, S., Pazurek, A., Crompton, H., Koseoglu, S., Farrow, R., Bond, M., Nerantzi, C., Honeychurch, S., Bali, M., Dron, J., Mir, K., Stewart, B., Costello, E., Mason, J., Stracke, C. M., Romero-Hall, E., Koutropoulos, A., Toquero, C. M., Singh, L Tlili, A., Lee, K., Nichols, M., Ossiannilsson, E., Brown, M., Irvine, V., Raffaghelli, J. E., Santos-Hermosa, G Farrell, O., Adam, T., Thong, Y. L., Sani-Bozkurt, S., Sharma, R. C., Hrastinski, S., & Jandrić, P. (2023). Speculative futures on ChatGPT and generative artificial intelligence (AI): A collective reflection from the educational landscape. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 18(1), 53-130. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7636568

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 301–350 of 350

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Bozkurt, A., Xiao, J., Lambert, S., Pazurek, A., Crompton, H., Koseoglu, S., Farrow, R., Bond, M., Nerantzi, C., Honeychurch, S., Bali, M., Dron, J., Mir, K., Stewart, B., Costello, E., Mason, J., Stracke, C. M., Romero-Hall, E., Koutropoulos, A., Toquero, C. M., Singh, L., Tlili, A., Lee, K., Nichols, M., Ossiannilsson, E., Brown, M., Irvine, V., Raffaghelli, J. E., Santos-Hermosa, G., Farrell, O., Adam, T., Thong, Y. L., Sani-Bozkurt, S., Sharma, R. C., Hrastinski, S., & Jandrić, P.
ORCID
Venue
Zenodo
Publisher
Zenodo
Published
2023-02-13
DOI
10.5281/zenodo.7636568
OpenAlex
W6894330473
Cited by
350
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 24 · 2025: 111 · 2024: 146 · 2023: 68
FWCI
82.35
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Dublin City University Open Access Institutional Repository (Dublin City University) (acceptedVersion, public-domain)
  • ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion, public-domain)
  • Open Research Online - ORO (The Open University) (acceptedVersion, public-domain)
  • ODU Digital Commons (Old Dominion University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
  • Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (cc-by)
Funders
  • Università degli Studi di Padova
  • Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PID2021-125828OB-I00)
  • Anadolu Üniversitesi (2207E099)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Education › Artificial Intelligence in Education
  • Social Sciences › Education › Digital Education and Society
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
Keywords
ChatGPT, generative AI, speculative futures, artificial intelligence in education, future of education, speculative narrative, educational technology

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review