Pathways of rice diversification across Asia
Open accessAbstract
The archaeology of rice has made important methodological advances over the past decade that have contributed new data on the domestication process, spread and ecology of cultivation. Growing evidence from spikelet bases indicates that non-shattering, domesticated forms evolved gradually in the Yangtze basin and that there were at least two distinct processes around the Middle Yangtze region pre-dating 6000 BC, and the in the Lower Yangtze region between 6000 and 4000 BC. Early rice cultivation in these areas was based on wet field ecologies, in contrast to rainfed rice that is indicated among the earliest systems in India. When rice first spread north it was not entirely suited to shorter temperate summer growth seasons, and we are able to infer from high levels of apparently green-harvested spikelets that genetic adaptations to temperate conditions evolved after 2000 BC. When rice first spread south, to mainland Southeast Asia, after 2500 BC, it was grown in rainfed, dry ecologies that were less labour-demanding and less-productive. More productive and intensive irrigated rice then redeveloped in Southeast Asia around 2000 years ago, supporting growing population densities and social complexity.
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This domesticated indica rice was typically rainfed in more extensive systems with periods of fallow.
“was typically rainfed in more extensive systems with periods of fallow (102, 106)”
From The biocultural origins and dispersal of domestic chickens (2022) · cites this paper as [106]
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes early rice cultivation in parts of Southeast Asia as rainfed and dry, and describes upland rice farming as lower intensity. It does not establish that domesticated indica was typically grown this way or that these systems included periods of fallow. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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- Authors
- Fuller, D. Q., Weisskopf, A. R., & Castillo, C. C.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Venue
- Archaeology International
- Publisher
- UCL Press
- Published
- 2016-12-12
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 1463-1725 (ISSN-L)
- 2048-4194
- OpenAlex
- W2595595680
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 5.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archaeology International (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/G005540/1, NE/K003402/1, NE/N010957/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Rice Cultivation and Yield Improvement
- Social Sciences › Geography, Planning and Development › Pacific and Southeast Asian Studies
- Keywords
- rice domestication, Yangtze River Basin, Lower Yangtze, rainfed rice, irrigated rice, early rice cultivation, green harvest, social complexity, population density, archaeobotany
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