The Economic Impact of Music Streaming

May combine two claims.

Spotify became profit-making only in 2024, showing that the conversion rate to paid subscriptions has not been sufficiently pronounced.

“The fact that Spotify became profit-making only in 2024 clearly shows that the conversion rate to paid subscriptions has not been sufficiently pronounced.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Record labels pay artists under the terms of their contracts, but they are subject to non-disclosure agreements (NDAs).

“Record labels pay artists under the terms of their contracts, but they are subject to non-disclosure agreements (NDAs).”

May combine two claims.

Streaming is already well established and currently the dominant format for music distribution, adopted by all regions.

“First, streaming is already well established and currently the dominant format for music distribution, adopted by all regions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

On-demand streaming services undermine sales of digital files and physical media and are not a financial model that can sustain musical careers.

“On-demand streaming services undermine sales of digital files and physical media and are not a financial model that can sustain musical careers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

These agreements are complex, if not impossible, to audit.

“These agreements are complex, if not impossible, to audit.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

CMOs still use sampling methods based on radio and TV play to estimate royalty distribution, which can favor established artists and misrepresent actual streaming data.

“Finally, CMOs still use sampling methods based on radio and TV play to estimate royalty distribution, which can favor established artists and misrepresent actual streaming data.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Currently, the system of agreements often results in delayed payments when it can take months for royalties to reach artists.

“Currently, the system of agreements often results in delayed payments when it can take months for royalties to reach artists.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The most important part of the music streaming chain-how money moves from intermediaries to artists-is also the least transparent part of the distribution process.

“The most important part of the music streaming chain -how money moves from the intermediaries to artists -is also the least transparent part of the distribution process.”

May combine two claims.

On most streaming platforms the ARPU has fallen over time, which means that artists are getting less as the total income per user decreases.

“The first conclusion that this table suggests is that on most streaming platforms the ARPU has fallen over time, which means that artists are getting less as the total income per user decreases.”

May combine two claims.

Streaming did not have an immediate positive effect on the music industry; initially it decreased profits, but then the sector adjusted and increased returns from the new consumption model.

“Streaming did not have an immediate positive effect on the music industry.Initially, it decreased profits in the industry as a whole, but then the sector adjusted and managed to increase its returns from this new consumption model.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Products are difficult to find for less famous artists if they are not on the playlist.

“Their products are difficult to find for less famous artists if they are not on the playlist.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The digital music business involves many components which are not very transparent.

“The digital music business involves many components which are not very transparent.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

These tools remain obscure for music creators and fans.

“However, these tools remain obscure for music creators and fans.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Music may be categorized automatically into a genre that does not reflect the creator's intentions correctly.

“Their music may also be categorized automatically into a genre that does not reflect the creator's intentions correctly.”

May combine two claims.

Per-stream royalty rates on some platforms are rather low, which forces artists to rely more on touring, merchandise sales, and other revenue streams to make a living.

“The per-stream royalty rates on some platforms are rather low, which forces artists to rely more on touring, merchandise sales, and other revenue streams to make a living.”

May combine two claims.

Digitization allowed individuals to produce music using affordable hardware and software and distribute it via streaming services, breaking the need for expensive promotion and distribution.

“Digitization allowed individuals to produce music using affordable hardware and software tools and to distribute it via streaming services, thus breaking the need for expensive promotion and distribution.”

May combine two claims.

This trend is likely to stay as other formats are either decreasing or marginally increasing, and one develops at the expense of others.

“Second, this trend is likely to stay as other formats are either decreasing or marginally increasing, and one develops at the expense of others -while radio and TV income drops, there is an increase in revenue from live performances, while publishing income and synchronization stays stable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Aguiar and Waldfogel found that growth in streaming reduced sales of albums and that an additional thousand streams depress sales revenue by 1.76 USD.

“Aguiar and Waldfogel researched at the country level and found that growth in streaming reduced sales of albums and that an additional thousand streams depress sales revenue by 1.76 USD (Aguiar & Waldfogel 2018).”

• cites Aguiar & Waldfogel 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Streaming services benefit different stakeholders by increasing music discovery, attracting consumers to other areas of the music market, and positively combating music piracy.

“Streaming services benefit different stakeholders by increasing music discovery, attracting consumers to other areas of the music market, and positively combating music piracy (Zehr 2021).”

• cites Zehr 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Streaming accounts for two-thirds of the worldwide music market, and this format's growth has been uninterrupted for over 10 years.

“Streaming accounts for two-thirds of the worldwide music market, and this format's growth has been uninterrupted for over 10 years.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Competition in the market is intensifying, and while Spotify still dominates the market, new dynamics should not be excluded in the years to come.

“Third, competition in the market is intensifying, and while Spotify still dominates the market, we should not exclude new dynamics in the years to come.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Dumont found that the pro-rata distribution model leads to cross-subsidization between low and high streaming users, streaming fraud, and inequity in compensation for artists.

“Dumont analyzed the consequences of the pro-rata distribution model leading to cross-subsidization between low and high streaming users, streaming fraud, and inequity in compensation for artists (Dumont 2018).”

• cites Dumont 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

IFPI states that in 2023 the streaming share of global revenue was 63.7%, with growth in subscription streaming revenue of 11.2%.

“The annual report of the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) states that in 2023, the streaming share of global revenue was 63,7%, with growth in subscription streaming revenue of 11,2% (IFPI 2024 Global Music Report).”

• cites IFPI 2024 Global Music ReportNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

These reviews concluded that performers are not currently entitled to a fair split of streaming revenue, deeming this unfair considering the marginal costs of production and distribution associated with digital consumption.

“These reviews concluded that performers are not currently entitled to a fair split of streaming revenue, deeming this unfair considering the marginal costs of production and distribution associated with digital consumption.”

• cites DCMS report 2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites CMA 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Page and Safir concluded that listening intensity and concentration are key in deciding which remuneration model to choose.

“According to this research, listening intensity and concentration are key in deciding which remuneration model to choose -a pro-rata or a user-centric payment model (Page and Safir 2019).”

• cites Page and Safir 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The streaming market has been dominated by Spotify, the biggest streaming platform with over 30% of the market share, followed by Tencent Music, Apple Music, Amazon, and others.

“The streaming market has been dominated by Spotify, the biggest streaming platform with over 30% of the market share, followed by Tencent Music, Apple Music, Amazon, and others.”

May combine two claims.

63% of the total income generated by music goes to artists and labels, and 37% goes to songwriters, publishers, and their CMOs.

“63% of the total income generated by music goes to artists and labels, and 37% goes to songwriters, publishers, and their CMOs.”

May combine two claims.

RIAA data show that in the US alone, streaming contributed approximately 84% of total revenues for the fifth year, with paid subscriptions outpacing other types.

“According to data from the Recording Industry Association of America, RIAA in the US alone, streaming has contributed approximately 84% of total revenues for the fifth year, with paid subscriptions outpacing other types in this category.”

• cites RIAA, 2024Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Much less attention has been paid in the literature to adverse economic effects associated with music streaming as a way of monetizing creative outputs.

“While the benefits of streaming have been widely discussed, much less attention has been paid in the literature to some of the adverse economic effects associated with music streaming as a way of monetizing creative outputs.”

May combine two claims.

If the predominant streams are based on ad-revenue and are not generating sufficient profits, then the streaming model cannot be sustained in its current form in the long run.

“If the predominant streams are based on add-revenue and are not generating sufficient profits, then the streaming model, in the long run, cannot be sustained in its current form.”

May combine two claims.

According to CISAC data, the approximate average number of tracks uploaded to DSPs each day is 143,000 in 2024, 125,000 in 2023, and 100,000 in 2022.

“According to CISAC data, the approximate average number of tracks uploaded to DSPs each day is 143,000 (2024), 125,000 (2023), and 100,000 (2022) (CISAC and PMP, 2024).”

• cites CISAC and PMP, 2024Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Zehr suggested that streaming increased revenue in the live music market and could compensate for some potential losses and provide benefits to all artists.

“Zehr suggested that streaming increased revenue in the live music market and could compensate for some of the potential losses and provide benefits to all artists (Zehr 2020).”

• cites Zehr 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The largest consumers of digital music through streaming are young people, who are primarily price-sensitive.

“As mentioned, the largest consumers of digital music through streaming are young people, who are primarily price-sensitive.”

• cites Li et al. 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The low per-stream rates may disincentivize investment in new, riskier musical projects, favoring established formats and back catalogs.

“-the low per-stream rates may disincentivize investment in new, riskier musical projects, favoring established formats and back catalogs;”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

These regions could impact the global music landscape for artists to reach wider audiences.

“These regions could impact the global music landscape for artists to reach wider audiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The strategy of streaming platforms seems to be that consumption of the public goes from a storage culture to a streaming culture.

“The strategy of streaming platforms seems to be that the consumption of the public goes from a storage culture to a streaming culture (Hajis 2021).”

• cites Hajis 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Compensation also depends on the existing copyright legislation.

“The compensation also depends on the existing copyright legislation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A logical consequence of oversupply and shorter attention spans is that we see more quantity than quality.

“A logical consequence is that we see more quantity than quality.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The payment systems described cannot solve the problems of different stakeholders automatically.

“Regarding payment systems, it must be noted that the models described above cannot solve the problems of different stakeholders automatically.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The UK Voluntary Code of Practice on Transparency in Music Streaming was published in January 2024.

“A good example is the new UK Voluntary Code of Practice on Transparency in Music Streaming, published in January 2024.”

• cites https://www.gov.uk/guidance/uk-vol-untary-code-of-good-practice-on-transparency-in-music-streamingNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

With the shift towards digital music consumption, the physical aspect of music, such as album art, liner notes, and collectible editions, has diminished.

“With the shift towards digital music consumption, the physical aspect of music, such as album art, liner notes, and collectible editions, has diminished.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Streaming has affected music consumption and brought in more assisted and standardized choices among consumers.

“Streaming has affected music consumption and brought in more”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Fully Gen AI outputs in Music are expected to be worth about 16 billion euros in 2028, doubling on average each year.

“Fully Gen AI outputs in Music are expected to be worth c.€16Bn in 2028, doubling on average each year.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In 2012, Forbes magazine called Spotify CEO Daniel Ek the most powerful person in the music business.

“In 2012, Forbes magazine called Spotify CEO Daniel Ek”

• cites ForbesNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In streaming, metadata appears as the object of transactions and comes with caveats including data identification, encryption, standards, and interoperability.

“In the context of streaming, metadata appears as the object of transactions.It comes with several caveats -data identification, encryption, standards, and interoperability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Less established artists will have difficulties to succeed only through streaming, and this model may not be a sustainable career path for them.

“-the less established artists will have difficulties to succeed only through streaming, and this model may not be a sustainable career path for them;”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

If properly embraced by the industry, the UK metadata code will move things in the right direction.

“However, if properly embraced by the industry, it will move things in the right direction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The diminishment of the physical aspect of music has contributed to the perception of music by many as a disposable commodity rather than an art form.

“This has contributed to the perception of music by many as a disposable commodity rather than an art form.”

May combine two claims.

Ramesh 2024 found that the top 1% of artists accounted for 78% of all streams and 83% of streaming revenue in 2023.

“Empirical research by Ramesh published in 2024 found that: -the top 1% of artists accounted for 78% of all streams and 83% of streaming revenue in 2023.”

• cites Ramesh 2024 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

100% AI-generated music is already streamed on DSPs, and Spotify's catalogue now includes AI-generated music created and uploaded by third parties.

“100% AI-generated music is already streamed on DSPs.Spotify's catalogue now includes AI-generated music created and uploaded by third parties.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The importance of publishing rights has increased because publishers take a much more active role in tracking and monetizing streams for which copyright remuneration is due.

“-the importance of publishing rights has increased because publishers take a much more active role in tracking and monetizing streams for which copyright remuneration is due;”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Artificial intelligence will play a bigger role in music recommendations, and based on listening habits, AI-driven algorithms will make music discovery more personalized than before.

“-Artificial intelligence (AI) will play a bigger role in music recommendations.Based on listening habits, AI-driven algorithms will make music discovery more personalized than before.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Algorithmic curatorship can be considered a control mechanism that is computationally objective and at the same time over-subjectivizes consumption.

“Algorithmic curatorship could also be considered as a control mechanism: it is computationally objective, and at the same time, it over-subjectivizes consumption.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Playlists and algorithms play an important role in music streaming.

“Playlists and algorithms play an important role in music streaming.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Playlists promote the notion that music is something to listen to tangentially and not with complete attention, making music synonymous with superfluous.

“First, the playlists promote the notion that music is something to listen to tangentially and not with complete attention, something light that cannot be very demanding, so music becomes synonymous with superfluous.”

May combine two claims.

The expected impact of generative AI in the mid-term is a moderate penetration rate in volume and value on streaming platforms, and high potential cannibalization of revenue and loss of music creators' streaming revenues to DSPs.

“The expected impact in the mid-term perspective is a moderate penetration rate in volume and value on streaming platforms, and high potential cannibalization of revenue and loss of music creators' streaming revenues to DSPs (CISAC and PMP, 2024).”

• cites CISAC and PMP, 2024Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Music is becoming a background and losing its important social and cultural functions.

“i.e., music is becoming a background and losing its important social and cultural functions.”

• cites Eriksson et al. 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Traditionally albums offered a unified listening experience beyond individual songs, but this is no longer the case, which can be attributed at least partly to streaming.

“Traditionally albums offered a unified listening experience that goes beyond individual songs.Unfortunately, this is no longer the case, which, at least to some extent, can be attributed to streaming.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Ramesh considers this concentration more pronounced than in the pre-streaming era.

“He considers this concentration more pronounced than in the pre-streaming era (Ramesh 2024).”

• cites Ramesh 2024 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Platforms and DSPs have gained from economy of scale, reduction of costs, and new markets.

“The platforms and DSPs have gained from the economy of scale, reduction of costs, and new markets.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The 2023 DCMS research found that evidence proving or disproving whether streaming algorithms embed, amplify, or introduce unfair biases is mixed and at times inconclusive.

“The 2023 DCMS research into the impact of streaming services' algorithms on music consumption found that evidence proving or disproving whether these technologies embed, amplify, or introduce unfair biases is mixed and, at times, inconclusive.”

• cites DCMS report 2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

As streaming services operate worldwide, they must comply with different laws and regulations in each country, which can complicate how royalties are distributed.

“Negative -As streaming services operate worldwide, they must comply with different laws and regulations in each country.This can complicate how royalties are distributed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In the digital age, the abundance of creative content creates a huge oversupply, accompanied by short-form social media content, leading to much shorter life cycles for music and shorter attention spans.

“In the digital age the abundance of creative content creates a huge oversupply.Music supply is everywhere, accompanied by short-form social media content.This leads to much shorter life cycles for music and listeners have shorter attention spans.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Gen AI platforms are disrupting the distribution system as they offer prompter users the chance to directly distribute their creations on Spotify.

“Gen AI platforms are disrupting the distribution system as they offer prompter users the chance to directly distribute their creations on Spotify.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The search for optimal solutions will continue and will require finding new legal and business models for revenue sharing.

“The search for optimal solutions will continue and will require finding new legal and business models for revenue sharing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Solutions developed in the domain of music streaming may have implications beyond the music industry, potentially informing approaches to fair compensation and sustainable creative ecosystems in other sectors of the digital content economy.

“Therefore, the solutions that may be developed in this domain may have implications beyond the music industry, potentially informing approaches to fair compensation and sustainable creative ecosystems in other sectors of the digital content economy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Streaming has affected the significance of broadcasting and radio, where the recording and publishing sides used to receive an equal share, to the overall detriment of composers and songwriters.

“-Streaming has also affected the significance of broadcasting and radio, where the recording and publishing sides used to receive an equal share, to the overall detriment of composers and songwriters.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

New intermediaries have appeared, offering services to artists including playlist promotion and various optimizations based on technology tools.

“-new intermediaries have appeared, offering services to artists, incl.playlist promotion, and various optimizations based on technology tools;”

May combine two claims.

Data-driven decision-making influences decisions about an artist's image, branding, and the type of music they create, and artists feel more pressure to conform to what data suggests is popular rather than following creative instincts.

“This approach influences decisions about an artist's image, branding, and the type of music they create.Artists feel more pressure to conform to what the data suggests is popular rather than following their creative instincts.”

• cites Gantchev 2024Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The dominance of streaming has significantly affected the structure and dynamics of the music industry.

“The dominance of streaming has significantly affected the structure and dynamics of the music industry.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The third conclusion is that there are issues that have not yet found adequate solutions.

“The third conclusion that can be made is that there are issues that have not yet found adequate solutions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The artist-centric model seeks to favor professional artists and could potentially bring benefits to lesser-known artists to get exposure to large audiences on streaming platforms.

“The artist-centric model seeks to favor professional artists (Moreau 2024) and could potentially bring benefits to lesserknown artists to get exposure to large audiences on streaming platforms.”

• cites Moreau 2024Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The statement that Daniel Ek is the most powerful person in the music business is not true; it is the majors who control the industry, including Spotify.

“This statement shows the media perception of streaming, however, it is not true -it is the majors who control the industry, including Spotify.”

May combine two claims.

AI-generated tracks are circulating on streaming platforms, are in suggested playlists, and some generate substantial streams.

“AI-generated tracks are circulating on streaming platforms, they are in suggested playlists, and some generate substantial streams.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The shift to streaming has reshaped the economics of the music industry, creating new opportunities, revolutionizing the market, expanding access to music, and revitalizing overall industry revenues while addressing some issues associated with music piracy.

“The shift to streaming has reshaped the economics of the music industry.It has created new opportunities, revolutionized the market, expanded access to music, and revitalized overall industry revenues while addressing some of the issues associated with music piracy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Because non-compliance with the UK Voluntary Code would not constitute a breach of legislation or relevant contracts, the impact of the new Code is uncertain.

“However, given that non-compliance would not constitute a breach of legislation or relevant contracts, the impact of the new Code is uncertain.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Streaming has changed, to some extent, the perception of music and its social and cultural value and given consumption a much higher role as a factor in music generation.

“Streaming has changed, to some extent, the perception of music and its social and cultural value and given consumption a much higher role as a factor in music generation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Boomy is a platform allowing the creation of AI-generated music to be uploaded on DSPs.

“Boomy is a platform allowing the creation of AI-generated music to be uploaded on DSPs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The economics of music streaming is part of the broader debate on value creation and distribution in the digital economy.

“The economics of music streaming is part of the broader debate on value creation and distribution in the digital economy.”

May combine two claims.

IFPI report shows strong growth in developing and emerging markets, with countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America seeing a rise in streaming service adoption.

“IFPI report shows strong growth in developing and emerging markets.Countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America are seeing a rise in streaming service adoption.”

• cites IFPI reportNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Streaming enables users to choose to listen to specific tracks, and the micro-payments generated by each stream devalue the music itself because people would not appreciate the album as a concept.

“Fourth, streaming enables users to choose to listen to specific tracks.Even if this is monetized, the micro-payments generated by each stream are, in a way, devaluing the music itself because people would not appreciate the album as a concept.”

May combine two claims.

In comparison, 55% goes to the recording side/neighboring rights (42.4% to labels and 12.7% to performers), and streaming services retain 30% of the subscription fees.

“In comparison, 55% goes to the recording side/ neighboring rights (42.4% to labels and 12.7% to performers), and streaming services retain 30% of the subscription fees (GEMA 2022).”

• cites GEMA 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Spotify and other platforms outsource the task of analyzing each song to Echo Nest, which is currently owned by Spotify.

“Spotify and other platforms outsource the task of analyzing each song to the Echo Nest company (currently owned by Spotify).”

May combine two claims.

Generative AI represents a potential opportunity for DSPs to generate royalty-free tracks and integrate them into their playlists, which could significantly boost their margins by drastically reducing copyright costs.

“Generative AI represents a potential opportunity for DSPs to generate royaltyfree tracks and integrate them into their playlists.This could significantly boost their margins by drastically reducing copyright costs (Gantchev 2024).”

• cites Gantchev 2024Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

If the majors removed their catalogs from the platforms, the platforms would no longer attract the general public.

“If the majors removed their catalogs from the platforms, they would no longer attract the general public.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Streaming has provided global access to artists, but this happens in the context of a much stronger global competition, which puts pressure on local and smaller markets.

“-streaming has provided global access to artists but this happens in the context of a much stronger global competition, which again puts pressure on local and smaller markets.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

With the advance of technology, music streaming will seek to improve sound quality and listening experiences.

“-With the advance of technology, music streaming will seek to improve sound quality and listening experiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

If streaming alone cannot support a broad range of professional musicians, it may lead to a music ecosystem dominated by superstars and part-time creators, potentially limiting the diversity and quality of musical output.

“If streaming alone cannot support a broad range of professional musicians, it may lead to a music ecosystem dominated by superstars and part-time creators, potentially limiting the diversity and quality of musical output.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Streaming has a much broader impact than just delivering more music in a more convenient way to users; this technology-driven business model has a wider impact on society and its welfare.

“Streaming has a much broader impact than just delivering more music in a more convenient way to users.This technology-driven business model has a wider impact on society and its welfare.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

CMA found that the split in streaming revenues between songwriters and publishers may be sub-optimal, particularly for songwriters, due to challenges in negotiating increases, but determined that competition policy is not the right tool to reach an optimal split.

“The CMA similarly found that the split in streaming revenues between songwriters and publishers may be sub-optimal, particularly for songwriters, due to challenges in negotiating increases, but determined that competition policy is not the right tool to reach an optimal split (CMA 2022).”

• cites CMA 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Streaming has a global outreach, which means streamers with global coverage ambitions will need to invest in content delivery network solutions to minimize latency and maintain quality of experience.

“-Content Delivery: streaming has a global outreach which means that the streamers with global coverage ambitions will need to invest in content delivery network solutions to minimize latency and maintain the quality of the experience;”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

This shapes the cultural offering and puts it into a framework that is not conducive to diversity and innovation.

“This shapes the cultural offering and puts it into a framework that is not conducive to diversity and innovation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In music streaming, the software makes profiles of each song and the algorithm recommends to the user songs close to that profile.

“In the case of music streaming, the software makes profiles of each song and then the algorithm, based on that information, makes recommendations to the user that come close to that profile.”

May combine two claims.

A French National Music Centre study showed that today, 30% of intensive streaming listeners generate 70% of total streams and therefore dictate where 70% of the money goes.

“A French National Music Centre study showed that today, 30% of intensive streaming listeners generate 70% of total streams and, therefore, dictate where 70% of the money goes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

A Gen AI boost is expected in the music streaming segment due to new usage and functionalities that traditional or new players will monetize.

“A Gen AI boost is expected in the music streaming segment due to new usage and functionalities that traditional or new players will monetize”

May combine two claims.

90% of the artists in the survey reported that streaming accounted for over 50% of their music-related income, up from 30% five years ago.

“-90% of the artists in this survey reported that streaming accounted for over 50% of their music-related income, up from 30% five years ago.”

• cites Ramesh 2024 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Factors such as artificial intelligence, the extent of collaboration within the industry and between industry and different rightsholder groups, and the music markets' maturity will influence this process.

“Such factors as artificial intelligence, the extent of collaboration within the industry and between industry and different rightsholder groups, and the music markets' maturity will influence this process.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Artists strive to maintain a strong social media presence to engage with fans and promote their music, maintaining an image that blurs public personal and private life, and the consumer feels a direct connection with the artist which stimulates further demand.

“Artists strive to maintain a strong social media presence to engage with fans and promote their music.They maintain a certain image, blurring the lines between public personal and private life.The consumer feels a direct connection with the artist which stimulates further demand.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

This lack of transparency poses questions regarding discoverability and cultural diversity.

“This lack of transparency poses questions regarding discoverability and cultural diversity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The impact of AI-generated tracks in terms of volume of tracks and streams has yet to be quantified.

“The impact of this phenomenon, in terms of the volume of tracks and streams, has yet to be quantified.”

May combine two claims.

The lack of transparency, revenue distribution, and consumption patterns have changed the flow of revenue streams, raising questions about sustainability of music careers, particularly for mid-tier and emerging artists.

“The lack of transparency, revenue distribution, and consumption patterns have changed the flow of the revenue streams.This has raised questions about the sustainability of music careers, particularly for mid-tier and emerging artists.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

CISAC sees the potential of high cannibalization rates and replacement of human-produced production music for B2B use.

“Here, CISAC sees the potential of high cannibalization rates and replacement of human-produced”

• cites CISACNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Streaming platforms started as music companies but were all technology companies, and nowadays portray themselves as media companies.

“Streaming platforms reportedly started as music companies.But they were all technology companies, and nowadays, they portray themselves as media companies.”

May combine two claims.

While streaming platforms have more control over traditional stakeholders including consumers, this relationship is not straightforward.

“While streaming platforms have more control over the traditional stakeholders in music, incl.the consumers, this relationship is not straightforward.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Twelve trade associations, membership organizations, and collecting societies have signed the UK Voluntary Code on behalf of their members.

“Twelve trade associations, membership organizations, and collecting societies have signed on behalf of their members (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/uk-vol-untary-code-of-good-practice-on-transparency-in-music-streaming).”

• cites https://www.gov.uk/guidance/uk-vol-untary-code-of-good-practice-on-transparency-in-music-streamingNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The emphasis on playlist-friendly, algorithm-optimized music could lead to a homogenization of musical styles and loss of diversity.

“-The emphasis on playlist-friendly, algorithm-optimized music could lead to a homogenization of musical styles and loss of diversity;”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Streaming numbers have become a measure of success, leading to a new culture where artists are judged by their play counts, which reduces overall artistic expression, creativity, and human aspects of music-making.

“Streaming numbers have now become a measure of success.This leads to a new culture where artists are judged by their play counts.This reduces the overall artistic expression, creativity, and human aspects of the music-making process.”

May combine two claims.

The average per-stream rate across major platforms was $0.004 with considerable variations.

“The average per-stream rate across major platforms was $0.004 with considerable variations.”

• cites Ramesh 2024 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The second impact is that streaming has significantly affected the traditional music distribution model.

“The second impact is that streaming has significantly affected the traditional music distribution model.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Demand and compensation depend on factors such as placement of music on playlists, platform-generated algorithmic recommendations, popularity of genres, frequency of releases, and status of the artist.

“Demand and compensation also depend on such factors as: -the placement of the music on playlists, -platform generated algorithmic recommendations, -the popularity of different genres, -frequency of releases by the artist, -the status of the artist -associated with label or independent.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Most artists have not been able to capitalize on the new possibilities and have made limited use of the streaming business model.

“Meanwhile, most of the artists have not been able to capitalize on the new possibilities and have made limited use of the streaming business model.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Record labels have a much smaller role in distribution and are adopting new non-traditional roles including data analytics and playlist promotion.

“-record labels have a much smaller role in the distribution, and to adapt, they are adopting new non-traditional roles incl.data analytics, and playlist promotion;”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

While cloud hosting liberates companies from maintaining their own infrastructure, it is not necessarily cheap.

“while cloud hosting liberates companies from the need to maintain their own infrastructure, it's not necessarily cheap.”

May combine two claims.

For songwriters, the current metadata gap may result in significant delays to payment, or no payment at all.

“For songwriters, it may result in significant delays to payment, or no payment at all.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Currently the data provided with the ISWC on new recordings does not identify songwriter and publishers.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Streaming has enabled direct relationships and sales between artists and fans, and some artists have monetized their creativity directly to fans, bypassing traditional industry gatekeepers.

“-streaming has enabled direct relationships and sales between artists and fans, and some artists have monetized their creativity directly to fans, bypassing traditional industry gatekeepers.”

May combine two claims.

The categorization of music on streaming platforms is automated and not done by humans.

“The categorization of the music is not done by humans and is automated.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Consumption on streaming platforms is governed by data-driven decision-making, and data analytics is the main source for understanding consumer behavior.

“Third, the consumption is governed by data-driven decision-making.Data analytics is the main source for understanding consumer behavior.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

When choosing server configurations, streamers might need to overestimate their demand in order to deal with unanticipated spikes in access to certain tracks or albums.

“When choosing their server configurations, streamers might need to overestimate their demand in order to deal with unanticipated spikes in access to certain tracks or albums;”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Based on streaming analytics, the speed of change on chart positions puts even more pressure on creators.

“Moreover, based on streaming analytics, the speed of change on the chart positions puts even more pressure on creators.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Without this information, rights management cannot be effective.

“Without this information rights management cannot be effective.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The UK Voluntary Code addresses licensing models, usage data processing, and reporting royalties while maintaining legal constraints related to confidentiality, data privacy, and competition laws.

“The code addresses the complexity of licensing models, usage data processing, and reporting royalties while maintaining legal constraints related to confidentiality, data privacy, and competition laws.”