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Cited by 43Dyeing and Modifying Textile FibersEnzyme-mediated dye degradationEnvironmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 68 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 125 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Unraveling the ecological footprint of textile dyes: A growing environmental concern

Open access
Hoque, Mohammad Bellal, Oyshi, Tanzim Hossain, Hannan, Md. Abdul, Haque, Papia, Rahman, Md. Mostafizur, Shahid, Md. Abdus, Sheikh, Shamsuzzaman·2024·Pollution Study
DOI 10.54517/ps.v5i2.3014
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Abstract

The textile industry, being a giant consumer of water and chemicals, uses synthetic dyes on a wide scale because of their low cost and wide color gamut. In contrast, synthetic dyes have shown great environmental hazards. A notable feature of textile dyes is their resistance to biodegradation, which contributes to long-lasting pollution in water, soil, and the atmosphere. The water body ecosystems are contaminated with dye-laden wastewater resulting from textile manufacturing. Photosynthetic activity is prevented, hence decreasing oxygen levels in water and drastically affecting aquatic life. Moreover, improper sludge disposal containing dyes leads to the degradation of soil quality, impacting plant health and microbial activities. Such pollutants can exhibit bioaccumulation in organisms, enhancing toxicity via the food chain and presenting serious health risks to humans, including carcinogenic effects and genetic malfunction. The paper reviews new developments related to ecologically friendly dyes, advanced wastewater treatments, and circular economies involving dye recycling and waterless dyeing techniques that are key to reducing the environmental impact of these dyes. Also needed is rigid enforcement of regulations coupled with the wider diffusion of sustainable technologies to minimize environmental damage in the textile industry and protect natural ecosystems and human health.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This narrative review synthesizes existing literature on how synthetic textile dyes contaminate water, soil, and air, and on their ecological and human-health consequences. It argues that eco-friendly dyes, advanced wastewater treatment, circular-economy approaches, and stricter regulation are needed to reduce the industry's footprint.

Key findings

  • Textile dyes are deliberately designed to resist light, water, and chemical degradation, making them intrinsically non-biodegradable and persistent; roughly 10%–20% of applied dyes are not fixed to fabric and are washed out in wastewater.
  • Dye wastewater pollution load is characterized by typical ranges of BOD 100–400 mg/L, COD 500–2000 mg/L, pH 6–10, TDS 2000–5000 mg/L, and color 300–2000 PCU (Table 2).
  • Dyes reduce sunlight penetration, disrupting photosynthesis and lowering dissolved oxygen, and can bioaccumulate and biomagnify through food chains; azo dye degradation releases aromatic amines such as benzidine linked to bladder, liver, and kidney cancers.
  • Mitigation options reviewed include natural and microbial dyes, waterless/supercritical CO₂ dyeing, digital printing, adsorption, bioremediation, membrane filtration, advanced oxidation, and dye/salt recovery (nanofiltration, ion exchange, electrodialysis, ELM, capacitive deionization).

Methods

  • Design: a review that "systematically examines" the environmental impact of textile dyes by synthesizing existing research on chemical composition, environmental pathways, and ecological consequences; no primary data are collected.
  • Data: drawn from a range of published studies on synthetic dye pollution in water, soil, and air, plus a comparative analysis of regulatory frameworks across regions.
  • Analysis: integrates findings across bioremediation, dye recycling, and waterless dyeing approaches to evaluate their potential for reducing ecological harm; dye classes (azo, reactive, vat, disperse, acid) are tabulated by composition, toxicity, and biodegradability.

Limitations

  • Not stated in the paper: the review does not include an explicit limitations section.
  • Evident from the text: no systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or database list is reported, so the "systematic" claim is not substantiated by a documented protocol.
  • Evident from the text: findings are qualitative and drawn from cited secondary literature, with no quantitative synthesis, effect sizes, or primary measurements of its own.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.54517/ps.v5i2.3014

Cites

68 of 68 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

0 of 125 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingcitation

    During the dyeing process, about 10%-20% of applied dyes do not get fixed onto fabric but are wasted and washed out in water.

    “During the dyeing process, about 10%-20% of the applied dyes do not get fixed onto the fabric but are wasted and washed out in water [31].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Premisecitation

    Synthetic dyes have great environmental hazards.

    “In contrast, synthetic dyes have shown great environmental hazards.”
    • Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
      “However, accompanying the rapid growth of the textile industry is an emerging environmental problem created by the extensive use of artificial dyes [6][7][8].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [6]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [7]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [8]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Premisecitation

    Water body ecosystems are contaminated with dye-laden wastewater from textile manufacturing.

    “The water body ecosystems are contaminated with dye-laden wastewater resulting from textile manufacturing.”
    • Also stated in: § 5.1. Entry through industrial wastewater · plain
      “The major source of dye pollution consists of discharged wastewater with untreated or poorly treated dye residue from textile mills.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • Rests on an assumption: Several million tons of dye-laden wastewater are directly discharged into rivers, lakes, and oceans annually, mainly in countries where textile industries are primarily located.
    • Rests on an assumption: Most wastewater containing dyes is directly discharged into local rivers, lakes, and oceans.
  • Premisecitation

    BOD, COD, pH, and TDS are critical indicators of pollution load and ecological impact of textile dye wastewater.

    “Parameters such as Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), pH, and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) are critical indicators of their pollution load and ecological impact [24][25][26][27][28].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [24]

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    • cites [25]

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    • cites [26]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Premisecitation

    Improper disposal of dyeing sludge by landfilling or into open areas results in leaching into soil, contaminating it with toxic compounds.

    “Improper disposal of this sludge by landfilling or into open areas results in leaching into the soil, contaminating it with toxic compounds.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [33]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [34]

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  • Probably not a substantial claim. 33
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 65

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given

    Textile dye wastewater typically has a TDS of 2000-5000 mg/L.

    “TDS (mg/L) | Total concentration of dissolved solids | 2000-5000 | High TDS can lead to soil and water salinization.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given

    Textile dye wastewater typically has a COD of 500-2000 mg/L.

    “COD (mg/L) Measures total chemical oxidation potential | 500-2000 | Reflects the total organic pollutant load.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given

    Textile dye wastewater typically has a pH of 6-10.

    “pH | Acidity or alkalinity of the wastewater | 6-10 | Extreme pH can harm aquatic life and affect treatment processes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given

    Textile dye wastewater typically has a BOD of 100-400 mg/L.

    “BOD (mg/L) | Indicates the amount of biodegradable organic matter | 100-400 | High levels indicate potential oxygen depletion in receiving water bodies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given

    Textile dye wastewater typically has a color intensity of 300-2000 PCU.

    “Color (PCU) Intensity of color in wastewater | 300-2000 | High color indicates the presence of dyes that reduce light penetration in water bodies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The chemical stability of many synthetic dyes makes them toxic and non-biodegradable, contributing to long-term environmental harm.

    “However, this chemical stability also makes many of these dyes toxic and non-biodegradable, thus contributing to long-term harm to the environment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Dye wastewater generally contains a complex mixture of toxic pollutants, such as heavy metals, azo compounds, and aromatic amines, most of which are harmful to aquatic life and ecosystems.

    “Such wastewater generally contains a complex mixture of toxic pollutants, such as heavy metals, azo compounds, and aromatic amines, most of which are harmful to aquatic life and ecosystems [12,13].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [12]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [13]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Poorly treated or raw dye wastewater in the environment poses a severe hazard to water quality and biodiversity, besides affecting human health.

    “The sad truth is that poorly treated or raw dye wastewater in the environment poses a severe hazard to water quality and biodiversity, besides affecting human health.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Dye pollution prevents photosynthetic activity, decreasing oxygen levels in water and affecting aquatic life.

    “Photosynthetic activity is prevented, hence decreasing oxygen levels in water and drastically affecting aquatic life.”
    • Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · hedged
      “First, these dyes can reduce the penetration of sunlight into the body of water, and due to this impact on the photosynthesis of the aquatic plants, an imbalance of the oxygen level in the inside water would affect the fish and other marine animals highly [14][15][16].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [14]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [15]

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    • cites [16]

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  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Most dyes used today are synthetic, petroleum-derived products that give vivid colors, durability, and resistance to many external factors.

    “Most of the dyes used today are synthetic, petroleumderived products that give vivid colors, durability, and resistance to many different external factors [22,23].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [22]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [23]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Textile dyes are resistant to biodegradation, contributing to long-lasting pollution in water, soil, and atmosphere.

    “A notable feature of textile dyes is their resistance to biodegradation, which contributes to long-lasting pollution in water, soil, and the atmosphere.”
    • Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
      “Textile dyes are complex organic chemicals deliberately designed not to fade under light, water, and chemical actions; hence, they are intrinsically nonbiodegradable and persistent in the natural environment [9][10][11].”
    • Also stated in: § 2. Background of literature · plain
      “Synthetic dyes, which are used extensively in the textile industry, are designed to be resistant to biodegradation, leading to persistent pollution in water, soil, and air.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [9]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [10]

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    • cites [11]

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  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Pollutants from textile dyes can bioaccumulate in organisms, enhancing toxicity via the food chain and presenting serious health risks to humans, including carcinogenic effects and genetic malfunction.

    “Such pollutants can exhibit bioaccumulation in organisms, enhancing toxicity via the food chain and presenting serious health risks to humans, including carcinogenic effects and genetic malfunction.”
    • Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
      “The residual content of dye elements in natural environments pollutes the atmosphere that afterwards bioaccumulates and biomagnifies through the food chain, thereby enhancing the magnitude of ecological hazards [17][18][19][20][21].”
    • Also stated in: § 2. Background of literature · plain
      “Additionally, the toxic byproducts of dyes, such as heavy metals and aromatic amines, bioaccumulate in organisms, posing health risks to humans and animals.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [17]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [18]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [19]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • Rests on an assumption: During decomposition, many azo dyes form aromatic amines, some of which are known to be carcinogenic.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Consumer behavior and awareness about sustainable fashion are critical in reducing the ecological footprint of textile dyeing processes.

    “Consumer behavior and awareness about sustainable fashion are critical in reducing the ecological footprint of textile dyeing processes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    Policies such as the EU REACH regulation and the ZDHC program aim to limit the use of toxic chemicals and promote safe alternatives.

    “Policies such as the European Union's REACH regulation and the Zero Discharge of Hazardous Chemicals (ZDHC) program aim to limit the use of toxic chemicals and promote safe alternatives.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Toxic chemicals in dyes, especially heavy metals, disrupt the nutrient balance in the soil ecosystem, impede plant growth, and decrease crop yields.

    “Generally, toxic chemicals in dyes, especially heavy metals, disrupt the nutrient balance in the soil ecosystem impede plant growth, and decrease crop yields [47].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [47]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Soil contamination by dyes allows toxic elements to enter the food chain through crops, leading to chronic health problems for consumers and damaging food production within that locality.

    “Besides, soil contamination by the dyes allows toxic elements to enter the food chain through crops, thus leading to chronic health problems for consumers and damaging the food production within that locality [68].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [68]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Dye pollution leads to disruption in microbial communities, diminishing their activities and further deteriorating soil quality, impacting ecosystems dependent on healthy soil.

    “This kind of pollution leads to disruption in microbial communities, diminishing their activities and further deteriorating the quality of the soil-soil which always has an impact on the ecosystems dependent on healthy soil [48,49].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [48]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [49]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The efficacy of these frameworks relies on harmonized global standards, stricter enforcement, and complementary measures such as industry collaboration, consumer awareness, and financial incentives for green innovation.

    “While these frameworks provide a foundation for sustainable transformation, their efficacy relies on harmonized global standards, stricter enforcement, and complementary measures such as industry collaboration, consumer awareness, and financial incentives for green innovation [81,82].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [81]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [82]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Dye accumulation in sediments poses long-term risks to benthic organisms, which may absorb these pollutants, leading to bioaccumulation in the food chain.

    “This poses long-term risks to benthic organisms (those living on the seafloor), which may absorb these pollutants, leading to bioaccumulation in the food chain [38,39].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [38]

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    • cites [39]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Interference with soil microbial flora by toxic dyes could result in long-term plant growth damage and harm ecosystem health.

    “This could result in long-term plant growth damage and ecosystem health.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Reduced photosynthesis from dye pollution leads to limited oxygen levels in water, which may cause fish kills and harm other aquatic life.

    “This eventually results in limited oxygen levels in water, which might cause fish kills and harm other aquatic life forms.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Dye pollution in soils diminishes microbial diversity and abundance and further degrades soil health.

    “Similarly, the pollution of dyes in soils diminishes microbial diversity and abundance and further degrades soil health [52].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [52]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Humans relying on fish from dye-polluted waters may be exposed to toxic chemicals bio-accumulated within fish and could suffer cancer, developmental problems, and neurological disorders.

    “For instance, those who rely on fish in dyepolluted waters may be exposed to toxic chemicals bio-accumulated within their bodies and could suffer from a whole array of serious health conditions, such as cancer, developmental problems, and neurological disorders [54].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [54]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The presence of dye as an environmental pollutant degrades the water quality of marine ecosystems, due to dyes containing toxic elements like heavy metals and aromatic amines, harmful to fish and crustaceans in marine life.

    “The presence of dye as an environmental pollutant degrades the water quality of marine ecosystems, due to dyes containing toxic elements like heavy metals and aromatic amines, harmful to fish and crustaceans in marine life [44,45].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [44]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [45]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The widespread use of artificial dyes in the textile industry seriously affects ecology in water, soil, biodiversity, and food chains.

    “The widespread use of artificial dyes in the textile industry seriously affects ecology in water, soil, biodiversity, and food chains.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Dyes in water reduce light penetration, impairing photosynthesis in aquatic plants and algae.

    “Dyes in water tend to reduce penetration depth; hence, it impacts the photosynthesis process of aquatic plants and algae [37].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Synthetic dyes can disrupt microbial communities essential for ecological balance, hinder photosynthetic activity in aquatic plants, and accumulate in sediments, leading to long-term contamination.

    “Furthermore, synthetic dyes can disrupt microbial communities essential for maintaining ecological balance, hinder photosynthetic activity in aquatic plants, and accumulate in sediments, leading to longterm contamination [57,58].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [57]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [58]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The Bangladesh Accord on Fire and Building Safety, recently extended following the Rana Plaza collapse, includes environmental safety guarantees requiring each textile factory to treat wastewater and decrease chemical usage.

    “Additionally, the Bangladesh Accord on Fire and Building Safety, recently extended following the Rana Plaza collapse, includes environmental safety guarantees that require each textile factory to treat wastewater and decrease chemical usage [84].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [84]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Bioaccumulation of textile dyes in aquatic organisms may interfere with breathing, reproduction, and growth, critically depressing populations of affected species such as fish and molluscs.

    “Eventually, this may interfere with breathing, reproduction, and growth, critically depressing the populations of affected species, such as fish and molluscs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    The Stockholm Convention on POPs binds signatory countries including EU states, the U.S., and India to take action concerning certain toxic dyes used and disposed of to protect human and environmental health.

    “Further, the Stockholm Convention on POPs reaffirms this same belief in that it binds the signatory countries are EU states U.S., and even India to take action concerning certain toxic dyes used and disposed of to protect human and environmental health [78].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [78]

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  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    By embracing sustainable purchasing habits, consumers empower systemic change and accelerate the industry's transition to environmentally responsible dyeing practices.

    “By embracing sustainable purchasing habits, consumers empower systemic change and accelerate the industry's transition to environmentally responsible dyeing practices [93,94].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [93]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [94]

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  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Incineration of textile wastes, including residual dyes and post-treated fabrics, releases toxic chemicals and particulate matter into the atmosphere, contributing to air pollution and subsequently soil and water contamination as pollutants settle.

    “The result of this process is the release of toxic chemicals and particulate matter into the atmosphere, hence contributing to air pollution and subsequently to soil and water contamination as the pollutants settle [33,34].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [33]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [34]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    The ZDHC is a program initiated by global fashion and retail brands to eliminate all hazardous chemicals including toxic dyes from the complete textile supply chain before 2020.

    “The ZDHC is a program initiated by several global fashion and retail brands to eliminate all hazardous chemicals, including toxic dyes, from the complete textile supply chain before the year 2020 [77].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [77]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The EU REACH regulation regulates hazardous chemicals including textile dyes and requires manufacturers to register and evaluate their environmental and health impacts.

    “In the European Union, the REACH regulation regulates hazardous chemicals, including textile dyes, and requires manufacturers to register and evaluate their environmental and health impacts.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [73]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    India's Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act lays down standards for discharge of pollutants from textile industries, hence effluent treatment plants.

    “The Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act, India, lays down standards for the discharge of pollutants from textile industries, hence effluent treatment plants [74,75].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [74]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [75]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    These chemicals can enter the human body through drinking water, food, air, and skin contact, leading to a variety of acute and chronic health issues.

    “These chemicals can enter the human body through drinking water, food, air, and skin contact, leading to a variety of acute and chronic health issues [65].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [65]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    China's Water Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan requires adoption of cleaner production techniques, recycling of wastewater, and stronger limits on dye wastewater discharge.

    “For example, the Water Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan of China requires the adoption of cleaner production techniques, recycling of wastewater, and stronger limits on dye wastewater discharge [83].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [83]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Synthetic textile dyes, often released untreated or inadequately treated into water bodies during industrial processes, contribute to severe water pollution, including discolouration, altered light penetration, and depletion of dissolved oxygen.

    “These dyes, often released untreated or inadequately treated into water bodies during industrial processes, contribute to severe water pollution, including discolouration, altered light penetration, and depletion of dissolved oxygen [55,56].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [55]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [56]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    In most developing countries where textile manufacturing is a major economic activity, due to weak enforcement or technology, industries sidestep wastewater treatment regulations and directly poison water bodies with harmful chemicals and dyes.

    “In most developing countries where textile manufacturing is a major economic activity, because of weak enforcement or technology merely available in the past, industries sidestep the wastewater treatment regulations and directly poison the water bodies with harmful chemicals and dyes [32].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The extensive use of synthetic textile dyes poses significant environmental challenges, particularly in aquatic ecosystems, due to their complex chemical structures, high stability, and resistance to biodegradation.

    “The extensive use of synthetic textile dyes poses significant environmental challenges, particularly in aquatic ecosystems, due to their complex chemical structures, high stability, and resistance to biodegradation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The manufacturing of synthetic dyes often relies on petrochemical derivatives, which require energy-intensive processes and release greenhouse gases, thus exacerbating climate change.

    “The manufacturing of synthetic dyes often relies on petrochemical derivatives, which require energy-intensive processes and release greenhouse gases, thus exacerbating climate change [59][60][61].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [59]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [60]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [61]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Mutagenic dyes have the potential to alter DNA structure, increasing the chances of birth defects, developmental disorders, and reproductive system problems.

    “In addition, the mutagenic dyes have the potential to alter the DNA structure, which increases the chances of birth defects, developmental disorders, and problems in the reproductive system [70].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [70]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Dye contamination may persist in groundwater for many years, further entangling remediation and raising costs.

    “Such contamination may persist in the groundwater for many years, further entangling the remediation process and raising costs to a high level [46].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [46]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Airborne dye particles can settle on nearby soils and in the respiratory systems of humans and animals upon inhalation, posing health hazards.

    “It can settle on the nearby soils and in the respiratory systems of humans and animals upon inhalation, which poses health hazards [43].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    High dye concentration can alter the pH of a water body and alter temperature levels beyond those tolerable by life.

    “Besides, high dye concentration can alter the pH of a water body and, at the same time, alter the temperature levels beyond those tolerable by life [50].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [50]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Textile dyes from unfixed industrial effluents reaching water bodies pose a very high human health threat, especially in developing countries where the same river or groundwater is consumed for drinking, cooking, and irrigation.

    “The textile dyes from unfixed industrial effluents reaching the water bodies pose a very high human health threat, more so in developing countries where the same river or groundwater is then consumed for drinking, cooking, and irrigation purposes [66,67].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [66]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [67]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    By prioritizing ecofriendly choices, consumers can drive demand for sustainably dyed textiles, compelling brands to adopt greener practices and technologies.

    “By prioritizing ecofriendly choices, consumers can drive demand for sustainably dyed textiles, compelling brands to adopt greener practices and technologies [88,89].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [88]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [89]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Practices such as purchasing durable clothing, supporting slow fashion, and opting for garments dyed with natural or low-impact dyes promote reduced production volumes and resource conservation.

    “Practices such as purchasing durable clothing, supporting slow fashion, and opting for garments dyed with natural or low-impact dyes promote reduced production volumes and resource conservation [90].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [90]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The extraction of raw materials for dye production and the heavy use of water resources in dyeing operations further strain environmental systems.

    “Additionally, the extraction of raw materials for dye production and the heavy use of water resources in dyeing operations further strain environmental systems [62].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [62]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These regulations show global effort to improve health and environmental adverse effects caused by textile dyes, though enforcement and technological updates are critical to effective implementation.

    “These regulations show the effort undertaken globally in the improvement of health and environmental adverse effects caused by textile dyes, though enforcement and technological updates are critical to their effective implementation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    When dyes are improperly disposed of, either through effluent discharge or landfill deposition, they persist in the environment, leading to contamination of soil, water, and air.

    “When dyes are improperly disposed of, either through effluent discharge or landfill deposition, they persist in the environment, leading to contamination of soil, water, and air.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Most synthetic dyes are non-biodegradable and remain in soil for a very long period, reducing soil fertility and changing the physical and chemical properties of the soil.

    “Because most of these dyes are synthetic, they are non-biodegradable and hence remain in the soil for a very long period, therefore reducing soil fertility and changing the physical and chemical properties of the soil.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [7]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [40]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [41]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) technology combines biological treatment with membrane filtration and offers high-quality effluent suitable for reuse.

    “Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) technology combines biological treatment with membrane filtration that offers high-quality effluent suitable for reuse [111][112][113].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [111]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [112]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [113]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    In aquatic ecosystems, textile dyes interfere with photochemical processes, decrease oxygen levels, and disrupt aquatic life, promoting biodiversity loss.

    “In aquatic ecosystems, these dyes interfere with the photochemical process, decrease oxygen levels, and disrupt life in water, hence promoting losses in biodiversity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationcitation

    Altogether, these solutions point toward a trend of increasing responsibility in dyeing practices within the textile industry.

    “Altogether, these point toward a trend of increasing responsibility in dyeing practices within the textile industry [97].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [97]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • Rests on an assumption: Biodegradable synthetic dyes achieved by green chemistry innovation are designed to degrade into harmless by-products with minimal persistence in the environment.
    • Rests on an assumption: Microbial dyes produced by organisms such as fungi and bacteria provide a promising avenue toward sustainable dyeing through fermentation processes that contribute to lower manufacturing impacts.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Capacitive deionization (CDI), often combined with membrane filtration systems, uses electrochemical techniques to remove and concentrate salts from wastewater, enabling their reuse while producing high-quality treated water.

    “Capacitive deionization (CDI), often employed in combination with membrane filtration systems, leverages electrochemical techniques to remove and concentrate salts from wastewater, enabling their reuse while producing high-quality treated water [123].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [123]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    Electrodialysis (ED) and Electrodialysis with Bipolar Membranes (EDBM) are advanced electrochemical processes that utilize selective ion transport to separate and recover valuable ions while reducing contaminants.

    “Electrodialysis (ED) and Electrodialysis with Bipolar Membranes (EDBM) are advanced electrochemical processes that utilize selective ion transport to separate and recover valuable ions while reducing contaminants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisereasoning

    Adsorption methods are widely used, and activated carbon demonstrates high effectiveness due to its large surface area and adsorption capacity.

    “Adsorption methods are widely used; material like activated carbon demonstrates high effectiveness due to its big surface and adsorption capacity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    Low-impact synthetic dyes with high fixation efficiency reduce dye runoff and improve wastewater quality.

    “Additionally, advances in low-impact synthetic dyes with high fixation efficiency reduce dye runoff and improve wastewater quality.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    Certificates such as GOTS and OEKO-TEX guarantee the observation of environmentally friendly standards.

    “certificates like GOTS and OEKO-TEX that guarantee the observation of environmentally friendly standards.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Natural dyes are extracted from renewable resources such as plants, fruits, and minerals; they are less toxic but require a huge amount of raw material and are often mixed with harmful mordants.

    “Natural dye, however, has a very long story in textile production: They are extracted from renewable resources, such as plants, fruits, and minerals; less toxic, but with a huge amount of raw material needed and, very often, mixed with harmful mordants [96].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [96]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisereasoning

    Waterless dyeing technologies such as supercritical CO2 dyeing are an environmental alternative because supercritical CO2 transports dyes onto fabrics and radically reduces water use, energy, and chemicals.

    “By contrast, waterless dyeing technologies such as supercritical CO2 dyeing represent an environmental alternative since, in its supercritical state, carbon dioxide acts to transport dyes onto fabrics and radically reduces the use of water, using much less energy and chemicals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationcitation

    Put together, circular economy and sustainable manufacturing methods indicate a commitment to a more sustainable and circular textile industry.

    “Put together, these methods are indicative of a commitment to a more sustainable and circular textile industry [118,119].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [118]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [119]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Environmental sustainability could be ensured by using biodegradable dyes, bioremediation techniques, and waterless dyeing technologies.

    “Environmental sustainability could be ensured by using biodegradable dyes, bioremediation techniques, and waterless dyeing technologies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    Mainly synthetic textile dyes are nonbiodegradable, toxic, and tend to persist in the environment for years.

    “Mainly synthetic textile dyes are nonbiodegradable, toxic, and tend to persist in the environment for years.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisenone given

    Waterless dyeing methods such as supercritical CO2 dyeing eliminate water use entirely.

    “Waterless dyeing methods, such as supercritical CO₂ dyeing, eliminate water use entirely, while digital printing reduces dye and energy waste.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Natural dyes sourced from renewable materials such as plants, algae, fungi, and agricultural by-products offer biodegradable and non-toxic options that reduce reliance on petroleum-based synthetic dyes.

    “Natural dyes sourced from renewable materials such as plants, algae, fungi, and agricultural by-products offer biodegradable and non-toxic options, reducing reliance on petroleum-based synthetic dyes [98,99].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [98]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [99]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    Advanced oxidation processes involve highly reactive species that transform dyes into their nontoxic forms.

    “Advanced oxidation processes involve highly reactive species transforming dyes into their nontoxic forms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    Emulsion liquid membrane technology enhances recovery efficiency and reduces chemical consumption and secondary waste generation.

    “This method not only enhances recovery efficiency but also reduces chemical consumption and secondary waste generation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Bioremediation involves microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi that biotransform or detoxify synthetic dyes through metabolism.

    “Bioremediation involves microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.These have a biotransformation or detoxification of the synthetic dyes through metabolism [105].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [105]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    Advanced oxidation methods can be quite energy-intensive and costly.

    “However, these methods can be quite energy-intensive and costly.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Digital printing promotes sustainability because dyes are applied directly to fabrics through computer-controlled processes generating minimal waste, water, and chemicals relative to analogue methods, and production can be conducted to order, reducing unsold inventory.

    “Digital printing further promotes sustainability in that dyes are applied directly to fabrics through computer-controlled processes generating minimal waste, water, and chemicals relative to analogue methods; moreover, production can be conducted to order, reducing unsold inventory [116,117].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [116]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [117]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisenone given

    Membrane filtration technologies are prone to fouling, which can reduce their efficiency.

    “These technologies are prone to fouling, which can reduce their efficiency.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Advancements in resource recovery support circular economy principles by facilitating reuse of vital raw materials, decreasing reliance on virgin resources, and lowering the environmental impact of textile production.

    “Advancements in resource recovery support the principles of a circular economy by facilitating the reuse of vital raw materials, decreasing reliance on virgin resources, and lowering the environmental impact of textile production.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisenone given

    Other adsorbents include agricultural wastes and nanomaterials that are under active research due to their sustainability.

    “Other adsorbents include agricultural wastes and nanomaterials under active research due to their sustainability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Development of eco-friendly dyes, new wastewater treatment technologies, and regulatory mechanisms to control textile dye pollution are mitigants pursued.

    “The development of eco-friendly dyes, new technologies for the treatment of wastewater, and regulatory mechanisms to control textile dye pollution are therefore some of the mitigants pursued.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Several solutions have been developed, from environmentally friendly dyes and improvements in wastewater treatment technologies to systematic engagement with the circular economy.

    “Several solutions have been developed, from the development of environmentally friendly dyes, and improvements in wastewater treatment technologies, to a systematic engagement with the circular economy [95].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [95]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Inorganic salts such as sodium chloride and sodium sulfate are often present in high concentrations in treated dye wastewater and are critical for various industrial applications, including textile dyeing.

    “These salts, often present in high concentrations, are critical for various industrial applications, including textile dyeing processes [120].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [120]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Most ecological impacts are brought about by textile dyes, which highly affect water, soil, and biodiversity.

    “Most of the ecological impacts are brought about by textile dyes, which highly affect water, soil, and even biodiversity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    Additional contamination of soil by textile dyes impairs fertility and has deleterious implications for plant and microbial life.

    “Additional contamination of the soil impairs fertility and has further deleterious implications for plant and microbial life.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    Collectively, eco-friendly dye alternatives and sustainable dyeing technologies signify a shift toward cleaner production practices and offer a promising pathway to mitigate the ecological footprint of textile dyeing while aligning with circular economy principles.

    “Collectively, these innovations signify a shift toward cleaner production practices and offer a promising pathway to mitigate the ecological footprint of textile dyeing while aligning with circular economy principles [103].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [103]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Other innovative methods, including advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), hybrid systems, and electrocoagulation, are being explored for their ability to address the complex and variable nature of textile wastewater.

    “Other innovative methods, including advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), hybrid systems, and electrocoagulation, are being explored for their ability to address the complex and variable nature of textile wastewater.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Microbial dyes produced through fermentation processes present a novel avenue with high reproducibility and lower environmental impact.

    “Microbial dyes, produced through fermentation processes, present a novel avenue with high reproducibility and lower environmental impact [100].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [100]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

83 of 83

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Several million tons of dye-laden wastewater are directly discharged into rivers, lakes, and oceans annually, mainly in countries where textile industries are primarily located.

    “Indeed, several million tons of dye-laden wastewater are directly discharged into rivers, lakes, and oceans annually, mainly in countries where textile industries are primarily located.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most wastewater containing dyes is directly discharged into local rivers, lakes, and oceans.

    “Most such wastewater containing dyes is directly discharged into local rivers, lakes, and oceans.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Improper sludge disposal containing dyes leads to degradation of soil quality, impacting plant health and microbial activities.

    “Moreover, improper sludge disposal containing dyes leads to the degradation of soil quality, impacting plant health and microbial activities.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    During decomposition, many azo dyes form aromatic amines, some of which are known to be carcinogenic.

    “During decomposition, many of the azo dyes form aromatic amines, some of which are known to be carcinogenic.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The complexity of azo dye structure imparts resistance to biodegradation, hence they persist in the environment.

    “The complexity of structure imparts them resistance to biodegradation, hence they persist in the environment.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Azo dyes pollute water and thereby affect aquatic life.

    “Azo dyes are implicated to pollute water and thereby affect aquatic life.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Reactive dyes are soluble in water, but during interaction with textiles, most undergo hydrolysis and accumulate in wastewater.

    “These reactive dyes are soluble in water, but in the process of their interaction with textiles, the lion's share of them undergo hydrolysis and accumulate in the wastewater of enterprises.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Reactive dyes are resistant to biological destruction and may be toxic to aquatic organisms.

    “Such dyes are resistant to biological destruction and thus may be toxic to aquatic organisms.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The use of salts and alkalis in reactive dyeing increases environmental damage.

    “The use in the dyeing process of salts and alkalis increases the damage.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Reduction and oxidation processes of vat dyes typically give rise to dangerous chemicals, like sodium hydrosulfite, which release toxic wastewater.

    “Such reduction and oxidation processes typically give rise to dangerous chemicals, like sodium hydrosulfite, which eventually release toxic wastewater.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Vat dyes have insufficient degrading nature, remain in the environment longer, and cause pollution in soil and water.

    “Vat dyes, with their insufficient degrading nature, remain in the environment for a longer period and cause pollution in both soil and water.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Toxic byproducts are released during application of disperse dyes because of high temperatures and chemical carriers used.

    “Toxic byproducts are released during the application of dispersed dyes because of the high temperatures and chemical carriers used.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Environmental contamination results from disperse dyes' difficult degradation in wastewater treatment facilities.

    “Environmental contamination results from these colors' difficult degradation in wastewater treatment facilities.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Acid dyes are very toxic to aquatic ecosystems, especially in their virgin state.

    “Though brilliant, acid colors are very toxic to aquatic ecosystems, especially in their virgin state.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Acid dyes are only moderately biodegradable, whereas the salts and chemicals used in the process are not.

    “They are only moderately biodegradable, whereas the salts and chemicals used in this process are not.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Textile dye wastewater has a complex composition that varies significantly depending on the dyes and chemicals used during processing.

    “Textile dye wastewater is known for its complex composition, which varies significantly depending on the dyes and chemicals used during processing.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Sludge produced from textile dyeing is large in quantity and consists of mixed chemicals such as heavy metals and unreacted dyes.

    “The sludge produced from dyeing is large in quantity, consisting of mixed chemicals such as heavy metals and unreacted dyes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Dyes can enter groundwater systems through leaching from contaminated soils or seepage from untreated wastewater.

    “Sometimes dyes can enter groundwater systems through leaching from contaminated soils or seepage from untreated water waste.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Groundwater contamination by dyes is particularly problematic because it can affect drinking water supplies and persist for long periods.

    “Groundwater contamination is particularly problematic as it can affect drinking water supplies and persist for long periods.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Heavier dye molecules tend to settle in riverbeds and ocean sediments, where they can remain for decades.

    “Heavier dye molecules tend to settle in riverbeds and ocean sediments, where they can remain for decades.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Textile dyes are one of the main pollutants of water, especially in countries with weak legislation on wastewater discharge.

    “Textile dyes are one of the main pollutants of water, especially in countries with weak enough legislation on wastewater discharging.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Bleaching may occur in coral reefs with reduced illumination, leading to disturbed ecological conditions due to bioaccumulation of toxic dyes in marine organisms.

    “Bleaching may occur in coral reefs with reduced illumination, leading to disturbed ecological conditions due to the bioaccumulation of toxic dyes in marine organisms.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Industrial runoff or infiltration of wastewater into the ground leaches dyes into the soil and eventually contaminates groundwater supplies, greatly endangering human populations and wildlife.

    “Moreover, industrial runoff or infiltration of wastewater into the ground will leach the dyes into the soil to eventually contaminate supplies of groundwater, greatly endangering human populations and wildlife.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Aquatic organisms risk getting dyes through their gills or skin, posing a threat that can lead to respiratory disorders, reproductive failure, or death.

    “Such organisms risk getting dyes through their gills or skin, a factor that can pose an aquatic life threat leading to respiratory disorders and resulting in reproductive failure or even death.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Extreme conditions may cause the collapse of the entire food web in a water body due to dye pollutants.

    “Extreme conditions may cause the collapse of the entire food web in the water body due to such pollutants.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Toxic chemicals in textile dyes decrease microbial activity in water, hindering decomposition and nutrient cycling.

    “These chemicals decrease microbial activity in water, which hinders many useful processes that are part of ecological balance, such as decomposition and nutrient cycling.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Because contaminated organisms are consumed by predators, textile dyes bio-magnify up the food chain.

    “Furthermore, because contaminated organisms are consumed by predators, dyes tend to bio-magnify up the food chain.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The presence of toxic dye components and by-products affects aquatic organisms, causing mutagenic, carcinogenic, and endocrine-disrupting effects.

    “The presence of toxic dye components and by-products affects aquatic organisms, causing mutagenic, carcinogenic, and endocrine-disrupting effects.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The production of dyes relies heavily on non-renewable resources, while the lack of effective recycling and treatment systems worsens resource depletion and environmental harm.

    “The production of dyes relies heavily on non-renewable resources, while the lack of effective recycling and treatment systems worsens resource depletion and environmental harm.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Many synthetic dyes contain toxic compounds that pose direct and indirect health risks to communities exposed to contaminated water, soil, and air.

    “Many synthetic dyes contain toxic compounds that pose direct and indirect health risks to communities exposed to contaminated water, soil, and air.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Among the most concerning effects are the carcinogenic and mutagenic properties of some dyes, which increase the risk of cancer and genetic mutations.

    “Among the most concerning effects are the carcinogenic and mutagenic properties of some dyes, which increase the risk of cancer and genetic mutations.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Textile dyes cause immediate health problems in the form of stomach and skin diseases.

    “It causes immediate health problems in the form of stomach and skin diseases.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Prolonged exposure to chromium and lead in groundwater may cause kidney dysfunction and neurological disorders, especially in children.

    “On the other hand, prolonged exposure to chromium and lead in groundwater may cause kidney dysfunction and neurological disorders due to heavy metals, especially in children.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Emission of dye particulates into air during manufacturing and waste incineration contributes to respiratory diseases for workers and residents around such areas.

    “The emission of dye particulates into the air during manufacturing and waste incineration contributes to respiratory diseases for workers and residents around such areas where these activities occur.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Synthetic dyes, especially azo dyes, can induce carcinogenic or mutagenic activities.

    “Synthetic dyes, more so those from azo dyes, are considered major health risks as they can induce carcinogenic or mutagenic activities.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Azo dyes undergo degradation and release aromatic amine groups such as benzidine.

    “Azo dyes undergo degradation and release aromatic amine groups such as benzidine.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    These substances are responsible for many kinds of cancers like bladder, liver, kidney, and others.

    “These substances are responsible for many kinds of cancers like bladder, liver, kidney, and others.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Long-term environmental exposure to these compounds enhances the risk of cancers in populations consuming contaminated water or food.

    “Longterm environmental exposure to these compounds enhances the risk of cancers in populations consuming such contaminated water or food.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Workers in the textile industry are specifically exposed to great risks concerning cancer because of chronic exposure.

    “Workers in the textile industry are specifically exposed to great risks concerning cancer because of chronic exposure.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Heavy metals such as chromium, cadmium, and mercury released from dyes can cause chronic liver and kidney disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and immune dysfunction.

    “Heavy metals such as chromium, cadmium, and mercury released from dyes can cause chronic disorders of the liver and kidneys, cardiovascular diseases, and immune dysfunction.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Regulatory mechanisms have been very inadequate in implementation.

    “Though regulatory mechanisms have been very inadequate in implementation, the Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index keeps a close watch on industrial clusters with high textile production to regulate environmental standards [76].”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Challenges such as inconsistent global enforcement, gaps in addressing emerging contaminants, and lack of stringent regulations in developing countries hinder widespread impact of regulatory frameworks.

    “Challenges such as inconsistent global enforcement, gaps in addressing emerging contaminants, and the lack of stringent regulations in developing countries hinder widespread impact.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Rapid evolution of dyeing technologies and materials often outpaces regulatory updates, creating loopholes.

    “Moreover, the rapid evolution of dyeing technologies and materials often outpaces regulatory updates, creating loopholes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Increased awareness about environmental and health impacts of conventional dyeing encourages consumers to seek certifications like GOTS or OEKO-TEX.

    “Increased awareness about the environmental and health impacts of conventional dyeing processes encourages consumers to seek certifications like GOTS or OEKO-TEX ® , which ensure safer and more sustainable products.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Educational campaigns and social media play a significant role in shaping perceptions and empowering consumers to make informed choices.

    “Educational campaigns and social media also play a significant role in shaping perceptions and empowering consumers to make informed choices.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Biodegradable synthetic dyes achieved by green chemistry innovation are designed to degrade into harmless by-products with minimal persistence in the environment.

    “On the other hand, biodegradable synthetic dyes achieved by green chemistry innovation are designed to degrade into harmless by-products with minimal persistence in the environment.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Microbial dyes produced by organisms such as fungi and bacteria provide a promising avenue toward sustainable dyeing through fermentation processes that contribute to lower manufacturing impacts.

    “In addition, microbial dyes produced by organisms such as fungi and bacteria provide a promising avenue toward sustainable dyeing through fermentation processes that contribute to lower manufacturing impacts.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The EU REACH regulation restricts or bans certain carcinogenic azo dyes.

    “It also restricts or bans certain carcinogenic azo dyes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The US Clean Water Act regulates discharge of pollutants such as textile dyes through industrial effluent treatment to meet EPA standards, and the Toxic Substances Control Act assesses toxic chemicals in dyes.

    “The Clean Water Act is in place within the United States to regulate the discharge of pollutants, such as textile dyes, through industrial effluent treatment to meet standards that the Environmental Protection Agency sets, and it regulates the Toxic Substances Control Act concerning assessing toxic chemicals in dyes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The ZDHC program will provide training and tools to manufacturers about transitioning to safer chemical alternatives and improved wastewater management practices.

    “Indeed, the program will provide training and tools to the manufacturers about transitioning towards safer chemical alternatives and improved wastewater management practices.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The ZDHC program focuses on total elimination of carcinogenic and mutagenic dyes with minimal persistent pollutants.

    “It focuses on the total elimination of carcinogenic and mutagenic dyes with minimal persistent pollutants.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Certifications such as OEKO-TEX and GOTS promote use of eco-friendly dyes and sustainable processing techniques, fostering accountability throughout supply chains.

    “Certifications such as OEKO-TEX ® and GOTS promote the use of eco-friendly dyes and sustainable processing techniques, fostering greater accountability throughout supply chains.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Textile dyes are vital for the manufacturing process of fabrics.

    “textile dyes are quite vital for the manufacturing process of fabrics.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most entry routes of textile dyes into ecosystems are untreated industrial wastewater, improper waste disposal, and accidental spills.

    “Since most entry routes of ecosystems include untreated industrial wastewater improper waste disposal and accidental spilling, this results in extensive pollution.”
54 of 54

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 34

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Related

Metadata

Authors
Hoque, M. B., Oyshi, T. H., Hannan, M. A., Haque, P., Rahman, M. M., Shahid, M. A., & Sheikh, S.
Affiliations
  • Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (BD)
  • World University of Bangladesh (BD)
  • University of Dhaka (BD)
ORCID
Venue
Pollution Study
Publisher
Asia Pacific Academy of Science Pte. Ltd.
Published
2024-12-13
Volume
5
Issue
2
Pages
3014
ISSN
2811-0153 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.54517/ps.v5i2.3014
OpenAlex
W4405378890
Semantic Scholar
04094619ca8e3cb8bf7de70f99cb5720c6e72b5a
Cited by
43
References
57
Citations by year
2026: 24 · 2025: 19
FWCI
4.71
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
Pollution study. (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Dyeing and Modifying Textile Fibers
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Enzyme-mediated dye degradation
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies
Keywords
textile dyes, synthetic dyes, ecological footprint, dyeing wastewater, biodegradation resistance, water pollution, bioaccumulation, food chain toxicity, eco-friendly dyes, wastewater treatment, dye recycling, waterless dyeing, circular economy, environmental impact of textiles

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