Coconut water of different maturity stages ameliorates inflammatory processes in model of inflammation
Open accessAbstract
AIM: Coconut water is a natural beverage that is a part of daily diet of many people. This study was designed to explore the anti-inflammatory activity of coconut water of different maturation stages (young and mature) with rat paw edema model of inflammation using plethysmometer. METHODOLOGY: For this study, albino rats were selected and divided into four equal groups (10 rats in each group). Group 1 was set as control and administered distilled water 1 ml orally; Groups 2 and 3 were treated with young and mature coconut water, respectively, at 4 ml/100 g dose orally. Group 4 was treated with the standard drug (ibuprofen) at 400 mg/70 kg. 0.1 ml of 1% w/v acetic acid was administered in the subplantar tissue of rat paw 30 min after oral treatments of groups. Plethysmometer was used to measure rat paw edema. RESULTS: Results revealed that both coconut water possess significant anti-inflammatory activity (P < 0.001). In comparison to control, percent inhibition by young coconut water was 20.22%, 35.13%, 42.52%, and 36% at 1, 2, 3, and 4 h of acetic acid administration, respectively. However, maximum percent inhibition (42.52%) was observed in the second phase of the inflammatory process. On the other hand, percent inhibition by mature coconut water was 18.80%, 25.94%, 24.13%, and 18.66% at 1, 2, 3, and 4 h of acetic acid administration, respectively. However, maximum percent inhibition (25.94%) was observed in the first phase of the inflammatory process. CONCLUSIONS: This study strongly suggests the use of young coconut water for potent anti-inflammatory effect and mature coconut water for moderate anti-inflammatory effect.
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The anti-inflammatory effect of young CW was significantly greater than that of orally administered ibuprofen at a dose of 400 mg/70 kg.
“Notably, the anti-inflammatory effect of young CW was significantly greater than that of orally administered ibuprofen at a dose of 400 mg/70 kg.”
From Research Progress in Coconut Water: A Review of Nutritional Composition, Biological Activities, and Novel Processing Technologies (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
The Results (‘Effects after 2 h and 3 h’) report that young coconut water performed significantly better than ibuprofen at those time points, and the Experimental Protocol specifies oral ibuprofen at 400 mg/70 kg. The claim omits the time qualification: the Results report no statistically significant difference from ibuprofen at 1 or 4 hours in the rat paw-edema model. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn a rat paw edema model, young CW at 4 mL/100 g orally produced a maximum percentage inhibition of 42.52%, while mature CW produced 25.94%.
“The results revealed that the maximum percentage inhibition observed was 42.52% for young CW and 25.94% for mature CW, respectively.”
From Research Progress in Coconut Water: A Review of Nutritional Composition, Biological Activities, and Novel Processing Technologies (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
The Methodology (Experimental Protocol; page unavailable) confirms that both coconut waters were given orally at 4 mL/100 g in a rat paw-edema model. The Discussion (page unavailable) says percent inhibition peaked for young coconut water in the third hour and for mature coconut water in the second hour. The available Results text does not give the claimed maxima of 42.52% and 25.94%, so those figures cannot be verified from our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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Cites
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“The concentration of salicylic acid in coconut water starts decreasing as the fruit matures [39] suggesting that young coconut water contains more salicylic acid content than mature coconut water.”
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“Moreover, this refreshing drink possesses anti-inflammatory activity, cardio-protectant properties, and has shown to improve the lipidic profile and reduce high blood pressure [8–11].”
Background
- Authors
- Rao, S., & Najam, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Karachi (PK)
- Corresponding author
- Rao, Sadia
- Venue
- Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology
- Publisher
- ScopeMed
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 244
- ISSN
- 2146-8397 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4927129
- OpenAlex
- W2341845081
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 0.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Inorganic Chemistry › Coconut Research and Applications
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Pineapple and bromelain studies
- Keywords
- coconut water, anti-inflammatory activity, fruit maturity stages, paw edema, ibuprofen, natural beverages
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