Coconut Palm: Food, Feed, and Nutraceutical Properties

Mat, Khairiyah; Abdul Kari, Zulhisyam; Rusli, Nor Dini; Che Harun, Hasnita; Wei, Lee Seong; Rahman, Mohammad Mijanur; Mohd Khalid, Hazreen Nita; Mohd Ali Hanafiah, Muhamad Hakim; Mohamad Sukri, Suniza Anis; Raja Khalif, Raja Ili Airina; Mohd Zin, Zamzahaila; Mohd Zainol, Mohamad Khairi; Panadi, Mira; Mohd Nor, Mohamad Faiz; Goh, Khang Wen

doi:10.3390/ani12162107

Cited by 92Coconut Research and ApplicationsAnimal Nutrition and PhysiologyRuminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology

Coconut Palm: Food, Feed, and Nutraceutical Properties

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Mat, Khairiyah, Abdul Kari, Zulhisyam, Rusli, Nor Dini, Che Harun, Hasnita, Wei, Lee Seong, Rahman, Mohammad Mijanur, Mohd Khalid, Hazreen Nita, Mohd Ali Hanafiah, Muhamad Hakim +7 more·2022·Animals

DOI 10.3390/ani12162107PMC PMC9405385

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Abstract

The price of traditional sources of nutrients used in animal feed rations is increasing steeply in developed countries due to their scarcity, high demand from humans for the same food items, and expensive costs of raw materials. Thus, one of the alternative sources is coconut parts or coconut as a whole fruit. Coconut is known as the ‘tree of abundance’, ‘tree of heaven’, and ‘tree of life’ owing to its numerous uses, becoming a very important tree in tropical areas for its provision of food, employment, and business opportunities to millions of people. Coconut contains a rich profile of macro and micronutrients that vary depending on the parts and how they are used. It is frequently chosen as an alternative source of protein and fiber. Its uses as an antibacterial agent, immunomodulant, and antioxidant further increase its importance. Using coconut oil in ruminant feed helps to minimize methane gas emissions by 18–30%, and to reduce dry matter intake up to 4.2 kg/d. The aquaculture sectors also use coconut palm as an alternative source because it significantly improves the digestion, growth, lipid metabolism, health, and antioxidative responses. However, coconut is not widely used in poultry diets although it has adequate amount of protein and carbohydrate due to anti-nutritional factors such cellulose (13%), galactomannan (61%), and mannan (26%). This review considered the importance and potential of coconut usage as an alternative ingredient in feed and supplements in various livestock sectors as it has plentiful nutrients and functional qualities, simultaneously leading to reduced feed cost and enhanced production.

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Coconut polyphenols and other bioactive compounds contribute to immune boosting and cardioprotective effects.
“Coconuts are rich in polyphenols, mineral, protein, dietary fiber, and medium -chain fatty acids (e.g., lauric acid), contributing to a wide range of biological activities, including immune boosting and cardioprotective effects.”
From Nutritional composition and bioactive properties of tropical coconut palm fruit with functional food applications (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
Section 7 (Immunomodulation; page unavailable) reports immune-modulatory effects of coconut protein, palm nectar, and virgin coconut oil. Section 8 (Antioxidative; page unavailable) identifies phenolic compounds in coconut water and meat and reports antioxidant activity. The searched passages do not establish cardioprotective effects or link the polyphenols specifically to immune boosting. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Many publications focused on bioactive constituents in coconut water, virgin coconut oil, and kernel, with particular emphasis on medium-chain fatty acids, especially lauric acid, as well as phenolic compounds and phytosterols.
“Many of these publications focused on the bioactive constituents present in coconut water, VCO, and kernel (meat), with particular emphasis on medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), especially lauric acid, as well as phenolic compounds and phytosterols [14, 17].”
From Nutritional composition and bioactive properties of tropical coconut palm fruit with functional food applications (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
The Introduction and §7 (Immunomodulation) discuss medium-chain fats and lauric acid in coconut oil and VCO; §8 (Antioxidative) identifies phenolic compounds in coconut water and meat. Section 6 (Antibacterial) names β-sitosterol among coconut-palm bio-compounds. The paper does not establish that many publications focused on this particular combination of constituents in water, VCO, and kernel, or place phytosterols specifically in those three products. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Coconut fruit is rich in polyphenols, minerals, protein, dietary fiber, and medium-chain fatty acids such as lauric acid.
“Coconuts are rich in polyphenols, mineral, protein, dietary fiber, and medium -chain fatty acids (e.g., lauric acid), contributing to a wide range of biological activities, including immune boosting and cardioprotective effects.”
From Nutritional composition and bioactive properties of tropical coconut palm fruit with functional food applications (2025) · cites this paper as [14]

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Dietary medium chain fatty acids from coconut oil have little effects on postprandial plasma metabolite profiles in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
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Physicochemical and Phytochemical Analyses of Copra and Oil ofCocos nuciferaL. (West Coast TallVariety)
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Anti-Streptococcus mutans efficacy of Thai herbal formula used as a remedy for dental caries
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Alien Gene Transfer in Crop Plants, Volume 2
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Dietary Effects of Coconut Oil and Peanut Oil in Improving Biochemical Characteristics of Clarias gariepinus Juvenile
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Coconut water of different maturity stages ameliorates inflammatory processes in model of inflammation
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The coconut palm, Cocos nucifera, impacts forest composition and soil characteristics at Palmyra Atoll, Central Pacific
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The effect of dietary coconut oil on reproductive traits and egg fatty acid composition in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
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Feasibility of cultivation of Spinibarbus sinensis with coconut oil and its effect on disease resistance (nonspecific immunity, antioxidation and mTOR and NF-kB signaling pathways)
Wu, P., Yang, W., Dong, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Zou, X., Ge, H. M., Hu, D., Cui, Y., & Chen, Z. (2019) · Fish & Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.052 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Effects of dietary supplementation with coconut oil on the growth, fatty acid profiles and some lipid metabolism relative gene expressions of orange‐spotted grouperEpinephelus coioides
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Is there antimicrobial property of coconut oil and lauric acid against fish pathogen?
do Couto, M. V. S., Sousa, N. D. C., Paixão, P. E. G., Medeiros, E. D. S., Abe, H. A., Meneses, J. O., Cunha, F. S., Filho, R. M. N., de Sousa, R. C., Maria, A. N., et al. (2021) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737234 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Optimal amounts of coconut oil in diets improve the growth, antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)
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The Effect of Coconut Oil Addition to Feed of Pigs on Rectal Microbial Diversity and Bacterial Abundance
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Responses of broiler chicks to dietary copra cake of high lipid content
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Coconut Oil Meal as a Protein Supplement in Practical Poultry Diets
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FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES AND INFLUENCES OF COCONUT FLOUR ON TEXTURE OF DOUGH AND COOKIES
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A Potential Antimicrobial Agent from Cocos nucifera mesocarp extract; Development of a New Generation Antibiotic
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Properties of soluble dietary fibre from defatted coconut flour obtained through subcritical water extraction
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COCONUT PALM
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Comparison of effects of dietary coconut oil and animal fat blend on lactational performance of Holstein cows fed a high-starch diet
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The replacement of fish oil with refined coconut oil in the diet of large rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
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<i>In Vitro</i> Anticancer Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil and its Fractions in Liver and Oral Cancer Cells
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Extrusion enhances apparent metabolizable energy, ileal protein and amino acid digestibility of palm kernel cake in broilers
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Trends and Status of Dietary Coconut Oil in Aquaculture Feeds
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Comparison of feeding values of palm kernel meal and copra meal for broilers
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Mature coconut water exhibits antidiabetic and antithrombotic potential via L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway in alloxan induced diabetic rats
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Selection of plant oil as a supplemental energy source by monitoring rumen profiles and its dietary application in Thai crossbred beef cattle
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Nutritive value of extracted coconut (Cocos nucifera) meal.
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Fatty acids and phytochemical contents of different coconut seed flesh in Nigeria
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Growth pattern of broilers fed a physically or enzymatically treated copra meal diet
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Virgin Coconut Oil Increases the Productivity of Broiler Chicken Post Avian Influenza Vaccination
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Coconut meal as a feed ingredient and source of prebiotic for poultry
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Methane Gas Reduction Using Virgin Coconut Oil Supplementation in Rumen Fermentation through in Vitro
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Supplementation of grazing steers with copra meal.
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Evaluation of Some Agri-industrial by-products Available in Samoa for Goats
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The utilization of coconut waste fermentated byaspergillus nigerandsaccharomyces cerevisiaeon meat quality of weaning males rex rabbit
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Effect of coconut (Cocos nucifera) meal on growth and rumen methane production of Sindhi cattle fed cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) pulp and elephant grass (Pennisetum pupureum).
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Protein supplements in poultry rations. 9. Studies to determine the best combination of copra meal and fish meal in rations for growing chicks.
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Authors: Mat, K., Abdul Kari, Z., Rusli, N. D., Che Harun, H., Wei, L. S., Rahman, M. M., Mohd Khalid, H. N., Mohd Ali Hanafiah, M. H., Mohamad Sukri, S. A., Raja Khalif, R. I. A., Mohd Zin, Z., Mohd Zainol, M. K., Panadi, M., Mohd Nor, M. F., & Goh, K. W.
Affiliations: Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (MY)
Faculty of Agro Based Industry, Jeli Campus, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia
Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Mengabang Telipot, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
University of Technology Malaysia (MY)
INTI International University (MY)
Corresponding author: Mat, Khairiyah
Goh, Khang Wen
ORCID: Mat, Khairiyah
Abdul Kari, Zulhisyam
Rusli, Nor Dini
Che Harun, Hasnita
Wei, Lee Seong
Rahman, Mohammad Mijanur
Mohd Ali Hanafiah, Muhamad Hakim
Mohd Zin, Zamzahaila
Panadi, Mira
Goh, Khang Wen
Venue: Animals
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2022-08-17
Volume: 12
Issue: 16
Pages: 2107
ISSN: 2076-2615 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/ani12162107
PMC: PMC9405385
OpenAlex: W4292259210
Cited by: 92
References: 144
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 2 · 2020: 1
FWCI: 0.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Animals (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (FRGS/1/2017/WAB01/UMK/01/1, R/PPRN/A0700/00130A/004/2021/00941, R/STA/A0700/00130A/003/2021/00933)
Public-Private Research Network (PPRN) (FRGS/1/2017/WAB01/UMK/01/1, R/PPRN/A0700/00130A/004/2021/00941, R/STA/A0700/00130A/003/2021/00933)
Research Management and Innovation Centre of Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (FRGS/1/2017/WAB01/UMK/01/1, R/PPRN/A0700/00130A/004/2021/00941, R/STA/A0700/00130A/003/2021/00933)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Inorganic Chemistry › Coconut Research and Applications
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
Keywords: Cocos nucifera, nutraceutical properties, alternative feed ingredients, ruminant feed, methane mitigation, aquaculture feed, poultry diets, antinutritional factors, galactomannan, antioxidant activity, immunomodulation, coconut oil, feed cost reduction, animal husbandry

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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Coconut Palm: Food, Feed, and Nutraceutical Properties

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

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Cites

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