CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 201Color Science and ApplicationsColor perception and designPigment Synthesis and Properties

Atlas of the Munsell color system

Open access
Munsell, A. H.·1915
DOI 10.5479/sil.129262.39088002718880
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Imagine a colored sphere with white as its north pole, black as its south pole, and its equator ringed about by a circuit of red, yellow, green, blue and purple hues-each of which melts imperceptibly into its neighbors, Fig, 1 Thus the equator traces the horizontal scale of hues: H.Imagine each equatorial hue as graded upward to white and downward to black in regular measured steps.Each hue then presents a scale of values over the surface, while the axis traces the vertical scale of gray values: V.Imagine surface colors weakened by additions of neutral gray as they pass inward to disappear in the vertical axis.The sphere is thus filled with gradations of color,-lighter degrees above the equator, darker degrees below; stronger degrees outward, and weaker degrees inward to the axis, where all color is balanced in neutrality.Th'e degree of color strength at any point is known as chroma and is traced by radii at right angles to the axis.It represents the gradual emergence of each hue from grayness.Each radius serves as a scale of chromas: C.Every color sensation may be measured and defined by these three scales of hue , Value , and chroma.Neglect of either scale-that is, failure to state either the hue, the value, or the chroma of a color-creates doubt and confusion. A COLOR TREE SURROUNDS THE COLOR SPHERE.Were all pigment colors of equal chroma then a sphere would present an ideal of their relations.But pigments are very unequal in strength, Vermilion red,t for example, being twice as strong as its opposite complement, blue-green Viridian.This is shown in chart 40.The unequal scales of pigment chroma may be treated as branches of a Color Tree whose trunk is the neutral axis, while its branches of various lengths and at various levels blossom out with the strongest colors.This tree is imagined as compact of colored leaves-darker leaves below, lighter leaves above; most chromatic leaves on the surface and grayer leaves inward to the trunk, which is colorless.The tree also encloses the Color Sphere, which would appear were the longer branches lopped off to equal the length of the shortest branch.Fig. 2. 3. NOTATION OF COLORS BY SYEVEBOLS.The place of each leaf of the Color Tree is determined by the measured scales of hue, value and chroma.These scales also furnish an expressive notation, made by the five color initials with their combinations and ten arabic numbers.The scale of hue is a sequence of red (R), yellow-red (YR), yellow (Y), green-yellow (GY), green (G), blue-green (BG), blue (B), purple-blue (PB), purple (P), and red-purple (RP).

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.5479/sil.129262.39088002718880

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • A study in 298 patients classified by the Munsell color system concluded that skin pigmentation does not affect the bias or precision of pulse oximetry.

    “In contrast, a study conducted in 298 patients classified according to the Munsell color system [108] as light group (51%), intermediate group (37%), and dark group (12%) conclude that skin pigmentation does not affect the bias or precision of pulse oximetry.”

    From Skin pigmentation influence on pulse oximetry accuracy: a systematic review and bibliometric analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [108]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Munsell, A. H.
Corresponding author
Munsell, A. H.
Publisher
Wadsworth, Howland & Co., inc., Printers
Published
1915
DOI
10.5479/sil.129262.39088002718880
OpenAlex
W579659891
Cited by
201
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
FWCI
0.00
Type
book
Language
en
Open access
Licence
public-domain
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Color Science and Applications
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Color perception and design
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Inorganic Chemistry › Pigment Synthesis and Properties
Keywords
Munsell color system, color notation, hue, values, color intensity, color theory, color standards, color charts

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review