The effect of estrogen on muscle damage biomarkers following prolonged aerobic exercise in eumenorrheic women
Open accessAbstract
This study assessed the influence of estrogen (E2) on muscle damage biomarkers [skeletal muscle - creatine kinase (CK); cardiac muscle - CK-MB] responses to prolonged aerobic exercise. Eumenorrheic women (n=10) who were physically active completed two 60-minute treadmill running sessions at ∼60-65% maximal intensity during low E2 (midfollicular menstrual phase) and high E2 (midluteal menstrual phase) hormonal conditions. Blood samples were collected prior to exercise (following supine rest), immediately post-, 30 min post-, and 24 hours post-exercise to determine changes in muscle biomarkers. Resting blood samples confirmed appropriate E2 hormonal levels Total CK concentrations increased following exercise and at 24 hours post-exercise were higher in the midfollicular low E2 phase (p<0.001). However, CK-MB concentrations were unaffected by E2 level or exercise (p=0.442) resulting in the ratio of CK-MB to total CK being consistently low in subject responses (i.e., indicative of skeletal muscle damage). Elevated E2 levels reduce the CK responses of skeletal muscle, but had no effect on CK-MB responses following prolonged aerobic exercise. These findings support earlier work showing elevated E2 is protective of skeletal muscle from exercise-induced damage associated with prolonged aerobic exercise.
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Short- and long-term creatine supplementation has shown significant beneficial ergogenic outcomes in strength, hypertrophy, and exercise performance in trained and untrained female populations when compared to placebo controls.
“Short- and long-term creatine supplementation has shown significant beneficial ergogenic outcomes in strength, hypertrophy, and exercise performance in trained and untrained female populations when compared to placebo controls [313,314].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [313]
The Abstract and Results > Blood Responses describe estrogen levels and creatine kinase after treadmill exercise, not creatine supplementation. Searches for supplementation, placebo controls, strength, hypertrophy, and ergogenic performance found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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Creatine supplementation in women's health: a lifespan perspective
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“mance in trained and untrained female populations when compared to placebo controls [313,314].”
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- Authors
- Williams, T., Walz, E., Lane, A., Pebole, M., & Hackney, A.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Williams, Timmons
- ORCID
- Pebole, Michelle
- Venue
- Biology of Sport
- Publisher
- Index Copernicus
- Published
- 2015-04-23
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 193-198
- ISSN
- 0860-021X (ISSN-L)
- 2083-1862
- PMC
- PMC4577556
- OpenAlex
- W2325153509
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 1.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Biology of Sport (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UNC Libraries
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- estrogen, muscle damage, creatine kinase, CK-MB, menstrual cycle, eumenorrheic women, skeletal muscle injury, exercise-induced damage, treadmill running
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