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Cited by 0Gestational Diabetes Research and ManagementDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsMaternal and Neonatal Healthcare

DETERMINANTES EPIDEMIOLÓGICOS DE LA DIABETES GESTACIONAL EN AMÉRICA LATINA: UNA REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA (2020–2025)

Open access
Montufar Silva, Marcelo Ramiro, Mancheno Cartagena, Pablo Andrés, Oñate Chávez, Cristhian Javier, Mejía Burgos, Diego Amable·2025·VitalyScience Revista Científica Multidisciplinaria
DOI 10.56519/xqm64455
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Abstract

La diabetes gestacional constituye un desafío prioritario de salud pública en América Latina, con una prevalencia estimada entre 10% y 33%. Esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo identificar y comparar los principales factores de riesgo asociados a la diabetes gestacional en la región durante el periodo 2020–2025, en un contexto marcado por el incremento global de la obesidad y el retraso de la maternidad. Se empleó una metodología descriptiva y analítica basada en la búsqueda estructurada de literatura científica en PubMed y Scopus, utilizando descriptores MeSH y DeCS. Se seleccionaron 20 estudios incluyendo cohortes, investigaciones observacionales y revisiones provenientes principalmente de Cuba, Ecuador, Perú, Colombia, Paraguay, Chile y Argentina. El análisis permitió examinar variaciones biológicas, sociales y ambientales, así como su interacción con condiciones preexistentes relevantes para la diabetes gestacional. Los hallazgos muestran que los factores de riesgo más consistentes incluyen la edad materna avanzada (≥30 años), el sobrepeso u obesidad pregestacional y los antecedentes familiares de diabetes mellitus. Asimismo, se identificaron determinantes sociales y conductuales relevantes, como el bajo nivel socioeconómico, el sedentarismo y la presencia de comorbilidades como hipertensión arterial o hipotiroidismo. En conjunto, estos resultados subrayan la necesidad de fortalecer estrategias integrales de prevención, con énfasis en educación prenatal, intervenciones sobre estilos de vida y control de factores metabólicos, a fin de reducir la incidencia y las complicaciones asociadas a la diabetes gestacional en América Latina. ABSTRACT Gestational diabetes is a priority public health challenge in Latin America, with an estimated prevalence of between 10% and 33%. This systematic review aimed to identify and compare the main risk factors associated with gestational diabetes in the region during the period 2020–2025, in a context marked by the global increase in obesity and delayed motherhood. A descriptive and analytical methodology based on the structured search of scientific literature in PubMed and Scopus was used, using MeSH and DeCS descriptors. 20 studies including cohorts, observational research, and reviews were selected, mainly from Cuba, Ecuador, Peru, Colombia, Paraguay, Chile, and Argentina. The analysis allowed us to examine biological, social and environmental variations, as well as their interaction with pre-existing conditions relevant to gestational diabetes. The findings show that the most consistent risk factors include advanced maternal age (≥30 years), pregestational overweight or obesity, and a family history of diabetes mellitus. Likewise, relevant social and behavioral determinants were identified, such as low socioeconomic status, sedentary lifestyle, and the presence of comorbidities such as high blood pressure or hypothyroidism. Taken together, these results underscore the need to strengthen comprehensive prevention strategies, with an emphasis on prenatal education, lifestyle interventions, and metabolic factor control, in order to reduce the incidence and complications associated with gestational diabetes in Latin America.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This systematic review synthesizes 20 studies from 2020–2025 on gestational diabetes risk factors in Latin America. It reports that advanced maternal age, pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity, and family history of diabetes are the most consistent determinants, alongside socioeconomic and lifestyle factors.

Key findings

  • Regional prevalence estimates range from 10% to 33%, with country figures including Argentina 7.5–9.9%, Colombia 2.03%, Brazil 2.4–7.2%, and Chile 11%; Ecuador recorded 34,597 diabetes diagnoses by November 2023, with about 8% estimated as gestational.
  • The most consistent risk factors were maternal age ≥30 years, pregestational overweight/obesity, and family history of diabetes mellitus. In a Cuban sample of 242 women with gestational diabetes, 64.53% had risk-level fasting glucose, 60.26% were aged ≥30, and 51.71% had excessive pregestational weight. In an Ecuadorian sample of 75 pregnant women, multiparity was 100% (60 cases), family history 66% (37 cases), and overweight 57% (34 cases). In a Colombian sample of 175 pregnant women, 92.3% of those with diabetes had pregestational overweight/obesity, and 100% were classified with overweight/obesity at first prenatal control.
  • Associated clinical and lifestyle factors included gestational hypertension (25%) and hypothyroidism (30%) in 129 Ecuadorian women with gestational diabetes, plus psychosocial stress, anxiety, depression, sedentary behavior, and high-fat/high-carbohydrate diets. Additional findings noted that 81.67% did not know what gestational diabetes is and 95% had no preconception counseling.
  • Country comparisons suggested higher gestational diabetes rates and obstetric complications in settings with lower health coverage and nutritional inequalities, such as Peru and Bolivia, while Mexico and Chile showed better early identification through structured prenatal programs.

Methods

  • Descriptive and analytical systematic review using qualitative synthesis, covering publications from 2020 to 2025. Searches were run in PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, Redalyc, Google Scholar, and Dialnet with DeCS/MeSH descriptors and Boolean operators.
  • Inclusion criteria covered original articles, systematic reviews, and observational, retrospective, or cohort studies conducted in Latin American countries, published in Spanish, English, or Portuguese, with full-text access and concrete data on biological, social, or environmental factors. Exclusions included duplicates, nonrepresentative samples, pre-2020 publications, case reports, non-peer-reviewed theses, and methodologically deficient documents.
  • From more than 30 initially identified articles, 20 were selected, including six cross-sectional or retrospective field studies, five systematic reviews, and three prospective cohort studies, among others. Data were extracted into a database and two comparative tables, then grouped into biological/genetic, behavioral/social, and clinical factors.

Limitations

  • The paper states that the wide prevalence range reflects a lack of unified diagnostic criteria and screening strategies worldwide.
  • Evident from the text: the review relies on qualitative synthesis without meta-analysis, includes only 20 studies with heterogeneous designs and countries, and contains incomplete or typographically unclear table entries (for example, an obesity value reported as “465” in the Paraguay entry), limiting precision.
  • Evident from the text: no formal risk-of-bias assessment is described, and the search is limited to selected databases and three languages.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.56519/xqm64455

Cites

2 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 1 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

2 of 16 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingcitation

    Psychosocial elements such as depression, anxiety, and stress are relevant for the development of gestational diabetes.

    “el trabajo de (12) destaca cómo los elementos psicosociales, como la depresión, la ansiedad y el estrés, son relevantes para que se desarrolle la enfermedad.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] 12. Maury S, Marín J, Maury A, Marín A. Factores psicosociales asociados con la diabetes mellitus gestacional: Revisión sistemática de alcance; 2022. source
  • Premisecitation

    Lifestyle and eating customs influence the development of gestational diabetes.

    “los estudios de (14) y (13) destacan la manera en que el estilo de vida y las costumbres alimenticias influyen en el desarrollo de la diabetes gestacional.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [14] 14. Pagotto V, Posada M, Salzberg S, Pochettino P. Diabetes mellitus gestacional en un hospital de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina: incidencia, tratamiento, y frecuencia de tamizaje para reclasificación luego del parto; 2022. source

      The Discussion (Incidencia de DMG; page unavailable) identifies obesity as a major risk factor for gestational diabetes and suggests it may contribute to rising incidence. That lends limited support to the broader point about lifestyle-related risk, but the paper does not say that lifestyle or eating customs themselves influence the development of gestational diabetes. Its discussion of dietary plans concerns treatment after diagnosis, not development. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [13] 13. Yang J, Qian F, Chavarro J, Ley S. Factores de riesgo modificables y riesgo a largo plazo de diabetes tipo 2 entre personas con antecedentes de diabetes mellitus gestacional: estudio de cohorte prospectivo; 2022.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Findingcitation

    In Colombia, 92.3% of patients with gestational diabetes had overweight or obesity before gestation.

    “Los datos de (17) en Colombia, señalan que el 92,3% de las pacientes con diabetes gestacional tenían sobrepeso y obesidad antes de la gestación.”
    • Also stated in: § Additional information · plain
      “IMC previo al inicio de la gestación: 92.3% de las pacientes con diabetes mellitus tenían sobrepeso u obesidad del embarazo.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] 17. Marles A., et al. (2025). Factores de riesgo de diabetes gestacional en Colombia 18. Murillo L. (2024). Impacto del tejido adiposo en la resistencia a la insulina durante el embarazo.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Findingreasoning

    Gestational diabetes affects mainly women between 25 and 40 years of age.

    “Los resultados muestran una clara tendencia: la diabetes gestacional afecta principalmente a mujeres entre los 25 y 40 años, grupo etario en el que confluyen múltiples factores fisiológicos, metabólicos y conductuales que aumentan el riesgo de esta patología.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    In contrast, countries with structured prenatal control programs, including Mexico and Chile, show better indicators in early identification and management of gestational diabetes.

    “En contraste, países que cuentan con programas de control prenatal estructurados, entre ellos México y Chile, evidencian mejores indicadores en la identificación precoz y manejo de la enfermedad.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 5
  • May combine two claims. 20

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    In Paraguay, among 42 pregnant women, low weight was 16%.

    “Bajo peso: 16%.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites López A, Cabrera I. (9) 2023

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Regular physical activity and a balanced diet significantly reduce the appearance of gestational diabetes.

    “En oposición, la actividad física regular y una dieta balanceada reducen de manera significativa la aparición de DG.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    In nations with lower health coverage and marked inequalities in food quality, such as Peru and Bolivia, higher rates of gestational diabetes and more obstetric complications are recorded.

    “En naciones con menor cobertura sanitaria y marcadas desigualdades en la calidad de la alimentación, como Perú y Bolivia, se registran tasas más elevadas de DG y un mayor número de complicaciones obstétricas.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    In Paraguay, among 42 pregnant women, 34% had family members with some type of diabetes.

    “34% tenía familiares con algún tipo de diabetes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites López A, Cabrera I. (9) 2023

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Among the clinical pathologies most frequently associated with gestational diabetes are obesity, gestational arterial hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and hypothyroidism.

    “Entre las patologías clínicas más frecuentemente asociadas se identifican la obesidad, la hipertensión arterial gestacional, el síndrome metabólico y el hipotiroidismo.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    In the social component of gestational diabetes, economic limitations, lack of prenatal orientation, and inadequate eating patterns characterized by high consumption of fats and fried foods influence significantly.

    “En el componente social, influyen de manera significativa las limitaciones económicas, la falta de orientación prenatal y los patrones alimentarios inadecuados caracterizados por un alto consumo de grasas y alimentos fritos.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Latin America, the most consistent risk factors for gestational diabetes include advanced maternal age (≥30 years), pregestational overweight or obesity, and family history of diabetes mellitus.

    “Los hallazgos muestran que los factores de riesgo más consistentes incluyen la edad materna avanzada (≥30 años), el sobrepeso u obesidad pregestacional y los antecedentes familiares de diabetes mellitus.”
    • Also stated in: § 71 · plain
      “La Tabla 1, evidencia que los factores de riesgo más comunes de la diabetes gestacional en Latinoamérica son la edad materna avanzada (=30 años), el sobrepeso u obesidad y los antecedentes familiares de diabetes mellitus.”
    • Also stated in: § DISCUSIÓN · plain
      “Los principales factores de riesgo asociados a la diabetes gestacional en América Latina son la edad materna avanzada, el sobrepeso y la obesidad, los antecedentes familiares de diabetes mellitus y los hábitos de vida poco saludables.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The main risk elements for gestational diabetes in Latin America are advanced maternal age, excess weight before pregnancy, and family history of diabetes mellitus, recurrently described in Cuba, Colombia, Ecuador, and Paraguay.

    “Entre los principales elementos de riesgo identificados destacan la edad materna mayor, el exceso de peso previo al embarazo y los antecedentes familiares de diabetes mellitus, aspectos recurrentemente descritos en países como Cuba, Colombia, Ecuador y Paraguay.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In Cuba, more than 60% of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes had elevated fasting glucose and maternal age over 30 years.

    “Hallazgos de (15), reportaron que más del 60% de las mujeres diagnosticadas con diabetes gestacional en Cuba presentaban glucemia en ayunas elevada y edad materna superior a los 30 años.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] 15. Hernández J.C., Fundora R., Quesada H., García M. (2020). Factores de riesgo de diabetes gestacional en mujeres embarazadas en Cuba. Revista Cubana de Endocrinología. https://doi.org/10.56519/xqm64455 https://vitalyscience.com Vol. 3 No.7 PP. 68-79 79 Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864- 21252020000200003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Latin America, relevant social and behavioral determinants of gestational diabetes include low socioeconomic level, sedentary lifestyle, and comorbidities such as arterial hypertension or hypothyroidism.

    “Asimismo, se identificaron determinantes sociales y conductuales relevantes, como el bajo nivel socioeconómico, el sedentarismo y la presencia de comorbilidades como hipertensión arterial o hipotiroidismo.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    In Paraguay, among 42 pregnant women, type 2 diabetes mellitus was 12% in personal history.

    “Diabetes mellitus tipo 2: 12% en antecedentes personales.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites López A, Cabrera I. (9) 2023

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In Ecuadorian pregnant women with gestational diabetes, 57% had overweight and 66% had family history of diabetes.

    “Macías et al. (2020) identificaron que el 57% de las gestantes ecuatorianas con diabetes gestacional presentaban sobrepeso y el 66% tenía antecedentes familiares de diabetes, reforzando el papel que involucra la genética y el estado nutricional previo al embarazo.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Macías et al. (2020)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Although advanced maternal age, obesity, and family history of diabetes are generalized in the region, their magnitude and clinical impact differ according to context.

    “Aunque la edad materna avanzada, la obesidad y los antecedentes de diabetes en la familia se presentan de forma generalizada en la región, su magnitud y repercusión clínica difieren según el contexto.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Lack of preconception counseling, multiparity, and low socioeconomic level aggravate the risk of gestational diabetes.

    “Asimismo, la falta de asesoría preconcepcional, la multiparidad y el bajo nivel socioeconómico agravan el riesgo.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    81.67% of women did not know what gestational diabetes is, and 95% did not have preconception counseling (unplanned pregnancies).

    “Otros Hallazgos: 81.67% desconocían que es la diabetes gestacional, 95% no realizaron asesoría preconcepcional (embarazos no planificados).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Educational interventions and early prenatal control can reduce the risk and improve maternal and fetal prognosis.

    “Los estudios también subrayan que las intervenciones educativas y el control prenatal temprano pueden reducir el riesgo y mejorar el pronóstico tanto materno como fetal.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    In lifestyle habits, poor diet and sedentary lifestyle are the predominant factors.

    “En cuanto a los hábitos de vida, se evidencia que la mala alimentación y el sedentarismo son los factores predominantes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Excess adipose tissue promotes an inflammatory environment that alters insulin sensitivity and potentiates gestational hyperglycemia.

    “Estos hallazgos coinciden con los estudios de (18) y ( 19), quienes enfatizan que el exceso de tejido adiposo promueve un entorno inflamatorio que altera la sensibilidad a la insulina y potencia la aparición de hiperglucemia gestacional.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [18] 18. Oros M. (2023). Inflamación y diabetes gestacional: mecanismos fisiopatológicos.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [19] 19. García R. (2020). Influencia de enfermedades clínicas en la diabetes gestacional.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Persistent inequalities in access to health services and gaps in the quality of prenatal care contribute to the increase of gestational diabetes cases in Latin America.

    “A esto se suman desigualdades persistentes en el acceso a los servicios de salud y brechas en la calidad de la atención prenatal, que contribuyen al incremento de los casos en la región.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Hormonal changes in pregnancy decrease insulin effectiveness and favor insulin resistance, contributing to increased maternal blood glucose and problems during delivery.

    “Estos cambios hormonales provocan una disminución de la efectividad de la insulina y favorecen su resistencia, lo que contribuye a incrementar el nivel de glucosa en la sangre materna y a que surjan problemas durante el parto.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Adoption of unhealthy lifestyles such as diets rich in sugars and lipids, sedentary practices, and consumption of harmful substances like tobacco or alcohol exacerbates metabolic deterioration and systemic inflammation.

    “Asimismo, la adopción de estilos de vida poco saludables como dietas ricas en azúcares y lípidos, prácticas sedentarias y el consumo de sustancias perjudiciales como tabaco o alcohol exacerba el deterioro metabólico y la inflamación sistémica.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Lasting emotional conditions cause an increase in stress hormones such as cortisol, which alter metabolic homeostasis and worsen insulin resistance.

    “Estas condiciones emocionales duraderas provocan un aumento de las hormonas del estrés, como el cortisol, que alteran la homeostasis metabólica y empeoran la resistencia a la insulina.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These disorders alter insulin sensitivity and favor peripheral resistance, a key condition in the development of gestational diabetes.

    “Estos trastornos alteran la sensibilidad a la insulina y favorecen la resistencia periférica, condición clave en el desarrollo de DG.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The results of the table reflect a direct interaction between preexisting clinical conditions and unhealthy lifestyles, configuring a common risk profile in reproductive-age women, especially those with overweight, family history of diabetes, and low physical activity.

    “En síntesis, los resultados de la tabla reflejan una interacción directa entre condiciones clínicas preexistentes y estilos de vida poco saludables, configurando un perfil de riesgo común en mujeres de edad reproductiva, especialmente aquellas con sobrepeso, antecedentes familiares de diabetes y baja actividad física.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
24 of 24

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is a lack of conclusive studies on the relationship between diabetes and other prevalent conditions during pregnancy.

    “La diabetes se ha relacionado con otras afecciones prevalentes durante el embarazo, sin embargo, hasta la actualidad no hay estudios concluyentes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among women of reproductive age, obesity in the population, and the average age of pregnant women are growing globally.

    “La incidencia de diabetes tipo 1 y tipo 2 entre mujeres en edad reproductiva está creciendo a nivel mundial, junto con la incidencia de obesidad en la población y la edad promedio de las mujeres embarazadas.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Pregnancy is a physiological state in which insulin resistance manifests and represents a physiological stress model for pancreatic beta cells.

    “Las investigaciones evidencian que el embarazo es un estado fisiológico en el que se manifiesta la resistencia a la insulina y representa un modelo de estrés fisiológico para las células beta (β) a escala pancreática.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The prevalence of gestational diabetes in Latin America is between 10% and 33%.

    “La diabetes gestacional constituye un desafío prioritario de salud pública en América Latina, con una prevalencia estimada entre 10% y 33%.”
4 of 4

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Pagotto study has conflicting publication years

    Minor

    Table 2 dates this study to 2017, but reference 14 dates it to 2022. The table's date also falls outside the review's stated 2020-2025 publication window.

  • Macías study has conflicting publication years

    Minor

    Table 1 assigns the Macías study to 2022, whereas its corresponding reference lists 2020.

  • Family-history percentage does not match the reported case count

    Minor

    The table identifies 60 cases, but 37 of 60 is approximately 61.67%, not 66%. Using the full group of 75 would also not produce 66%.

    Reported 66 · recomputed 61.666667

  • Hernández study has conflicting publication years

    Minor

    Table 1 dates the study to 2022, while its corresponding reference dates it to 2020.

  • Pagotto study location conflicts with its stated population

    Minor

    The study is described as taking place in a Buenos Aires hospital, yet Table 2 describes its participants as being treated in Cuban hospitals.

5 of 5

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 1 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Related

Authors
Montufar Silva, M. R., Mancheno Cartagena, P. A., Oñate Chávez, C. J., & Mejía Burgos, D. A.
ORCID
Venue
VitalyScience Revista Científica Multidisciplinaria
Publisher
InvestiGO
Published
2025-11-28
Volume
3
Issue
8
Pages
68-79
ISSN
3091-180X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.56519/xqm64455
OpenAlex
W4416802483
Cited by
0
References
1
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
es
Open access
Locations
VitalyScience Revista Científica Multidisciplinaria (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
Keywords
gestational diabetes mellitus, risk factors, Latin America, maternal obesity, advanced maternal age, family history of diabetes, socioeconomic status, sedentary lifestyle, hypertension, hypothyroidism, delayed childbearing, prenatal education, diabetes prevention, lifestyle intervention, metabolic control, comorbidities, obesity

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