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Hillforts of the Ancient Andes
Abstract
By AD 1000, the Colla controlled the high-altitude plains near Lake Titicaca in southern Peru. They fought over the region for many centuries before becoming a subject people of the Inca (who described them as the most formidable foes they had faced) circa 1450, and then of the Spanish in the sixteenth century. Like any people at war, the Colla were not engaged in active conflict all the time. But frequent warfare (perhaps over limited natural resources), along with drought and environmental changes, powerfully influenced the society's settlement choices and physical defenses, as well as their interaction with the landscape. By focusing on the pre-Inca society in this key region of the Andes, the book demonstrates how a thorough archaeological investigation of these hillfort towns reveals new ways to study the sociopolitical organization of pre-Columbian societies.
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Pukaras are densely concentrated in places such as the Lake Titicaca Basin and the Colca Valley where previous field surveys had documented defensive settlement patterns.
“Pukaras are densely concentrated in places such as the Lake Titicaca Basin and the Colca Valley where previous field surveys had documented defensive settlement patterns (Hyslop 1976;Stanish et al. 1997;Frye & de la Vega 2005;Arkush 2011;Neira Avendaño 2011[1961]; Wernke 2013; Kohut 2016), but our satellite survey also found substantial concentrations of pukaras in many other parts of the south-”
From A new view of hillforts in the andes: expanding coverage with systematic imagery survey (2024) · cites this paper as Arkush 2011
Non-residential pukaras, often called refuges, characterised by one or more concentric walls on hilltops with minimal internal architecture or surface ceramics, are a major component of the pukara phenomenon.
“Yet this defensive site type, characterised by one or more concentric walls on hilltops with minimal internal architecture or surface ceramics, is a major component of the pukara phenomenon (Parsons et al. 2000;Stanish 2003;Arkush 2011;Anderson 2014;Kohut 2016;Williams 2018;Connell et al. 2019;Housse 2021).”
From A new view of hillforts in the andes: expanding coverage with systematic imagery survey (2024) · cites this paper as Arkush 2011
Researchers have previously used aerial and satellite imagery to detect pukaras on a limited and ad hoc basis, but it has been difficult to ensure systematic coverage.
“Researchers have previously used aerial and satellite imagery to detect pukaras on a limited and ad hoc basis (e.g.Arkush 2011;Brown Vega et al. 2011;Kohut 2016); however, it has been difficult for researchers to ensure systematic coverage.”
From A new view of hillforts in the andes: expanding coverage with systematic imagery survey (2024) · cites this paper as Arkush 2011
The variability of pukaras in size, defensibility, residential occupation and other traits is well documented.
“The variability of pukaras in size, defensibility, residential occupation and other traits is well documented (e.g.Covey 2008;Arkush 2011;Kohut 2016Kohut , 2022;;McCool 2017;Housse 2021)”
From A new view of hillforts in the andes: expanding coverage with systematic imagery survey (2024) · cites this paper as Arkush 2011
The Late Intermediate Period was a time of insularity, conflict, and constrained inter-regional interaction in the face of environmental challenges and Wari imperial dissolution.
“The low relative proportion of outliers in the LIP is also consistent with the characterization of this period as a time of insularity, conflict, and constrained inter-regional interaction in the face of environmental challenges and Wari imperial dissolution (Arkush, 2018, Arkush, 2011, Bauer and Kellett, 2010, Kurin, 2016, Langlie and Arkush, 2016, Tung, et al., 2016).”
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Scaffidi, B. K., & Knudson, K. J. (2020) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2020.105121 · Cited by 81
A new view of hillforts in the andes: expanding coverage with systematic imagery survey
Arkush, E., Kohut, L. E., Housse, R., Smith, R. D., & Wernke, S. A. (2024) · Antiquity · doi:10.15184/aqy.2023.178 · Cited by 7
Self-citationColonialism and Domestic Life: Identities and Foodways in Huarochirí During the Inka Empire
Hernández Garavito, C., & Osores Mendives, C. (2019) · International Journal of Historical Archaeology · doi:10.1007/s10761-018-0490-1 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Arkush, E. N.
- Publisher
- University Press of Florida
- Published
- 2011-01-02
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 0
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