The Review of Some Commonly Used Methods and Techniques to Measure the Thermal Conductivity of Insulation Materials

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

There are two basic techniques for measuring thermal conductivity: steady-state methods and transient or non-steady-state methods.

“In general, there are two basic techniques for measuring thermal conductivity: steady-state methods and transient or non-steady-state methods [1,3].”

• cites [1]Not matched

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• cites [3]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The laser flash method is often employed for highly conductive ceramics, metals, and some composites.

“The laser flash method is often employed for highly conductive ceramics, metals, and some composites [2].”

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

This method is also more appropriate for high moisture content materials because of the signal and response in the specimen.

“This method is also more appropriate for high moisture content materials because of the signal and response in the specimen.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The hot-wire and guarded hot-plate techniques considerably require both larger specimens and a precisely known thickness.

“The hot-wire and guarded hot-plate techniques considerably require both larger specimens and a precisely known thickness.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The hot-strip method is very similar to the hot-wire technique except for an extended strip.

“The hot-strip method is very similar to the hot-wire technique with the exception of an extended strip.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Using a stabilized electrical power supply ensures that the hot-wire heat source produces a constant output.

“The use of a stabilized electrical power supply ensures that the heat source produces a constant output.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The main advantages of hot-disk measurement are that it produces results quickly, usually in under 10 min, and that different sensor sizes can accommodate different specimen types.

“The main advantages of the hot-disk measurement are that it produces results quickly (usually in under 10 min), and that different sensor sizes can be used to accommodate different specimen types.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Unlike the single-specimen method, the symmetrical setup can be used for investigating solid materials.

“Unlike the single-specimen method, the symmetrical setup can be used for investigating solid materials.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The hot-wire technique is a good method to determine the thermal conductivity of liquids.

“The hot-wire technique is a good method to determine the thermal conductivity of liquids.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The coating materials for the TPS sensor are most commonly Kapton for measuring temperatures between 30 and 450 K, Mica for higher temperatures up to 1200 K, and Teflon.

“The coating materials are most commonly Kapton for measuring temperature ranges between 30 and 450 K, Mica for higher temperatures of up to 1200 K [25], and Teflon.”

• cites [25]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Among transient methods, the hot-wire and the laser flash methods are commonly used for measuring the thermal conductivity of different materials provided in Table 1.

“Among transient methods, the hot-wire and the laser flash methods are commonly used for measuring the thermal conductivity of different materials provided in Table 1.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The hot-wire method is practical for foams, fluids, and melted plastics, but it is impractical for solids.

“It is practical for foams, fluids, and melted plastics, but it is impractical for solids [5].”

• cites [5]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Although large specimen size is cited as a potential disadvantage, size is usually not a serious issue.

“Although Reference [12] cites large specimen size as a potential disadvantage, size is usually not a serious issue [8].”

• cites [8]Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

Test time is obtained in a few minutes or a subsecond time intervals for transient methods.

“Therefore, test time is obtained in a few minutes or a subsecond time intervals for transient methods.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The advantages of transient methods are mainly distinguished by the short amount of time needed, so that various thermal values can be determined in the measurement process.

“The advantages of transient methods are mainly distinguished by the short amount time needed, so that various thermal values can be determined in the measurement process.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In the two specimen apparatus, the main advantage is that heat loss from the hot plate can be controlled more effectively due to the symmetrical arrangement of the specimen on each side of the heater.

“In the two specimen apparatus, the main advantage is that heat loss from the hot plate can be controlled more effectively due to the symmetrical arrangement of the specimen on each side of the heater.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The pipe method has the disadvantage of deviations from the radial symmetric temperature field with respect to the wire method, but an adequate mathematical model and evaluation procedure can compensate for this disadvantage.

“Although the pipe method has the disadvantage of deviations from the radial symmetric temperature field with respect to the wire method, adequate mathematical model and evaluation procedure can compensate for this disadvantage [7,23,24].”

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• cites [24]Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

The steady-state method, i.e. the guarded hot plate, is superior to the hot-wire method for testing nonisotropic materials despite the long duration and higher costs of steady-state measurements, because of its high reliability in the entire temperature range investigated.

“As a result, the test procedure of the steady-state method (i.e., the guarded hot plate) is superior to the hot-wire method for testing nonisotropic materials despite the long duration of those steady-state measurements, the higher costs of the steady-state apparatus due to the high reliability in the entire temperature range investigated [28].”

• cites [28]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The TPS technique is used for measuring the thermal conductivity of insulation materials and electrically conducting materials.

“The TPS technique is used for measuring the thermal conductivity of insulation materials and electrically conducting materials [12].”

• cites [12]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In the laser flash method, thermal diffusivity is calculated based on the thickness d of the specimen, typically 2 mm, and the time t1/2.

“The thermal diffusivity is calculated based on the thickness d of the specimen (typically 2 mm) and the time t 1/2 [20].”

• cites [20]Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

In the hot-wire method, connecting leads to the ends of the hot wire and using two hot wires of differing lengths in a differential mode eliminates interference from axial conduction via the large-diameter current supply.

“In order to eliminate the interference of axial conduction via the large-diameter current supply, leads are connected to the ends of the hot wire, and also two hot wires of differing lengths are utilized in a differential mode [7].”

• cites [7]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The transient plane source (TPS) technique is a recent development of the hot-strip method.

“The transient plane source (TPS) technique is a recent development of the hot-strip method.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

For this reason, the hot-wire method is avoided in favor of an increasingly popular variation, the hot-strip method, which is used for measurements on solids.

“For this reason, the hot-wire method is avoided in favor of an increasingly popular variation, the hot-strip method, which is used for measurements on solids.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The parallel-wire method is advantageous for anisotropic materials and for materials with thermal conductivity above 2 W/(m K).

“The parallel-wire method is advantageous when applied to anisotropic materials and for materials in the magnitude of a thermal conductivity above 2 W/(m K) [20].”

• cites [20]Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

These disadvantages can be overcome by the direct heating method, which can be used for electrically conductive materials such as metals.

“These disadvantages can be overcome by the direct heating method, which can be used for electrically conductive materials such as metals.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Transient methods generally employ needle probes or wires.

“Transient methods generally employ needle probes or wires [4].”

• cites [4]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Some modifications of the laser flash method have been developed to determine directly the thermal conductivity by performing measurement of the specific heat capacity.

“The some modifications have been developed to determine directly the thermal conductivity by performing measurement of the specific heat capacity.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

With a guarded heater and/or thermal insulation, a relative uncertainty of 2% for thermal conductivity measurements can be achieved.

“With a guarded heater and/or thermal insulation, a relative uncertainty of 2% for thermal conductivity measurements of can be achieved.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The maximum temperature limit for the heat-flow meter method is approximately 200°C.

“The maximum temperature limits are approximately 200°C for the heat-flow meter method [7] and about 100°C in practical applications [2].”

• cites [7]Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

The TPS technique can provide values without interference of thermal contact resistance, without prolonged measurement times, and without extensive specimen preparation.

“The TPS technique can provide the values without the interference of thermal contact resistance, without prolonged measurement times, and without extensive specimen preparation [26].”

• cites [26]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Steady-state methods are considered more accurate than transient methods for testing dry materials.

“Transient heat transfer methods are capable of directly determining thermal diffusivity, whereas steady-state methods are considered to be more accurate than transient methods for testing dry materials [6].”

• cites [6]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

A potential disadvantage of GHP is that the temperature gradient must be relatively large.

“Other potential disadvantages are that the temperature gradient must be relatively large, the specimen width must be large, and also that the contact resistance between the thermocouple and the specimen surface poses a major source of error [12].”

• cites [12]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The GHP method is appropriate for these kinds of metal because the determination of the temperature difference is the main challenge when measuring materials with high thermal conductivity (e.g., metals).

“The GHP method is appropriate for these kinds of metal because the determination of the temperature difference is the main challenge when measuring materials with high thermal conductivity (e.g., metals).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Transient measurements can be made relatively quickly, which is an advantage over steady-state techniques.

“These measurements can be made relatively quickly, which garners an advantage over steady-state techniques [4,5,7].”

• cites [4]Not matched

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• cites [7]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The heat-flow meter method is sometimes used for glasses and ceramics and for other materials with thermal conductivities lower than about 5 W/(m K).

“Insulation materials and polymers (k < 0.3 W/(m K)) are usually tested via the heat-flow meter method, and sometimes it is used for glasses and ceramics and for other materials with thermal conductivities lower than about 5 W/(m K) [7].”

• cites [7]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

For measuring the conductivity of nonsolid materials, it is necessary to heat the specimen from the top in order to avoid convection.

“For measuring the conductivity of nonsolid materials, it is necessary to heat the specimen from the top in order to avoid convection [7].”

• cites [7]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Transient heat transfer methods are capable of directly determining thermal diffusivity.

“Transient heat transfer methods are capable of directly determining thermal diffusivity, whereas steady-state methods are considered to be more accurate than transient methods for testing dry materials [6].”

• cites [6]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The laser flash method can measure the property in a temperature range between -100 and about 3000°C.

“The property can be measured in a temperature range between -100 and about 3000°C.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The guarded hot-plate method is time-consuming because it requires a temperature gradient across the specimen, while the hot-disk method provides instant and direct measurement and the reading is obtained in a short amount of time.

“While the guarded hot-plate method is a time-consuming method for requiring a temperature gradient across the specimen, the hot-disk method provides instant and direct measurement and the reading is obtained in a short amount of time.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The laser flash method is the most commonly used method for ascertaining the thermal properties of solids.

“The laser flash method is the most commonly used method for ascertaining the thermal properties of solids.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

This technique can be modified to collect data over time for the simultaneous measurement of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity, and these kinds of transient methods are gaining increased interest.

“This technique can be modified to collect data over time for the simultaneous measurement of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity, and these kinds of transient methods are gaining increased interest.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In the hot-wire method, thermal conductivity can be calculated from the temperature rise at two different times, or from the slope of the temperature rise versus the logarithm of time, and from the strength of the heat source.

“Thus, the thermal conductivity can be calculated based on the temperature rise at two different times (or the slope of the temperature rise compared to the logarithm of time) and from the strength of the heat source [16].”

• cites [16]Not matched

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• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: In the hot-wire method, convection and radiation heat losses are neglected.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Heat-flow meters are accurate and fast apparatuses, and the operation of these apparatuses is easy for measuring the thermal conductivity of low-conductivity materials.

“In contrast, heat-flow meters are accurate and fast apparatuses, and the operation of these apparatuses is easy for measuring the thermal conductivity of low-conductivity materials [2].”

• cites [2]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

There have been several developments in the laser flash method since its introduction by Parker et al. (1961).

“There have been several developments in the method since its introduction by Parker et al. (1961) [29].”

• cites [29]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

In the laser flash method, thermal diffusivity α is determined, and if the specific heat capacity and density of a material are given, thermal conductivity can be calculated under adiabatic conditions.

“In this method, the thermal diffusivity α is determined, and if given the specific heat capacity and the density of a material, the thermal conductivity can be calculated by using the following equation (Eq.( 6)) under adiabatic conditions:”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: In the laser flash method, the calculation of thermal conductivity from thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity, and density is under adiabatic conditions.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The steady-state pipe method is considered a transient radial flow technique, so isotropic specimens are required.

“This technique is considered to be a transient radial flow technique, so isotropic specimens are required.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

A potential disadvantage of GHP is that the specimen width must be large.

“Other potential disadvantages are that the temperature gradient must be relatively large, the specimen width must be large, and also that the contact resistance between the thermocouple and the specimen surface poses a major source of error [12].”

• cites [12]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The TPS technique is designed to measure both thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity.

“The technique is designed to measure both thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

For rock wool, the conductivity determined by the hot-disk method harmonizes with the claimed value at lower density, while the measured value is 8% higher than the claimed conductivity at higher density.

“For the lower density, the conductivity determined for the rock wool with the hot-disk method harmonizes with the claimed value; the measured value is 8% higher than the claimed conductivity for the higher density [12].”

• cites [12]Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

The guarded hot plate is the most commonly used and most effective method for measuring the thermal conductivity of insulation materials.

“The guarded hot plate, also known as the Poensgen apparatus [11], is the most commonly used and most effective method for measuring the thermal conductivity of insulation materials.”

• cites [11]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Materials studied with the hot-strip system include metals, alloys, ceramics including high-conducting ceramics like AlN, high critical temperature materials, minerals, polymers, composites, glass, fabrics, paper, glass wool, foam, powder, biomaterial, liquids, and anisotropic materials.

“Materials studied so far with this system include metals, alloys, ceramics including high conducting ceramics like Aluminium nitride (AlN), high critical temperature materials, minerals, polymers, composites, glass, fabrics, paper, glass wool, foam, powder, biomaterial, and liquids, as well as materials with anisotropic thermal properties [25].”

• cites [25]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Compared to the guarded hot-plate method, which is an absolute method, the heat-flow meter method is comparative and thus can be considered to be a relative method.

“Compared to the guarded hot-plate method, which is an absolute method, the heat-flow meter method is comparative and thus can be considered to be a relative method.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The pipe method technique has been modified for use with a variety of solids, ranging from insulation materials (20 mW/(m K)) to metals (200 W/(m K)) and evaluating for temperatures between room temperature and 2770 K.

“This technique has been modified for use with a variety of solids, ranging from insulation materials (20 mW/(m K)) to metals (200 W/(m K)) and evaluating for temperatures between room temperature and 2770 K [7].”

• cites [7]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The 3-ω method is commonly used for measuring the thermal conductivity of thin films and solid materials.

“The method called the 3-ω method is commonly used for measuring the thermal conductivity of thin films and solid materials.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Estimating low thermal conductivity may be determined with adjustable parameters in these methods.

“Estimating low thermal conductivity may be determined with adjustable parameters in these methods.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The techniques measure a response as a signal or a temperature given in the sample.

“The techniques measure a response as a signal or a temperature given in the sample.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The Fitch method is generally used for measuring the conductivity of foods and specially small-sized specimens.

“This method is generally used for measuring the conductivity of foods and specially smallsized specimens.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

A detailed description for a bulk material with a porous medium can be expressed in terms of ancestor, extra parameter, component knowledge, and heat transfer mechanisms in various models.

“A detailed description for a bulk material with a porous medium can be expressed in terms of “ancestor,” “extra parameter,” “component knowledge,” and “heat transfer mechanisms” in various models [39].”

• cites [39]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The principle of the photothermal method is based on ascertaining the light-induced change in the thermal state of a material in solid, liquid, or gaseous state.

“The principle of this method is based on ascertaining the light-induced change in the thermal state of a material in solid, liquid, or gaseous state.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The photothermal technique can be modified by having both surfaces heated simultaneously with a single modulation frequency and taking a measurement of the phase difference between surface signals.

“This technique can be modified by having both surfaces heated simultaneously with a single modulation frequency and taking a measurement of the phase difference between surface signals [20].”

• cites [20]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Some methods are similar or derivative methods regardless of whether the thermal conductivity model being used is similar.

“Some methods are similar or derivative methods regardless of whether the thermal conductivity model being used is similar.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The 3-ω method has a thermal conductivity range of 0.20-20 W/(m K), and the range can be extended to 77-900 K in the literature.

“The range of thermal conductivity is changed of 0.20-20 W/(m K), and the range can be extended to 77-900 K in literature.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In the 3-ω method, because the current is driven at a frequency ω and the resistance changes at a frequency 2ω, a voltage at 3ω results.

“Because the current is driven at a frequency ω and the resistance changes at a frequency 2ω, a voltage at 3ω results [34].”

• cites [34]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The Fitch method is not practical for use at high temperatures.

“But the Fitch method is not practical for use at high temperatures.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Several researchers have proposed models derived from a set of equations, usually based on a basic model, but many of these include empirical parameters.

“Several researchers have proposed a number of models derived from a set of equations, usually based on a basic model, but many of these include empirical parameters [1].”

• cites [1]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In the Fitch method, the roles of the heat source and the heat receiver can be changed if the vessel is at a temperature lower than that of the copper block.

“The roles of the heat source and the heat receiver can be changed if the vessel is at a temperature lower than that of the copper block.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The models show similarities and differences depending on whether it is a steady state.

“The models show similarities and differences depending on whether it is a steady state.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The thermal conductivity value from a method is higher or lower than the value from other methods, depending on the relationships between the heat loss distribution, the surface temperatures, the uniform heat flow over the material, and the signal and its response.

“The thermal conductivity value from the method is higher or lower than the value from other methods, depending on the relationships between the heat loss distribution, the surface temperatures, the uniform heat flow over the material, and the signal and its response.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Thermal conductivity methods are broadly classified as either steady-state methods or transient methods.

“Thermal conductivity methods are broadly classified as either steady-state methods or transient methods.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The models are based on one or more basic structural models, such as the series and parallel models, the geometric mean model, Maxwell models, effective medium theory (EMT) models, and the Russell model.

“The models are based on one or more basic structural models, such as the series and parallel models, the geometric mean model, Maxwell models (different forms), effective medium theory (EMT) models, and the Russell model.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The literature contains a large number of standard models for predicting the thermal conductivities of homogeneous, heterogeneous, or composite materials, as well as methods of measurement apparatus designed.

“The literature contains a large number of standard models for predicting the thermal conductivities of homogeneous, heterogeneous, or composite materials materials [39], as well as methods of a measurement apparatus designed [40].”

• cites [39]Not matched

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• cites [40]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The Fitch method consists of two components: a heat source and a heat receiver.

“This method consists of two components: a heat source and a heat receiver.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The choice of thermal conductivity models is generally discussed separately in the literature for each of these classes.

“The choice of thermal conductivity models is generally discussed separately in the literature for each of these classes [39].”

• cites [39]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Many theoretical models, as well as methods, have been proposed by various researchers.

“Many theoretical models, as well as methods, have been proposed by various researchers.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

These models are largely dependent on mathematical models derived from the physical laws that govern the process, such as mass and energy balances and thermodynamics.

“These models are largely dependent on mathematical models derived from the physical laws that govern the process (e.g., mass and energy balances, thermodynamics, etc.).”

• cites [39]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Measuring thermal diffusivity via the photothermal method is based on the concept of modulating between the heating of a specimen surface and the temperature phase on the opposite sides of the specimen and includes a frequency function.

“Measuring the thermal diffusivity measurement via the photothermal method is based on the concept of modulating between the heating of a specimen surface and the temperature phase on the opposite sides of the specimen and includes a frequency function.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The preferable methods are commonly the guarded hot-plate method, the heat-flow method, and then the hot wire/disk and laser flash methods.

“The preferable methods are commonly the guarded hot-plate method, the heat-flow method, and then can be given by the hot wire/disk, laser flash methods.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The Fitch method is used to measure materials of low thermal conductivity by using a plane source of heat.

“The Fitch method developed by Fitch is used to measure the materials of low thermal conductivity by using a plane source of heat.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In the Fitch method, either a line heat source or one or more heat sources are used.

“In this method, either a line heat source or one or more heat sources are used [16].”

• cites [16]Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

While the hot-wire method is a time-domain transient technique, the 3-ω method has the advantage of being time independent because it measures electrical signals in a specific frequency domain.

“While the hot-wire method is a time domain transient technique, the 3-ω method has the advantage of being time independent because it measures electrical signals in a specific frequency domain [33].”

• cites [33]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Both basic mechanisms generally affect in-plane and cross-plane transport differently, so the thermal conductivity of related materials is usually anisotropic.

“Both basic mechanisms generally affect in-plane (x) and cross-plane (z) transport differently, so that the thermal conductivity of related materials is usually anisotropic.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

There are various methods for determining the thermal conductivity of insulation materials.

“There are various methods for determining thermal conductivity of insulation materials.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The literature also presents an experimental evaluation of the models and a comparison analysis of the existing experimental methods.

“The literature also present an experimental evaluation of the models and a comparison analysis of the existing experimental methods.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Under anisotropic and isotropic conditions, some methods are in good agreement with the claimed values.

“Under the condition of anisotropic and isotropic type, some methods are in good agreement with the claimed values.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Many thermal conductivity models are based on one or more basic structural models, such as series and parallel models, the geometric mean model, Maxwell models, effective medium theory (EMT) models, and the Russell model.

“Many thermal conductivity models found in the literature are based on one or more basic structural models, such as the series and parallel models, the geometric mean model, Maxwell models (different forms) and effective medium theory (EMT) models, and the Russell Model [39].”

• cites [39]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Similar models are given in different forms and replace other components instead of a component parameter.

“Similar models are given in different forms and replace the other components instead of a component parameter.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

In principle, thermal conductivity methods are based on establishing a steady temperature and a signal gradient over a sample.

“In principle, these methods are based on establishing a steady temperature and a signal gradient over a sample.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The models may not seem to be a clear explanation of the interior structure and behavior of porous materials.

“The models may not seem to be a clear explanation of the interior structure and behavior of porous materials.”