The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 9 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Reconstructing Early Iron Age pathways in the Upper Rhine Valley
Open accessAbstract
Existing cultural mapping of the Early Iron Age in SouthwestGermany supposes that the Upper Rhine was a main communication corridor.However, precise location of routes, questions of the infrastructure and distribution remain unanswered.This paper focuses on reconstructing pathways as a starting point for further research on infrastructure, cultural distances and cultural morphology.An empiric pathway model will be reconstructed, based on the location of cemeteries.Resulting in paths following river banks or pointing to river crossings on both sides of the river.Those river crossings are also identified using small finds from the Bronze Age onwards.The reconstructed pathways are compared to theoretical models in order to determine parameters and conditions for location of paths.Different parameters, based on "Least-Cost-Path" applications, are used to establish three theoretical models.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper reconstructs an empirical model of Early Iron Age pathways in the Upper Rhine Valley by treating grave mounds and other monuments as landmarks, then compares this model against three Least-Cost-Path (LCP) theoretical models. It finds continuity in the use of monuments as landmarks from the Bronze Age into the Early Iron Age, but concludes that none of the tested LCP functions adequately explains the empirical pathway.
Key findings
- Empirical paths follow river banks on both sides of the Rhine and point to river crossings; at least three routes cross the Black Forest, and main paths on the right bank shift to the other bank in the upper quarter of the valley.
- Empirical paths converge on Münsterberg from at least four directions, which the author interprets as evidence of its importance for communication and interaction, even though Fürstensitze locations were excluded from the model.
- In the Hagenau Forest, river crossings identified via small finds show continuous use from the Bronze Age onwards (Logel 2007, p. 27–50), and grave mounds form clusters or lines pointing to the next burial ground (Wassong 2015, p. 318).
- Comparison with LCP models showed divergence and overlap: the middle part of the walking-based LCP (Herzog 2013) corresponds well with the empirical model, while the driving-based LCP (critical slope 8%) "seems to have no influence on choice of paths" in this area; no LCP function explained the empirical model sufficiently.
Methods
- Empirical pathway model built from the location of EIA grave mounds (including unpublished and unexcavated ones), using dynamic Kernel Density Estimation to find density ridges, with local density maxima recorded as nodes; a weighted Delaunay graph was used to assess the relative importance of possible routes (Nakoinz 2012a).
- Three theoretical LCP models were compared to the empirical one: a driving model using wheeled vehicles with a critical slope of 8% (Herzog 2013), a walking model based on energy cost (Herzog 2013), and Tobler's (1993) walking-speed model.
- Study area: the Upper Rhine Valley, with a finer-grained comparison in the Hagenau Forest; river crossings were cross-checked against small finds and other archaeological features.
Limitations
- Stated by the paper: real traffic routes remain unknown in the EIA, and reconstructing a specific route is not feasible because routes likely shifted with weather and ground conditions; only a "path bundle" or "path corridor" can be reconstructed.
- Stated by the paper: none of the LCP functions used explains the empirical model sufficiently, and existing LCP applications without additional cost surfaces or adaptation to the geographical area did not produce adequate theoretical models.
- Evident from the text: the empirical model depends on the completeness and dating of grave mound data, including unpublished and unexcavated mounds, and the comparison is described as based on "preliminary results" of a case study.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 of 9 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingnone given
Several river crossings can be identified by monument lines pointing to the river, sometimes from both river banks.
“Several river crossings can be identified by monument lines pointing to the river, sometimes from both river banks.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
River crossings are also identified using small finds from the Bronze Age onwards.
“Those river crossings are also identified using small finds from the Bronze Age onwards.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
An empirical pathway model based on cemetery locations yields paths following river banks or pointing to river crossings on both sides of the river.
“Resulting in paths following river banks or pointing to river crossings on both sides of the river.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Main routes are located alongside the rivers on each side of the Black Forest Mountains.
“As demonstrated in Figure 1, main routes are located alongside the rivers on each side of the Black Forest Mountains.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
At least three routes across the Black Forest indicate connections between areas on each side.
“At least three routes across the Black Forest indicate connections between areas on each side.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingnone given
Connections between Fürstensitze can be demonstrated using the example of Münsterberg, where empirical paths merge from four different directions.
“Connections between Fürstensitze can be demonstrated using the example of Münsterberg, where empirical paths merge from four different directions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
A continuous use of river crossings in the Hagenau Forest from the Bronze Age onwards can be derived from dating small finds.
“A continuous use of these river crossings (Logel, 2007, p. 27-50) from the BA onwards can be derived from dating these small finds.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Logel, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
Empirical paths run from at least four directions to Münsterberg, despite excluding locations of Fürstensitze.
“In spite of excluding locations of Fürstensitze, empirical paths run from at least four directions to Münsterberg, which can be interpreted as an important site regarding communication and interaction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Main paths following the right bank of the Rhine shift to the other bank in the upper quarter of the Upper Rhine Valley.
“Main paths following the right bank of the Rhine shift to the other bank in the upper quarter of the Upper Rhine Valley.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
The middle part of the second LCP (Herzog 2013, walking) corresponds well with the empirical model.
“The middle part of the second LCP (Herzog 2013, walking) corresponds well with the empirical model.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Herzog 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
Using preliminary results of this case study, continuity in using monuments as landmarks from BA to EIA onwards can be demonstrated.
“Using the preliminary results of this case study, we are able to demonstrate continuity in using monuments as landmarks from BA to the EIA onwards.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
In the Hagenau Forest area, grave mounds form clusters or lines pointing to the next burial ground.
“In this area, grave mounds form clusters or lines pointing to the next burial ground (Wassong 2015, p. 318), which demonstrates that monuments have been used as signs in the landscape to orientate and mark passages over a long time span.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wassong 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingnone given
None of the LCP functions used explains sufficiently the location of the empirical model.
“The described method to estimate empirical pathways operates efficiently, but none of the LCP functions used explains sufficiently the location of the empirical model.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
In the Upper Rhine Valley, grave mound groups aligned to one of the biggest river systems in Europe reveal its importance in communication and traffic.
“In the Upper Rhine Valley, grave mound groups aligned to one of the biggest river systems in Europe reveal its importance in communication and traffic.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning
The use of Least Cost Path analysis in archaeological records is acceptable if frequently used paths are being considered.
“The use of Least Cost Path (LCP) Analysis in archaeological records is acceptable, if frequently used paths are being considered.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Optimisation of routes surely happened if a connection has been used frequently over a longer period.
- Rests on an assumption: Traders connecting settlements will use the shortest, quickest or safest way to reach their destination.
- Interpretationreasoning
Reconstructing a specific route leading from one place to another is not feasible.
“So trying to reconstruct a specific route leading from one place to another is not feasible.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning
In the Iron Age, landmarks like monuments of former times were likely used for orientation.
“In the Iron Age (IA), landmarks like monuments of former times also are likely to be used for orientation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Landmarks are intended to be seen, otherwise they would not serve their purpose.
- Interpretationreasoning
Where monuments are erected in lines over several kilometres, leading through an area and built from Neolithic to IA times, a correlation with pathways is very likely.
“Where monuments are erected in lines over several kilometres, leading through an area and built from Neolithic to IA times, a correlation with pathways is very likely.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Landmarks are intended to be seen, otherwise they would not serve their purpose.
- Premisecitation
Tracks next to grave mounds are well known in Denmark, like the Ochsenweg.
“Tracks next to grave mounds are well known in Denmark, like the so-called “Ochsenweg” (Müller 1904).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Müller 1904
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
It is likely that other optimising parameters were more important than energy costs, wheeled vehicles or walking speed.
“It is likely that other optimising parameters were more important than energy costs, wheeled vehicles or walking speed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Monuments have been used as signs in the landscape to orientate and mark passages over a long time span.
“In this area, grave mounds form clusters or lines pointing to the next burial ground (Wassong 2015, p. 318), which demonstrates that monuments have been used as signs in the landscape to orientate and mark passages over a long time span.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Münsterberg can be interpreted as an important site regarding communication and interaction.
“In spite of excluding locations of Fürstensitze, empirical paths run from at least four directions to Münsterberg, which can be interpreted as an important site regarding communication and interaction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- It may state two separate claims as one. 8
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
- Borderline: one of the tests for a substantial claim is unclear. 1
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningA comparison between the LCP and the empirical pathway in the area around Hagenau shows some divergence and overlaps with the empirical model.
“A comparison between the LCP and the empirical pathway in the area around Hagenau shows some interesting divergence and overlaps with the empirical model.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationDriving (Herzog 2013, driving) seems to have no influence on choice of paths, or the applied cost function in this geographical area.
“Driving (Herzog 2013, driving) seems to have no influence on choice of paths, or the applied cost function in this geographical area.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Herzog 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone givenGrave mounds lying outside the calculated empirical model, but matching Tobler's LCP, need further interpretation.
“Especially grave mounds lying outside the calculated empirical model, but matching Tobler's LCP need further interpretation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone givenThe described method to estimate empirical pathways operates efficiently.
“The described method to estimate empirical pathways operates efficiently, but none of the LCP functions used explains sufficiently the location of the empirical model.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimBorderline substantial claim. It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it. It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
Findingnone givenOn the latitude of the northern extent of the Black Forest Mountains, river crossings are again traced by the empirical model.
“On the latitude of the northern extent of the Black Forest Mountains, river crossings are again traced by the empirical model.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningGrave mounds as monuments are clearly recognizable as human interference in landscape and can be used as pathway-corresponding features in IA contexts.
“Grave mounds as monuments are clearly recognizable as human interference in landscape and can be used as pathwaycorresponding features in IA contexts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Landmarks are intended to be seen, otherwise they would not serve their purpose.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationOne LCP analysis based on walking considers energy cost, resulting in the least exhausting way.
“One considers energy cost while walking (here: Herzog 2013, walking) resulting in the least exhausting way (Herzog 2013, p. 183).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Herzog 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Rests on an assumption: Traders connecting settlements will use the shortest, quickest or safest way to reach their destination.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
InterpretationreasoningReconstructing a "path bundle" or a "path corridor" using monuments as landmarks will help to understand ways of communication in IA times.
“But reconstructing a “path bundle” or a “path corridor” using monuments as landmarks will help to understand the ways of communication in IA times.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Landmarks are intended to be seen, otherwise they would not serve their purpose.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisereasoningReal traffic routes remain unknown in the EIA, but reconstructing pathways using location of monuments results in an empiric pathway model.
“Real traffic routes remain unknown in the EIA, but reconstructing pathways using the location of monuments results in an empiric pathway model.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone givenThe Rhine connects the Alps, Central France, and thereby the Mediterranean area with northern Europe.
“It connects the Alps, Central France, and thereby the Mediterranean area with northern Europe.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationTobler's LCP analysis considers intuitive walking speed, resulting in the quickest way.
“The second by Tobler is repeatedly used in archaeological studies considering intuitive walking speed resulting therefore in the quickest way (Tobler 1993).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tobler 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Rests on an assumption: Traders connecting settlements will use the shortest, quickest or safest way to reach their destination.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationThe first LCP application (Herzog 2013, driving) is based on wheeled vehicles using a critical slope value of 8%.
“The first LCP application (here: Herzog 2013, driving) is based on the use of wheeled vehicles using a critical slope value of 8 % (Herzog 2013, p. 183).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Herzog 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Rests on an assumption: Traders connecting settlements will use the shortest, quickest or safest way to reach their destination.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone givenThe location of the Rhine in Central Europe as main part of a vast system of waterways is one reason for its importance from EIA times until today.
“The location of the Rhine in Central Europe as the main part of a vast system of waterways is one reason for its importance from EIA times until today (Fig. 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
PremisereasoningOnce-in-a-lifetime travels, like a crusade, are unlikely to be optimised as the terrain is unknown or local guides lead incorrectly.
“Once-in-a-lifetime travels, like a crusade, are unlikely to be optimised as the terrain is unknown or local guides lead incorrectly for various reasons.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Traders connecting settlements will use the shortest, quickest or safest way to reach their destination.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone givenMonuments like Neolithic gallery graves or Bronze Age grave mounds were still visible in the Iron Age, as are Iron Age grave mounds today.
“Monuments like Neolithic gallery graves or Bronze Age (BA) grave mounds were still visible, much like grave mounds built in the IA are still vi sible in today's landscape.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
InterpretationreasoningUsing tracks, routes were likely slightly shifted depending on weather conditions to harder ground or higher level.
“Using tracks, it is highly likely that, depending on weather conditions, routes were slightly shifted to harder ground or to a higher level.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone givenAccording to its geological appearance, the Upper Rhine Valley seems to be an ideal communication corridor and thus a promising study area.
“According to its geological appearance, the Upper Rhine Valley seems to be an ideal communication corridor and thus a promising study area.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationNakoinz demonstrated a heterogeneous cultural pattern of EIA in Baden-Württemberg without a clear relationship between Fürstensitze and surrounding territories.
“Using cultural mapping as a method to investigate cultural borders, Nakoinz demonstrated a heterogeneous cultural pattern of EIA in Baden-Württemberg without a clear relationship between Fürstensitze and surrounding territories.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Nakoinz 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone givenOptimising is unlikely for paths of specific purpose, like processions in cultic contexts or paths avoiding tabooed areas.
“Also, optimising is unlikely for paths of specific purpose, like processions in cultic contexts or paths avoiding tabooed areas.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Traders connecting settlements will use the shortest, quickest or safest way to reach their destination.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
InterpretationreasoningThe potential to identify river crossings using the location of grave mounds might help to describe the infrastructure of the Upper Rhine Valley more precisely.
“The potential to identify river crossings using the location of grave mounds might help to describe the infrastructure of the Upper Rhine Valley more precisely.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenOn the eastern part, the divergence could be a result of using the shortest path instead of a random walk estimation.
“On the eastern part, the divergence could be a result of using the shortest path instead of a random walk estimation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenAvoiding the use of specific way stations in the LCP calculation might be responsible for the western part of this connection.
“Avoiding the use of specific way stations in the LCP calculation might be responsible for the western part of this connection.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The authors state this as an assumption.
Existing cultural mapping of the Early Iron Age in Southwest Germany supposes that the Upper Rhine was a main communication corridor.
“Existing cultural mapping of the Early Iron Age in SouthwestGermany supposes that the Upper Rhine was a main communication corridor.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Precise location of routes, questions of infrastructure and distribution remain unanswered.
“However, precise location of routes, questions of the infrastructure and distribution remain unanswered.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Optimisation of routes surely happened if a connection has been used frequently over a longer period.
“Optimisation of routes surely happened, if a connection has been used frequently over a longer period.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Traders connecting settlements will use the shortest, quickest or safest way to reach their destination.
“Traders connecting settlements will use the shortest, quickest or safest way to reach their destination.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Zigzag paths are undesirable.
“The method will result in efficient paths, as zigzag paths are assumed to be undesirable.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Fürstensitze were assumed to be more than economic centres as defined by Christaller, but also cultural and religious centres inhabited by a noble family.
“Fürstensitze were assumed to be more than economic centres as defined by Christaller (Christaller 1933), but also cultural and religious centres inhabited by a noble family.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Landmarks are intended to be seen, otherwise they would not serve their purpose.
“Landmarks are intended to be seen, otherwise they would not serve their purpose.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Wassong citation points outside the listed page range
MinorThe text cites page 318 of Wassong 2015, but the reference lists that work on pages 1153-1162.
“(Wassong 2015, p. 318)”
“vol. 2, 2015, p. 1153-1162.”
Citations
Cites
The potential and limits of optimal path analysis
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Zum Problem späthallstättischer Adelssitze
Kimmig, W. (1969) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783112652862-005 · Cited by 38
Die mitteleuropäischen Hallstattdolche
Sievers, S. (1982) · C.H.Beck eBooks · Cited by 9
Siedlung, Grabenwerk, Großsteingrab
(2012) · Frühe Monumentalität und soziale Differenzierung · doi:10.38071/2024-00728-9 · Cited by 3
Learning & Development: Development Matters - Next steps
Engel, L. (2013) · Nursery World · doi:10.12968/nuwa.2013.4.11.1140190 · Cited by 1
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Tremblay Cormier 2013 : TREMBLAY CORMIER (L.). – Identités culturelles et interactions entre Rhin et Rhône du 10e au 5e siècle avant notre ère : dynamiques sociales et échanges. Dijon : université de Bourgogne, 2013 (doctoral thesis).
- Wassong 2015 : WASSONG (R.). – Tumulus et milieux humides. Rites, ostentation et lieux de passages. Les tertres de l'âge du Fer dans le fossé rhénan. In : OLMER (F.), ROURE (R.) dir. – Les Gaulois au fil de l'eau, Actes du 37e colloque international de l'AFEAF de Montpellier, 8-11 mai 2013. Bordeaux : éd. Ausonius, vol. 2, 2015, p. 1153-1162.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Prignano, L., Morer, I., Fulminante, F., & Lozano, S. (2019) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2019.02.007 · Cited by 27
Sunken lanes - Development and functions in landscapes
Zgłobicki, W., Poesen, J., Geeter, S. D., Boardman, J., Gawrysiak, L., Golosov, V., Ioniţă, I., Niacșu, L., Rodzik, J., Stankoviansky, M., et al. (2021) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103757 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- Faupel, F.
- Venue
- Interdisciplinarité et nouvelles approches dans les recherches sur l'âge du Fer. Interdisciplinarity and New Approaches in the Research of the Iron Age. International Doctoral Conference 2015. Bibracte (France), 2015.
- Publisher
- Masarykova univerzita
- Published
- 2017
- Pages
- 109-113
- OpenAlex
- W2810346819
- Cited by
- 3
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2021: 2 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 5.38
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- fr
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Doctoral Conference: Interdisciplinarity and New Approaches in the Research of the Iron Age (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Ancient and Medieval Archaeology Studies
- Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeological Research and Protection
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Archaeological and Geological Studies
- Keywords
- Early Iron Age, Upper Rhine Valley, communication routes, river crossing, cemeteries, cultural distance, culture morphology, riverbanks, settlement distribution
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