CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 38Archaeological Research and ProtectionAncient and Medieval Archaeology StudiesViking Age and Medieval Scandinavia

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 32 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Best travel options: Modelling Roman and early-medieval routes in the Netherlands using a multi-proxy approach

Open access
van Lanen, Rowin J., Kosian, Menne C., Groenewoudt, Bert J., Spek, Theo, Jansma, Esther·2015·Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
DOI 10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.05.024
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This paper models Roman and early-medieval route networks in the Netherlands by combining a network-friction model with archaeological settlement, burial, shipping, and find data. It reports high validation accuracy, correctly locating most known infrastructure and isolated finds within 1000 m buffers.

Key findings

  • The model correctly located 89.2% of 742 Roman infrastructural finds and 85.4% of 103 early-medieval infrastructural finds within a 1000 m buffer (Table 3); the abstract rounds these to 89% and 85%.
  • Within the same 1000 m buffer, the route network covered 13.7% of the Netherlands and contained 81.7% of 13,731 Roman isolated finds; it covered 11.9% and contained 72.2% of 4,607 early-medieval isolated finds (Table 4; abstract rounds to 82% and 72%).
  • At the most accurate 500 m buffer, 73.6% of Roman and 77.7% of early-medieval infrastructural finds fell within the modelled route zones; at 2000 m, 94.1% and 88.3% respectively (Table 3).
  • The paper concludes that in lowland regions such as the Netherlands there is a clear relationship between environmental conditions, settlement locations, and the spatial distribution of infrastructure, and that network friction is useful for modelling historical route networks.

Methods

  • The study uses an evidence-based, multi-proxy GIS approach: a network-friction model (NFM) developed by Van Lanen et al. (2015) combines palaeogeographical, geomorphological, soil, and elevation data with archaeological data from ARCHIS on settlements, burial sites, shipping-related finds, and isolated finds.
  • High Density Settlement Clusters (HDSCs) were defined using settlement-density thresholds: Roman 0.65 settlements/km² (1 settlement per 1.538 km²) and early-medieval extrapolated 0.43 settlements/km² (1 per 2.325 km²); central places and hubs were added, then most efficient land and water routes were modelled between settled areas using network friction.
  • Validation used 742 Roman and 103 early-medieval infrastructural finds and 13,731 Roman and 4,607 early-medieval isolated finds, tested against route buffers of 500, 1000, and 2000 m; only proven settlements with a find complex of N5 were included.

Limitations

  • The paper states that the NFM clusters and generalizes landscape units, limiting resolution; land and water routes within HDSCs were not modelled because of grid-cell resolution and settlement density; HDSC determination via archaeological regions lacks regional detail; the model uses only two time slices (AD 100 and 800); ARCHIS data collected before 1992 are not always fully recorded and feedback of new research is limited; cult sites were excluded, so religious routes are not reconstructed; at least 50% of settlements are assumed undiscovered; and route modelling requires transparent assumptions.
  • The text also makes evident that infrastructural validation used ARCHIS finds with varying description quality and included all Roman and early-medieval infrastructural finds without individual checks, and that isolated finds relate to human activity of undetermined nature.
  • The model was designed specifically for the Netherlands and dynamic lowland regions; broader applicability requires testing in other areas.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.05.024

Cites

58 of 58 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

0 of 32 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    72% of all known early-medieval isolated finds were located within the 1000 m buffer.

    “82% and 72% of all known isolated finds were located within the same buffer”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The average Roman settlement density in HDSCs is 0.65 settlements per 1 km2, or 1 settlement per 1.538 km2.

    “Using settlement-density data from Table 1 we calculated an average settlement density of 0.65 settlements per 1 km 2 , in other words 1 settlement per 1.538 km 2”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The model correctly predicted the location of 89% of currently identified Roman infrastructure within a 1000 m buffer.

    “we were able to correctly predict the location of 89% of the currently identified Roman infrastructure”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The model correctly predicted the location of 85% of known early-medieval infrastructure within a 1000 m buffer.

    “85% of the known early-medieval infrastructure in the Netherlands within a 1000 m buffer”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    82% of all known Roman isolated finds were located within the 1000 m buffer.

    “82% and 72% of all known isolated finds were located within the same buffer”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 23
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 23

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning

    The average early-medieval settlement density in HDSCs is 0.43 settlements per km2, or 1 settlement per 2.325 km2.

    “Based on this ratio we calculated an average settlement density of 0.43 per km 2 for the Early Middle Ages, in other words 1 settlement per 2.325 km 2”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data

    For the Early Middle Ages, 103 infrastructural finds were selected.

    “For the Early Middle Ages 103 infrastructural finds were selected.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The NFM correctly models 88.7% of the known Roman and 86.4% of the known early-medieval infrastructure within a 1 km buffer.

    “The NFM presented in this study correctly models 88.7% of the known Roman and 86.4% of the known early-medieval infrastructure within a 1 km buffer”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    The Roman period is characterized by a higher number of settlements, isolated finds and a larger route-network surface area.

    “the Roman period is characterized by a higher number of settlements, isolated finds and a larger routenetwork surface area”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The 500 m buffer, which covers 6.11% of the total surface area of the Netherlands, contains 2469 early-medieval isolated finds (52.4% of the finds).

    “The 500 m buffer, which covers 6.11% of the total surface area of the Netherlands, contains 2469 isolated finds (52.4% of the finds”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The least accurate buffer of 2000 m contains 90.6% (12,402) of the isolated Roman-period finds, and covers 24.4% of the total surface area.

    “The least accurate buffer of 2000 m contains 90.6% (12,402) of the isolated Roman-period finds, and covers 24.4% of the total surface area”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Using the same buffers, the NFM contains 81.7% of the known Roman and 72.2% of the known early-medieval isolated finds found in the Netherlands.

    “Additionally, using the same buffers the NFM contains 81.7% of the known Roman and 72.2% of the known early-medieval isolated finds found in the Netherlands”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Increasing the scale to the 1000 m buffer, covering 11.9% of the Dutch surface area, improves the results with 19.8% to 72.2% (3361) of the early-medieval isolated finds located within the buffer.

    “Increasing the scale to the 1000 m buffer, covering 11.9% of the Dutch surface area, improves the results with 19.8% to 72.2% (3361) of the isolated finds located within the buffer”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Uncultivated regions were less accessible because of soil and vegetation conditions and might have been regarded as no-go areas.

    “The reason is that these regions most likely were less accessible because of soil and vegetation conditions (respectively e.g.mires and dense forests) and might also have been regarded as 'no-go areas'”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Roymans, 1995 source
    • cites Spek, 2004

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Kolen, 2005

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisereasoning

    Settlements were never distributed equally throughout a region, resulting in spatially variable settlement densities.

    “Due to cultural and environmental variables, settlements were never distributed equally throughout a region, which results in spatially variable settlement densities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisereasoning

    Densely-settled areas can be expected to function as central hubs within dynamic systems.

    “Densely-settled areas can be expected to trade and communicate with nearby settlements and with other densely-settled areas a little further away and as such are expected to function as central hubs within dynamic systems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Archaeological evidence suggests simultaneous alterations in land use and settlement patterns as well as severe demographic decline during the Roman to early-medieval transition.

    “Archaeological evidence from these periods suggests simultaneous alterations in land use and settlement patterns as well as severe demographic decline”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cheyette, 2008 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premiseown data

    The orientation of Roman and early-medieval route networks in the Netherlands was determined in part by settlement locations and in part by environmental factors such as soil type and relief.

    “The orientation of these route networks in part was determined by settlement locations, and in part by environmental factors (e.g.soil type, relief).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    All Roman and early-medieval infrastructural finds were included in the validation.

    “all Roman and early-medieval infrastructural finds were included”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    Network friction is applicable to dynamic lowland regions all around the world, especially in coastal areas.

    “Network friction is applicable to dynamic lowland regions all around the world, especially in coastal areas.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisereasoning

    Land transport should not be underestimated since travelling on foot or by cart must have been common during both the Roman and early-medieval periods.

    “However land transport should not be underestimated since travelling on foot (e.g. with livestock) or by cart must have been common during both the Roman and early-medieval periods.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    Rivers in the Netherlands were used extensively for both regional and long-distance trade.

    “Rivers in the Netherlands were used extensively for both regional and long-distance trade.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    Corridors for water transport often function as obstacles for land routes.

    “Corridors for water transport (e.g.rivers) often function as obstacles for land routes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    New settlements can be expected to be generally founded in the vicinity of existing routes, or routes developed near existing settlements.

    “Since new settlements can be expected to be generally founded in the vicinity of existing routes, or routes developed near existing settlements”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The NFM uses proven environmental and archaeological data to model past route networks and to validate its output.

    “The NFM uses proven environmental and archaeological data to model past route networks and to validate its output.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Archaeological data on infrastructure were excluded in order to validate the NFM output.

    “So far we excluded archaeological data on infrastructure in order to validate the NFM output.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    The high success rate of the model indicates that new or shifting settlements probably usually were located near already existing routes, and as such will have exerted little influence on large-scale route orientation.

    “the high success rate of our model (Table 4) indicates that new or shifting settlements probably usually were located near already existing routes, and as such will have exerted little influence on largescale route orientation”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    The excellent results of the NFM suggest that theoretical modelling approaches in themselves are insufficient to model route networks in low-elevated regions and that a more integrated approach with landscape variables is required.

    “However the excellent results of the NFM suggest these approaches in itself to be insufficient to model route networks in low-elevated regions and a more integrated approach with landscape variables is required.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given

    Large-scale modelling of route networks is impossible without making certain assumptions regarding settlement locations, settled areas and most efficient paths.

    “Large-scale modelling of route networks is impossible without making certain assumptions regarding e.g.settlement locations, settled areas and most efficient paths.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    Shipping-related finds are an indication for trade routes.

    “Shipping-related finds (e.g.ship wrecks, re-used ships timbers) are an indication for trade routes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Network-friction values for peat may differ spatially.

    “network-friction values for peat may differ spatially”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Van Lanen et al., 2015 source
    • cites De Bont, 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The 2000 metre buffer is much less accurate but was used to test route orientation.

    “The 2000 metre buffer is much less accurate but was used to test route orientation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Cult sites were not included in the NFM, so the model does not reconstruct religious routes and focuses on large-scale route networks only.

    “Cult sites were not included in the NFM.Therefore the model does not reconstruct religious routes and focuses on large-scale route networks only.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisereasoning

    Movement within a route network was neither limited to land or water.

    “Movement within a route network was neither limited to land or water”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The NFM is designed specifically for dynamic lowland regions.

    “It is designed specifically for dynamic lowland regions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Rivers in the Netherlands frequently have been described as highways of the past.

    “Rivers in the Netherlands frequently have been described as highways of the past”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Van Es and Verwers, 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Dijkstra, 2011

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The current NFM was specifically designed for the Netherlands.

    “The current NFM was specifically designed for the Netherlands.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    Settlements are never equally distributed and differ chronologically and in location.

    “Settlements are never equally distributed and differ chronologically and in location.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The NFM combines environmental and archaeological data and as such allows modelling of historical route networks.

    “The NFM combines environmental and archaeological data and as such allows modelling of historical route networks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The NFM presented in the paper limits the number of assumptions and, when needed, only used archaeologically substantiated ones.

    “The NFM presented in this paper tries to limit the number of assumptions, and when needed only used archaeologically substantiated ones.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisereasoning

    Routes were never straight lines since route networks also connect HDSCs with settlements situated in-between HDSCs.

    “Routes however were never straight lines since route networks also connect HDSCs with settlements situated in-between HDSCs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In the western part of the Netherlands, network-friction values are generally lower and only a few movement corridors can be modelled.

    “This is understandable because in these parts network-friction values are generally lower and only a few movement corridors can be modelled.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The 500 metres buffer is the most accurate test because it is equal to the NFM grid-cell resolution (500 × 500 m) with a maximum deviation of half a grid cell (250 m) on both sides.

    “The 500 metres buffer is the most accurate test because it is equal to the NFM grid-cell resolution (500 × 500 m) with a maximum deviation of half a grid cell (250 m) on both sides.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    Description quality within ARCHIS varies.

    “Description quality within ARCHIS varies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Since both the Roman and early-medieval periods were analysed using the same approach, the ratio between settlement patterns will remain the same.

    “since both the Roman and early-medieval periods were analysed using the same approach, the ratio between settlement patterns will remain the same”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Settlements were included only when they had a proven find complex of 5 or more dateable finds, to ensure the exclusion of the majority of spatially and chronologically doubtful settlements.

    “Next, we only included settlements with a proven find complex of 5 or more dateable finds, to ensure the exclusion of the majority of spatially and chronologically doubtful settlements.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
41 of 41

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    All settlements are equal parts of route networks.

    “Since we assume that all settlements are equal parts of route networks and the size of settlements is usually unclear, no division was made between larger and smaller settlements.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Multiple sites located within a single grid cell together represent one individual settlement.

    “we assumed that multiple sites located within a single grid cell together represent one individual settlement”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Isolated settlements were very much part of the route network.

    “but we may assume that they were very much part of the route network”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Uncultivated regions outside settled areas would have been avoided as they were difficult to travel through and often were regarded as no-go areas.

    “It is assumed that uncultivated regions outside settled areas (e.g.forests, mires) would have been avoided as they were difficult to travel through and often were regarded as no-go areas”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    People preferred the shortest route between settled areas.

    “We expect people to have preferred the shortest route between settled areas.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Frequent land transport occurred during the early-medieval period.

    “Despite the lack of evidence for early-medieval land transport, which is related to the difficulty of finding and dating paths and the re-use of brokendown carts as e.g.fire wood, we can assume frequent land transport for this period.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The assumption of movement from the High Density Settlement Clusters is in line with the complex, dynamic interaction between people and landscape.

    “The assumption of movement from these HDSCs is in line with the complex, dynamic interaction between people and landscape (e.g.Kolen, 1995;McGlade, 1999).”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The naïve but fundamental assumption of straight lines forms the basis of many geographical network models.

    “The naïve but fundamental assumption of these straight lines forms the basis of many geographical network models.For more information: Chorley and Haggett, 1968.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Archaeological data in ARCHIS collected prior to its development in 1992 are not always fully recorded.

    “Archaeological data in ARCHIS collected prior to its development in 1992 are not always (fully) recorded.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In the research area around at least 50% of the settlements are not yet known in the archaeological datasets.

    “Despite the fact that in our research area around at least 50% of the settlements are not (yet) known in the archaeological datasets, modelling results are promising.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The complex interaction between landscape and culture which form route networks requires high-resolution and large datasets.

    “The complex interaction between landscape and culture which form route networks requires high-resolution and large datasets.”
11 of 11

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Connections can be modelled most easily when only direct links between the two nearest points are considered.

    “Connections can be modelled most easily when we only consider direct links between the two nearest points (see e.g.Van Lanen et al. 2015b).”

    From Modelling of pathways and movement networks in archaeology: an overview of current approaches (2019) · cites this paper as Van Lanen et al. 2015b

    Section 4.2 (Settled areas; page unavailable) describes straight lines between high-density settlement clusters as a simplified starting point without landscape or intervening settlements. It does not say to link only the two nearest points, and it explains that the model accounts for intervening settlements and landscape conditions. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Early-medieval isolated-finds percentage at 500 m is incorrect

    Minor

    The reported 2,469 finds out of 4,607 equal 53.6%, not 52.4%.

    Reported 52.4 · recomputed 53.592359

  • Early-medieval infrastructure percentage outside 2000 m is incorrect

    Minor

    The reported 11 finds out of 103 equal 10.7%, not 11.7%.

    Reported 11.7 · recomputed 10.679612

  • Early-medieval isolated-finds percentage outside 2000 m is incorrect

    Minor

    The reported 522 finds out of 4,607 equal 11.3%, not 12.2%.

    Reported 12.2 · recomputed 11.330584

  • Discussion conflicts with reported early-medieval 1 km result

    Minor

    The discussion says the result exceeds 86% for both periods, but the results section reports 85.4% for early-medieval infrastructure at the 1000 m buffer. The counts underlying that result do yield 86.4%, indicating that the conflict arises from the reported percentage.

  • Roman isolated-finds percentage at 500 m is incorrect

    Minor

    The reported 8,609 finds out of 13,731 equal 62.7%, not 64.1%.

    Reported 64.1 · recomputed 62.697546

  • Roman isolated-finds percentage outside 2000 m is incorrect

    Minor

    The reported 1,329 finds out of 13,731 equal 9.7%, not 9.4%.

    Reported 9.4 · recomputed 9.678829

6 of 6

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Council of Europe, 2000, European landscape convention, Florence 20-10-2000, Vol. 176
  2. Jansma, 2014, The Dark Age of the Lowlands in an interdisciplinary light: people, landscape and climate in The Netherlands between AD 300–1000, Eur. J. Post Class. Archaeol., 471
  3. Van Beek, 2011, An Odyssey along the river Vecht, the Netherlands. Integrated analysis of a series of ‘forgotten’ Roman-period sites in Germania Magna, Germania, 89, 157
  4. Van Es, 2010, Early Medieval settlements along the Rhine: precursors and contemporaries of Dorestad, J. Archaeol. Low Countries, 2
  5. Verhagen, 2012, A Roman puzzle. Trying to find the Via Belgica with GIS. Thinking beyond the tool: archaeological computing & the interpretive process, BAR Int. Ser., 2344, 123

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Metadata

Authors
van Lanen, R. J., Kosian, M. C., Groenewoudt, B. J., Spek, T., & Jansma, E.
Affiliations
  • Utrecht University (NL)
  • Cultural Heritage Agency of Netherlands (NL)
  • University of Groningen (NL)
Corresponding author
van Lanen, Rowin J.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2015-09
Volume
3
Pages
144-159
ISSN
2352-409X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.05.024
OpenAlex
W2608128344
Semantic Scholar
fa8e7b2adc1ed61f7a6957e9af5f1e8affe12d34
Cited by
38
References
57
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3
FWCI
9.66
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Journal of Archaeological Science Reports (publishedVersion)
  • University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (2012–2017:0 360-60-110)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeological Research and Protection
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Ancient and Medieval Archaeology Studies
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Viking Age and Medieval Scandinavia
Keywords
settlement location, Roman infrastructure, burial sites, geomorphology

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review