Post-traumatic stress disorder among paramedic and hospital emergency personnel in south-east Iran
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Paramedic and emergency personnel may encounter directly many events that threat their own wellbeing during their daily work. This study was conducted to examine the prevalence rate of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among two groups of paramedic and emergency personnel in south-east Iran. METHODS: The study employed a descriptive design and was conducted in four hospital emergency wards and a pre-hospital emergency base supervised by Kerman Medical University. Using Mississippi PTSD, we assessed the prevalence rate in paramedics (n=150) and emergency personnel (n=250). RESULTS: The two groups had different levels of education, marital status, experience of traumatic events, work hours per month, and gender. Most (94%) of paramedic and hospital emergency personnel reported moderate PTSD. The two groups had significant different levels of PTSD in all subscale. CONCLUSION: The study suggests that health care managers should organize systematic and dynamic policies and procedures in dealing with PTSD to assist both groups of personnel.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Estimates suggest up to one-third of emergency responders develop PTSD.
“estimates of up to one-third of emergency responders develop posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD; (1, 5, 11–13)].”
From Pilot outcomes and exploration of treatment mechanisms using a culturally adapted version of the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders to improve mental health symptoms, alcohol misuse, functional outcomes, and sleep quality in emergency responders (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
The Introduction reports PTSD prevalence of 20–22% among paramedic personnel, and the Discussion reports several estimates in that range. But the paper’s Results say 94% of its paramedic and hospital emergency personnel reported moderate PTSD; the Discussion also reports 36.4% meeting PTSD criteria in another study. Thus, it supports substantial PTSD prevalence among some emergency personnel, not an upper estimate of one-third across emergency responders. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured94% of Iranian paramedics and hospital emergency personnel (n=400) reported moderate posttraumatic stress disorder.
“Iranmanesh et al. (2013) found 94% of Iranian paramedics and hospital emergency personnel (n=400) reported moderate posttraumatic stress disorder (Iranmanesh et al., 2013).”
From Understanding the Occupational Factors that Influence Paramedic Health and Wellbeing (2024) · cites this paper as Iranmanesh et al., 2013
Among Iranian paramedics and emergency service personnel, 94% reported moderate PTSD.
“94% (n=400) of participants reported moderate PTSD.”
From Understanding the Occupational Factors that Influence Paramedic Health and Wellbeing (2024) · cites this paper as Iranmanesh, S., Tirgari, B. & Bardsiri, H. 2013
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617 · Cited by 12,052 · see citing works
Keane, T. M., Caddell, J. M., & Taylor, K. L. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.56.1.85 · Cited by 1,323 · see citing works
Keane, T. M., Caddell, J. M., & Taylor, K. L. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.1.85 · Cited by 1,017 · see citing works
The prevalence and impact of post traumatic stress disorder and burnout syndrome in nurses
Mealer, M. L., Burnham, E. L., Goode, C. J., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Moss, M. M. (2009) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20631 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Acute and chronic job stressors among ambulance personnel: Predictors of health symptoms
van der Ploeg, E., & Kleber, R. J. (2003) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.60.suppl_1.i40 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Exposure to human tragedy, empathy, and trauma in ambulance paramedics.
Regehr, C., Goldberg, G., & Hughes, J. (2002) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/0002-9432.72.4.505 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Increased Prevalence of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Critical Care Nurses
Mealer, M. L., Shelton, A., Berg, B., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Moss, M. M. (2006) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200606-735oc · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Post-traumatic stress among Swedish ambulance personnel
Jonsson, A., Segesten, K., & Mattsson, B. (2003) · Emergency Medicine Journal · doi:10.1136/emj.20.1.79 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Levels of mental health problems among UK emergency ambulance workers
Bennett, P. D. (2004) · Emergency Medicine Journal · doi:10.1136/emj.2003.005645 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Work stress and posttraumatic stress disorder in ED nurses/personnel (CE)
Laposa, J. M., Alden, L. E., & Fullerton, L. M. (2003) · Journal of Emergency Nursing · doi:10.1067/men.2003.7 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
The Los Angeles Symptom Checklist: A Self Report Measure of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
King, L. A., King, D. W., Leskin, G. A., & Foy, D. W. (1995) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191195002001001 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder in the emergency room: exploration of a cognitive model
Laposa, J. M., & Alden, L. E. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00123-1 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Lavoie, S., Talbot, L. R., & Mathieu, L. (2011) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05584.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Impact of war stress on posttraumatic stress symptoms in hospital personnel
Ben‐Ezra, M., Palgi, Y., & Essar, N. (2007) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2007.03.001 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Alden, L. E., Regambal, M. J., & Laposa, J. M. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.01.013 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Palgi, Y., Ben‐Ezra, M., Langer, S., & Essar, N. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.06.003 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Assessment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Comorbidity
Kozarić‐Kovačić, D., & Kocijan-Hercigonja, D. (2001) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/166.8.677 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The sinking of the Estonia: the effects of critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) on rescuers.
Nurmi, L. A. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Preventing traumatic stress: Public health approaches
Sorenson, S. B. (2002) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1014381925423 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the Intensive Care Unit Patient
BAXTER, A. T. (2004) · Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing · doi:10.1097/00003465-200407000-00001 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Nayback-Beebe, A. M. (2009) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840902754404 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Narimani, M., Zahed, A., & Basharpoor, S. (2010) · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Saberi H, Marooji SA, Ghoreishi A. Survey of post-traumatic Stress Disorder among emergency medical technicians in Kashan and Arak city. Pheyz 2008; 12: 1-6.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Carmassi, C., Foghi, C., Dell'Oste, V., Cordone, A., Bertelloni, C. A., Bui, E., & Dell'Osso, L. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
“…case of these highly lethal outbreaks, such as: the frequent unpredictability of daily caseloads, having to frequently manage patients and their families’ expectations in unexpected critical cases/situations (Mealer et al., 2009; Czaja et al., 2012; Iranmanesh et al., 2013; Fjeldheim et al., 2014).”
Managing stress in prehospital care: Strategies used by ambulance nurses
Bohström, D., Carlström, E., & Sjöström, N. (2016) · International Emergency Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ienj.2016.08.004 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Thielmann, B., Schnell, J., Böckelmann, I., & Schumann, H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19116660 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“[26] examined the incidence of PTSD among EMS (94%) and factors influencing the PTSD score and compared these data with those of hospital emergency personnel.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSheikhbardsiri, H., Afshar, P. J., Baniasadi, H., & Farokhzadian, J. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520967127 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Sometimes, they may encounter threats and violent reactions in these unstructured environments (Bernaldo-De-Quirós et al., 2015; Iranmanesh et al., 2013; Petzäll et al., 2011).”
BackgroundRisk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Polish Paramedics: A Pilot Study
Rybojad, B., Aftyka, A., Baran, M., & Rzońca, P. (2015) · Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.06.030 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder among Medical Personnel after Nepal earthquake, 2015.
Shrestha, R. (2015) · Journal of Nepal Health Research Council · doi:10.33314/jnhrc.v0i0.639 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Sheikhbardsiri, H., Khademipour, G., Nekoei‐Moghadam, M., & Aminizadeh, M. (2017) · The International Journal of Health Planning and Management · doi:10.1002/hpm.2455 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Tirgari, B., Forouzi, M. A., & Ebrahimpour, M. (2018) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20181023-02 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Carmassi, C., Gesi, C., Simoncini, M., Favilla, L., Massimetti, G., Olivieri, M. C., Conversano, C., Santini, M., & Dell’Osso, L. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s97171 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Hosseininejad, S. M., Jahanian, F., Elyasi, F., Hossein, M., Koulaei, M. E., & Pashaei, S. M. (2019) · Biomedicine · doi:10.1051/bmdcn/2019090319 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Chun, I., Chang, W. H., Wu, C.-L., & Lin, C. (2019) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2019.11.021 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Michael, T., Streb, M., & Häller, P. (2016) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2016.9.1.57 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“These results support our first hypothesis and are consistent with the results of other studies (e.g., Gil & Caspi, 2006; Iranmanesh et al., 2013; Piotrkowski & Brannen, 2002; Zimering et al., 2006).”
ResultAfshari, A., Torabi, M., Navkhasi, S., Aslani, M., & Khazaei, A. (2023) · BMC Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12873-023-00906-7 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“It should be mentioned that 307 operational technicians were working in the Hamadan emergency bases at the time of the study [29]. n0: sample size in an infinite population, n: Sample size in a limited population, p: prevalence of PTSD, r: relative error The criteria for participation in the…”
BackgroundFactors Associated With Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Among Nurses During COVID-19
Jiang, H., Huang, N., Tian, W., Shi, S., Yang, G., & Pu, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.745158 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Pre-hospital burn mission as a unique experience: A qualitative study
Froutan, R., Khankeh, H. R., Fallahi‐Khoshknab, M., Ahmadi, F., & Nourozi, K. (2014) · Burns · doi:10.1016/j.burns.2014.04.010 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Gill, S. K., & Kennedy-Metz, L. R. (2025) · International Journal for Quality in Health Care · doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzaf033 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Alshahrani, K. M., Johnson, J., Hill, L., Al-Ghunaim, T. A., Sattar, R., & O'Connor, D. B. (2022) · BMC Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12873-022-00666-w · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Reasons for the variations observed between countries could include differences in ambulance service organizational structures, differences in questionnaire scale type used, variations in diagnostic classifications, trauma status, sample size and methods [7, 8].”
BackgroundKoohsari, E., Darban, F., Safarzai, E., & Kordi, M. (2020) · Emergency Nurse · doi:10.7748/en.2021.e2073 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Khazaei, A., Navab, E., Esmaeili, M., & Masoumi, H. (2021) · Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.22037/aaem.v9i1.1157 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN WORKLOAD AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING IN MALAYSIA ELITE FIREFIGHTER
Samsudin, K., Hussin, M. F., Ghazali, N. F. N., Ghani, N. H. A., Kamarudin, A. H., Sansuddin, N., Khan, Z. I., & Hussein, K. (2021) · Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine · doi:10.37268/mjphm/vol.21/no.2/art.1067 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Khazaei, A., Esmaeili, M., & Navab, E. (2019) · Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.22037/aaem.v7i1.333 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Sheikhbardsiri, H., Afshar, P. J., Golitaleb, M., Moayedi, S., Torres, M., & Moghadari, M. (2022) · Minerva Psychiatry · doi:10.23736/s2724-6612.21.02137-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hemşirelerde Stres Düzeyi ve Deprem Travmasının Stres Düzeyine Etkisinin İncelenmesi
Baran, L., & Işık, Z. (2024) · Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi · doi:10.38108/ouhcd.1363900 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Relevance of Traumatic Events and Routine Stressors at Work and PTSD Symptoms on Emergency Nurses
Campillo-Cruz, M., González, J. L., & Cuadros, J. A. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13116050 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“[10] in Iran showed that the majority of hospital emergency staff (94% of staff) reported moderate PTSD symptoms.”
BackgroundSheikhbardsiri, H., Sarhadi, M., Abdollahyar, A., Dastres, M., Rabari, A. S., & Aminizadeh, M. (2015) · Journal of Critical Care Nursing · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-reported occupational blood exposure among paramedics in Poland: a pilot study
Naylor, K. A., Torres, A., Gałązkowski, R., & Torres, K. (2018) · International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/10803548.2018.1450717 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Golitaleb, M., Mozafari, A., Yousefi, K., Harorani, M., & Sahebi, A. (2020) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs.100281 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Emergency Medical Services personnel experience workplace events that are direct threats to their well-being; they are also faced with events that have severe injuries (4).”
BackgroundMethodA poszttraumás stressz-zavar előfordulása mentődolgozók körében a COVID–19-járvány idején
Sánta, E., Kulcsár, A., Betlehem, J., Haness, J., Bánfai, B., Kudoba, S., & Máté-Póhr, K. (2024) · Orvosi Hetilap · doi:10.1556/650.2024.33169 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Alshahrani, K. M., Johnson, J., & O'Connor, D. B. (2022) · International Journal of Emergency Services · doi:10.1108/ijes-08-2021-0056 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Aghajari, M. A., Hashemzadeh, E., Fazlizade, S., Ojaghloo, M., Ghanbari-Afra, L., Ghahremani, Z., & Abdi, M. (2023) · PubMed Central · doi:10.30476/beat.2023.98245.1421 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Brito, M. P., Chen, Z., Wise, J., & Mortimore, S. (2022) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.13909 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Weber, A., Weber, B., & Delport, S. (2023) · Australasian Emergency Care · doi:10.1016/j.auec.2023.05.002 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Examining distress among Saudi paramedics in responding to traumatic events: A mixed-methods study
Alshamrani, A., Gosling, C. M., Alsofayan, ., Khasawneh, E., & Williams, B. A. (2023) · International Emergency Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ienj.2023.101380 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Understanding the Occupational Factors that Influence Paramedic Health and Wellbeing
Betts, C., Stoneley, A., Anderson, J., & Sutton, C. (2024) · International Journal of Paramedicine · doi:10.56068/mnrg8307 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sahraei, M. M., Vardanjani, M. M., Soltanian, A. R., & Khatiban, M. (2020) · Avicenna Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Care · doi:10.30699/ajnmc.29.1.23 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Meyer, E. C., Roth, S. G., Coe, E., Taylor, D. J., & Gulliver, S. B. (2025) · Frontiers in Health Services · doi:10.3389/frhs.2025.1452976 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Alshahrani, K. M., Johnson, J., Alzahrani, A., & O'Connor, D. B. (2025) · Emergency health services journal. · doi:10.4103/ehsj.ehsj_3_25 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Visagie, C., van Tonder, L., Prinsloo, R., Surtees, J., Gerber, K., & Huysamen, P. (2021) · South African Journal of Pre-hospital Emergency Care · doi:10.24213/2-1-3963 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Oravecz, R., Penko, J., Suklan, J., & Krivec, J. (2018) · Sigurnost · doi:10.31306/s.60.2.2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Workplace Violence Against Nurses and Its Reduction Strategies in Iran
Yousefi, K., & Sahebi, A. (2019) · international journal high risk behaviors & addiction · doi:10.5812/ijhrba.96582 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In other studies, the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among nurses in the emergency department was 94% (4).”
BackgroundEmergency Transport Crew: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Prevention Program
Dearing, H., & Kippenbrock, T. A. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Emergency Nursing · doi:10.29173/cjen186 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Alehegn, S., Abraha, M., Fikadu, A., Kasahun, G., Sibhat, M. M., Tiruneh, K. G., Ashine, T. M., & Mesfin, E. G. (2024) · SAGE Open Nursing · doi:10.1177/23779608241299507 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Amiri, M., Mikal, Z. M., Sadeghi, E., & Khosravi, A. (2025) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_1625_23 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“[33] One of the reasons for variances in research outcomes could be the equipment employed, the time of research, and cultural and societal disparities.”
Examining the Post-Traumatic Stress and Burnout among Ambulance Drivers in Tamil Nadu
Thomas, M. B., Vinosha, E. R., Louis, M. H. P., & Selvamani, Y. (2025) · Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/ijsp.ijsp_17_24 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A systematic review of psychosocial hazard management across the emergency services sector
Bachmann, A., Vincent, G. E., Thomas, M. J. W., Ford, A., & Sprajcer, M. A. (2025) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107060 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Laksmi, I. A. A., & Susila, I. M. D. P. (2021) · Jurnal Aisyah Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan · doi:10.30604/jika.v6i4.811 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDERS AND BURNOUT SYNDROME AMONG COMMUNITY PARAMEDIC STAFF
Yacout, D. A. E. S. A., Mohamed, N. Y., & Sherbini, H. H. E. (2021) · The Malaysian Journal of Nursing · doi:10.31674/mjn.2021.v12i03.006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Campillo-Cruz, M., González, J. L., Cuadros, J. A., & Fernández-Muñóz, J. J. (2023) · Journal of Nursing and Women s Health · doi:10.29011/2577-1450.1000199
What is peer support? Co‐Creating a Programme
Connolly, R., Murray, E., James, A., Harris, L., & Hancox, B. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119609568.ch9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Coker, O., Coker, O. O., Oladipupo, T., Adesope, F., & Alonge, O. A. (2018) · Annals of Health Research (The Journal of the Medical and Dental Consultants Association of Nigeria OOUTH Sagamu Nigeria) · doi:10.30442/ahr.0401-1-05
Ilczak, T. P., Szlagor, M. G., Ćwiertnia, M., Sumera, K., Navarro-Illana, E., Stasicki, A., Białoń, P., Kudłacik, B., Dutka, M., Bujok, J., et al. (2023) · Emergency Medical Service · doi:10.36740/emems202302101
Alshahrani, K. M., Johnson, J., Hill, L., Al-Ghunaim, T. A., Sattar, R., & O'Connor, D. B. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20167904
- Authors
- Iranmanesh, S., Tirgari, B., & Bardsiri, H. S.
- Affiliations
- Kerman University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Venue
- World Journal of Emergency Medicine
- Publisher
- World Journal of Emergency Medicine
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 26
- ISSN
- 1920-8642 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4129899
- OpenAlex
- W2147877287
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- World Journal of Emergency Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Performance
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, paramedics, emergency workers, emergency department, prehospital care, occupational trauma exposure, PTSD prevalence, workplace mental health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
