PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: what can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic
Open accessAbstract
The COronaVIrus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the critical need to focus on its impact on the mental health of Healthcare Workers (HCWs) involved in the response to this emergency. It has been consistently shown that a high proportion of HCWs is at greater risk for developing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms (PTSS). The present study systematic reviewed studies conducted in the context of the three major Coronavirus outbreaks of the last two decades to investigate risk and resilience factors for PTSD and PTSS in HCWs. Nineteen studies on the SARS 2003 outbreak, two on the MERS 2012 outbreak and three on the COVID-19 ongoing outbreak were included. Some variables were found to be of particular relevance as risk factors as well as resilience factors, including exposure level, working role, years of work experience, social and work support, job organization, quarantine, age, gender, marital status, and coping styles. It will be critical to account for these factors when planning effective intervention strategies, to enhance the resilience and reduce the risk of adverse mental health outcomes among HCWs facing the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Research in Italy and France found high rates of depressive symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder, and burnout among health-care workers; younger age, female sex, nursing role, and direct care of COVID-19 patients were risk factors for adverse psychological outcomes.
“Studies from Italy and France reported a high prevalence of depressive symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder, and burnout; risk factors for adverse psychological outcomes included younger age, female sex, being a nurse, and working directly with patients with COVID-19.7, 8, 9”
From COVID-19: a heavy toll on health-care workers (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
Burnout and PTSD are both frequent syndromes in professionals working in emergency settings due to external stressors, and they share similar drivers, consequences, and comorbidities.
“Indeed, burnout and PTSD are both frequent syndromes in professionals working in emergency settings due to external stressors, such as work-related traumatic experiences [16], and they also share similar drivers, consequences, and comorbidities [17].”
From Anxiety, depression and risk of post-traumatic stress disorder in health workers: the relationship with burnout during COVID-19 pandemic in Italy (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
A previous study found a positive correlation between PTSD and burnout in an Italian sample of emergency healthcare workers before the COVID-19 pandemic.
“A previous study investigated the correlation between PTSD and burnout in an Italian sample of emergency HW before the COVID-19 pandemic and found a positive correlation between the two constructs [16].”
From Anxiety, depression and risk of post-traumatic stress disorder in health workers: the relationship with burnout during COVID-19 pandemic in Italy (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
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Changes in Nursing Students' Career Choices Following the COVID-19 Pandemic in China
Bai, W., Xi, H., Zhu, Q., Wang, Z., Han, L., Pan, C., Cai, H. X., Zhao, Y.-J., Chen, L., Ge, Z., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.657021 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Karadaş, A., & Duran, S. (2021) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22742 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Clinicians’ Social Support, Job Stress, and Intent to Leave Healthcare during COVID-19
Tabur, A., Choudhury, A., Emhan, A., Mengenci, C., & Asan, O. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10020229 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Tan, H., Peng, S.-L., Zhu, C.-P., you, Z., Miao, M.-C., & Kuai, S. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/29150 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
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Has the COVID 19 Virus Changed Adherence to Hand Washing among Healthcare Workers?
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- Authors
- Carmassi, C., Foghi, C., Dell'Oste, V., Cordone, A., Bertelloni, C. A., Bui, E., & Dell'Osso, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Pisa (IT)
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-10
- Volume
- 292
- Pages
- 113312
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7370915
- OpenAlex
- W3042328073
- Cited by
- 607
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 153 · 2021: 198 · 2020: 23
- FWCI
- 9.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic stress symptoms, healthcare workers, COVID-19 pandemic, SARS epidemic, MERS outbreak, risk factors, resilience factors, quarantine, coping styles, social support, work organization, mental health
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Disease Outbreaks, Female, Health Personnel, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Coronavirus, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
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