Computer graphics: principles and practice

Abstract

1. Introduction. Image Processing as Picture Analysis. The Advantages of Interactive Graphics. Representative Uses of Computer Graphics. Classification of Applications. Development of Hardware and Software for Computer Graphics. Conceptual Framework for Interactive Graphics. 2. Programming in the Simple Raster Graphics Package (SRGP)/. Drawing with SRGP/. Basic Interaction Handling/. Raster Graphics Features/. Limitations of SRGP/. 3. Basic Raster Graphics Algorithms for Drawing 2d Primitives. Overview. Scan Converting Lines. Scan Converting Circles. Scan Convertiing Ellipses. Filling Rectangles. Fillign Polygons. Filling Ellipse Arcs. Pattern Filling. Thick Primiives. Line Style and Pen Style. Clipping in a Raster World. Clipping Lines. Clipping Circles and Ellipses. Clipping Polygons. Generating Characters. SRGP_copyPixel. Antialiasing. 4. Graphics Hardware. Hardcopy Technologies. Display Technologies. Raster-Scan Display Systems. The Video Controller. Random-Scan Display Processor. Input Devices for Operator Interaction. Image Scanners. 5. Geometrical Transformations. 2D Transformations. Homogeneous Coordinates and Matrix Representation of 2D Transformations. Composition of 2D Transformations. The Window-to-Viewport Transformation. Efficiency. Matrix Representation of 3D Transformations. Composition of 3D Transformations. Transformations as a Change in Coordinate System. 6. Viewing in 3D. Projections. Specifying an Arbitrary 3D View. Examples of 3D Viewing. The Mathematics of Planar Geometric Projections. Implementing Planar Geometric Projections. Coordinate Systems. 7. Object Hierarchy and Simple PHIGS (SPHIGS). Geometric Modeling. Characteristics of Retained-Mode Graphics Packages. Defining and Displaying Structures. Modeling Transformations. Hierarchical Structure Networks. Matrix Composition in Display Traversal. Appearance-Attribute Handling in Hierarchy. Screen Updating and Rendering Modes. Structure Network Editing for Dynamic Effects. Interaction. Additional Output Features. Implementation Issues. Optimizing Display of Hierarchical Models. Limitations of Hierarchical Modeling in PHIGS. Alternative Forms of Hierarchical Modeling. 8. Input Devices, Interaction Techniques, and Interaction Tasks. Interaction Hardware. Basic Interaction Tasks. Composite Interaction Tasks. 9. Dialogue Design. The Form and Content of User-Computer Dialogues. User-Interfaces Styles. Important Design Considerations. Modes and Syntax. Visual Design. The Design Methodology. 10. User Interface Software. Basic Interaction-Handling Models. Windows-Management Systems. Output Handling in Window Systems. Input Handling in Window Systems. Interaction-Technique Toolkits. User-Interface Management Systems. 11. Representing Curves and Surfaces. Polygon Meshes. Parametric Cubic Curves. Parametric Bicubic Surfaces. Quadric Surfaces. 12. Solid Modeling. Representing Solids. Regularized Boolean Set Operations. Primitive Instancing. Sweep Representations. Boundary Representations. Spatial-Partitioning Representations. Constructive Solid Geometry. Comparison of Representations. User Interfaces for Solid Modeling. 13. Achromatic and Colored Light. Achromatic Light. Chromatic Color. Color Models for Raster Graphics. Reproducing Color. Using Color in Computer Graphics. 14. The Quest for Visual Realism. Why Realism? Fundamental Difficulties. Rendering Techniques for Line Drawings. Rendering Techniques for Shaded Images. Improved Object Models. Dynamics. Stereopsis. Improved Displays. Interacting with Our Other Senses. Aliasing and Antialiasing. 15. Visible-Surface Determination. Functions of Two Variables. Techniques for Efficient Visible-Surface Determination. Algorithms for Visible-Line Determination. The z-Buffer Algorithm. List-Priority Algorithms. Scan-Line Algorithms. Area-Subdivision Algorithms. Algorithms for Octrees. Algorithms for Curved Surfaces. Visible-Surface Ray Tracing. 16. Illumination And Shading. Illumination Modeling. Shading Models for Polygons. Surface Detail. Shadows. Transparency. Interobject Reflections. Physically Based Illumination Models. Extended Light Sources. Spectral Sampling. Improving the Camera Model. Global Illumination Algorithms. Recursive Ray Tracing. Radiosity Methods. The Rendering Pipeline. 17. Image Manipulation and Storage. What Is an Image? Filtering. Image Processing. Geometric Transformations of Images. Multipass Transformations. Image Compositing. Mechanisms for Image Storage. Special Effects with Images. Summary. 18. Advanced Raster Graphic Architecture. Simple Raster-Display System. Display-Processor Systems. Standard Graphics Pipeline. Introduction to Multiprocessing. Pipeline Front-End Architecture. Parallel Front-End Architectures. Multiprocessor Rasterization Architectures. Image-Parallel Rasterization. Object-Parallel Rasterization. Hybrid-Parallel Rasterization. Enhanced Display Capabilities. 19. Advanced Geometric and Raster Algorithms. Clipping. Scan-Converting Primitives. Antialiasing.