Cited by 10,121Augmented Reality ApplicationsInteractive and Immersive DisplaysVirtual Reality Applications and Impacts

A Survey of Augmented Reality

Azuma, Ronald T.·1997·Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments

Abstract

This paper surveys the field of augmented reality (AR), in which 3D virtual objects are integrated into a 3D real environment in real time. It describes the medical, manufacturing, visualization, path planning, entertainment, and military applications that have been explored. This paper describes the characteristics of augmented reality systems, including a detailed discussion of the tradeoffs between optical and video blending approaches. Registration and sensing errors are two of the biggest problems in building effective augmented reality systems, so this paper summarizes current efforts to overcome these problems. Future directions and areas requiring further research are discussed. This survey provides a starting point for anyone interested in researching or using augmented reality.

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Crossref · 10.1162/pres.1997.6.4.355

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Authors
Azuma, R. T.
Affiliations
HRL Laboratories (United States) (US)
Corresponding author
Azuma, Ronald T.
Venue
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Publisher
MIT Press
Published
1997-08
Volume
6
Issue
4
Pages
355-385
ISSN
1054-7460 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2122122381
Cited by
10,121
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 489 · 2025: 646 · 2024: 758 · 2023: 828 · 2022: 786 · 2021: 755 · 2020: 792 · 2019: 658 · 2018: 564 · 2017: 407 · 2016: 371 · 2015: 402 · 2014: 349 · 2013: 330 · 2012: 283
FWCI
53.68
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality (publishedVersion)
  • ELARTU (Ternopil National Technical University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Augmented Reality Applications
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Interactive and Immersive Displays
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
Keywords
augmented reality, 3D virtual objects, real-time rendering, registration error, sensing errors, medical applications, manufacturing applications, visualization, path planning, entertainment applications, military applications

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