Using School Staff Members to Implement a Childhood Obesity Prevention Intervention in Low-Income School Districts: the Massachusetts Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration (MA-CORD Project), 2012–2014
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INTRODUCTION: Although evidence-based interventions to prevent childhood obesity in school settings exist, few studies have identified factors that enhance school districts' capacity to undertake such efforts. We describe the implementation of a school-based intervention using classroom lessons based on existing "Eat Well and Keep Moving" and "Planet Health" behavior change interventions and schoolwide activities to target 5,144 children in 4th through 7th grade in 2 low-income school districts. METHODS: The intervention was part of the Massachusetts Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration (MA-CORD) project, a multisector community-based intervention implemented from 2012 through 2014. Using mixed methods, we operationalized key implementation outcomes, including acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, feasibility, implementation fidelity, perceived implementation cost, reach, and sustainability. RESULTS: MA-CORD was adopted in 2 school districts that were facing resource limitations and competing priorities. Although strong leadership support existed in both communities at baseline, one district's staff reported less schoolwide readiness and commitment. Consequently, fewer teachers reported engaging in training, teaching lessons, or planning to sustain the lessons after MA-CORD. Interviews showed that principal and superintendent turnover, statewide testing, and teacher burnout limited implementation; passionate wellness champions in schools appeared to offset implementation barriers. CONCLUSION: Future interventions should assess adoption readiness at both leadership and staff levels, offer curriculum training sessions during school hours, use school nurses or health teachers as wellness champions to support teachers, and offer incentives such as staff stipends or play equipment to encourage school participation and sustained intervention activities.
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Some school-based research carried out in older children has identified general themes e.g. commitment and leadership within schools as enabling strategies and a lack of time and external resources as barriers.
“Some school-based research carried out in older children has identified general themes e.g. commitment and leadership within schools as enabling strategies and a lack of time and external resources as barriers [16–19],”
From Barriers, facilitators and capacities for childhood obesity prevention in 12 European nations: results of a policy-maker survey (2018) · cites this paper as [16]
This commitment by the schools, and buy in from staff members and students has also been noted previously as a key facilitator.
“This commitment by the schools, and buy in from staff members and students has also been noted previously as a key facilitator [16–19].”
From Barriers, facilitators and capacities for childhood obesity prevention in 12 European nations: results of a policy-maker survey (2018) · cites this paper as [16]
Presence of an in-school 'champion' was one of the strongest reported facilitators to organisational readiness to adopt and sustain the intervention in the Massachusetts Childhood Obesity Demonstration Project in two low income districts, which appeared to offset implementation barriers.
“Presence of an in-school ‘champion’ was one of the strongest reported facilitators to organisational readiness to adopt and sustain the intervention in the Massachusetts Childhood Obesity Demonstration Project in two low income districts, which appeared to offset implementation barriers [16].”
From Barriers, facilitators and capacities for childhood obesity prevention in 12 European nations: results of a policy-maker survey (2018) · cites this paper as [16]
Previous research in this area is limited to a recent cross-sectional study of primary schools in Malaysia and to studies conducted with staff in schools with different target age groups, 9-13 year-olds (middle schools) in the US and to teenagers in the Netherlands.
“Previous research in this area is limited to a recent cross-sectional study of primary schools in Malaysia [19] and to studies conducted with staff in schools with different target age groups, 9–13 year-olds (middle schools) in the US [16, 17] and to teenagers in the Netherlands [18].”
From Barriers, facilitators and capacities for childhood obesity prevention in 12 European nations: results of a policy-maker survey (2018) · cites this paper as [16]
Previous qualitative research has sought only the opinions of school personnel.
“However previous qualitative research has sought only the opinions of school personnel [16–18].”
From Barriers, facilitators and capacities for childhood obesity prevention in 12 European nations: results of a policy-maker survey (2018) · cites this paper as [16]
Other barriers identified in these studies; high staff turnover, lack of equipment and insufficient or lack of access to training were not applicable to our setting.
“Other barriers identified in these studies; high staff turnover [16, 18], lack of equipment [19] and insufficient or lack of access to training [19, 37] were not applicable to our setting.”
From Barriers, facilitators and capacities for childhood obesity prevention in 12 European nations: results of a policy-maker survey (2018) · cites this paper as [16]
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Lambrinou, C.-P., Androutsos, O., Karaglani, E., Cardon, G., Huys, N., Wikström, K., Kivelä, J., Ko, W., Karuranga, E., Tsochev, Κ., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12257732
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Butscher, F., Ellinger, J., Singer, M., & Mall, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26679908
Shoesmith, A., Hall, A., Wolfenden, L., Shelton, R. C., Powell, B. J., Brown, H., McCrabb, S., Sutherland, R., Yoong, S., Lane, C., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14775631
Shoesmith, A., Hall, A., Wolfenden, L., Shelton, R. C., Powell, B. J., Brown, H., McCrabb, S., Sutherland, R., Yoong, S., Lane, C., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14775637
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Butscher, F., Ellinger, J., Singer, M., & Mall, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26679911
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Butscher, F., Ellinger, J., Singer, M., & Mall, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26679902
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- Authors
- Blaine, R. E., Franckle, R. L., Ganter, C., Falbe, J., Giles, C., Criss, S., Kwass, J.-A., Land, T., Gortmaker, S. L., Chuang, E., Davison, K. K., & MA-CORD Project Group
- Affiliations
- California State University, Long Beach (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Furman University (US)
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Blaine, Rachel E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Preventing Chronic Disease
- Published
- 2017-01-12
- Volume
- 14
- Pages
- E03-E03
- ISSN
- 1545-1151 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5234440
- OpenAlex
- W2570817754
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 12.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Preventing Chronic Disease (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- American Heart Association (#14POST20140055)
- National Institutes of Health
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U18DP003370)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL098048)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (T32DK007703)
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (U18DP003370)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › School Health and Nursing Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Keywords
- childhood obesity prevention, school-based intervention, school staff, low-income school districts, implementation outcomes, teacher professional development, school leadership, principal turnover, teacher burnout, school nurses, intervention sustainability
- MeSH terms
- School Teachers, Child, Child Health Services, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Child, Preschool, Curriculum, Female, Humans, Male, Massachusetts, Poverty, Research, School Health Services, Schools, Health Behavior, Exercise, Pediatric Obesity
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