Home range sizes and space use of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) in the Southern Kenya and Northern Tanzania borderland landscape
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The African elephant (Loxodonta africana) require vast areas to meet their survival needs such as food, mates, water, resting sites, and look up positions; the area referred to as home range. We collared 9 bull and 3 female elephants using satellite-linked Geographic Positioning System (GPS) collars in February 2013. Their movements were monitored up to April 2016 in the wider Amboseli landscape. We estimated their home ranges using 100% minimum convex polygon (MCP) and 95% Fixed Kernel Density Estimator (KDE) methods. A total of 48,852 GPS points were used representing 77% of the expected GPS points. This study revealed that bulls had a larger total home range size (MCP = 32,110 km²; KDE = 3,170 km² compared to females (MCP = 10,515 km²; KDE = 3,070 km²). The 95% confidence interval of the monthly range (95% KDE) for all elephants was 6,130 to 7,025 km² with the minimum and maximum range being 5,200 and 7,790 km² respectively. Females had smaller home ranges during the dry and wet season (MCP: dry = 2,974 km²; wet = 1,828 km²; KDE: dry = 2,810 km²; wet = 3,070 km²) than bulls (MCP: dry = 3,312 km²; wet = 13,288 km²; KDE: dry = 2,960 km²; wet = 3,720 km²). The variations of the elephant home range could have been influenced by an interaction of factors including rainfall, human disturbances and land use (e.g., farms, settlements, road network, and fences), water availability, bush cover, food availability, and tracking period. The most important areas that had key habitats for elephants were scattered throughout the Kenya/Tanzania borderland. The Amboseli-Tsavo-Magadi-Natron-West Kilimanjaro elephant population roams within specific areas of the landscape. Trans-boundary efforts should be enhanced to ensure sound management of the elephant-habitat-people interface for continued well-being of the elephant population. Key words: Amboseli ecosystem, elephant, home range, minimum convex polygon, Kenya/Tanzania borderland, kernel density estimator.
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In their natural habitat, elephants have expansive home ranges extending from tens to 10,000 km2.
“In their natural habitat, elephants have expansive home ranges, extending from tens to 10,000 km 2 (Fernando et al., 2008;Ngene et al., 2017;Bahar, Kasimi & Hambali, 2018).”
From Continuing challenges of elephant captivity: the captive environment, health issues, and welfare implications (2024) · cites this paper as Ngene et al., 2017
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Smith, F. A., Smith, E. A. E., Hedberg, C. P., et al. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Extinction · doi:10.1017/ext.2023.6.pr13
Mutinda, M. Z., Tiller, L. N., Ndiritu, G. G., King, L. E., & Kimuyu, D. M. (2025) · African Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/aje.70105
Manoa, D. O., & Mwaura, F. B. (2025) · PLOS Sustainability and Transformation · doi:10.1371/journal.pstr.0000096
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Mukomberanwa, N. T., Nyamahumba, T., Madamombe, H. K., Simakani, A., & Gopito, E. (2026) · Scientific African · doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2026.e03500
- Authors
- Shadrack, N., Moses, M. O., Joseph, M., Shadrack, M., Steve, N., & James, I.
- Affiliations
- Kenya Wildlife Service (KE)
- Venue
- International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation
- Publisher
- Academic Journals
- Published
- 2017-01-31
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 9-26
- ISSN
- 2141-243X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2583025554
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 1.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Greater South Information System
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife-Road Interactions and Conservation
- Keywords
- Loxodonta africana, home range, space use, GPS tracking, sex differences in home range, seasonal variation, Amboseli ecosystem, habitat use, human disturbance, water availability, land use, ecological corridors, rainfall effects, minimum convex polygon
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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