Repair in the circular economy: European legislation, product design and business models
Open accessAbstract
In this white paper, experts from science and practice share their knowledge of product repair. Repair is an important pillar of the circular economy as it is more efficient to repair a product than to completely dismantle or destroy it and recycle the materials. European legislation promoting repair is in the process of being adopted.
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Directive (EU) 2024/1799 mandates manufacturer repair obligations beyond the warranty period.
“Directive (EU) 2024/1799 [20] mandates manufacturer repair obligations beyond the warranty period and represents a significant regulatory step toward embedding repairability into market practice [6,12].”
From Designing for Repair and Extended Lifespan: Consumer Expectations and Economic Constraints (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
The Abstract (page unavailable) discusses a proposed right to repair and measures promoting repair after the warranty period, rather than an enacted Directive (EU) 2024/1799. The Additional information section (page unavailable) expressly says the proposal obliges producers to repair their own products only within the statutory warranty period, contrary to the attributed obligation beyond it. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRepair strengthens social sustainability through community repair, which fosters shared knowledge, resilience, and user engagement with material goods.
“Moreover, repair not only serves environmental goals but also strengthens social sustainability through practices such as community repair, which fosters shared knowledge, resilience, and user engagement with material goods [6].”
From Designing for Repair and Extended Lifespan: Consumer Expectations and Economic Constraints (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
The 14 recommendations (page unavailable) endorse Repair Cafés, and Additional information (page unavailable) says their sense of community enriches the repair experience. The paper also discusses community-level repair skills and emotional value attached to repaired objects, but it does not establish that community repair builds resilience or explicitly make the broader social-sustainability claim. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRegulatory action aimed at reducing repair costs is critical for converting positive consumer attitudes toward repair into sustained repair behavior.
“suggest that regulatory action aimed at reducing repair costs is critical for converting positive consumer attitudes toward repair into sustained repair behavior [6,12]”
From Designing for Repair and Extended Lifespan: Consumer Expectations and Economic Constraints (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
The Additional information section (page unavailable) says many consumers recognize repair’s value but still buy new products, identifies high repair costs as a major obstacle, and proposes tax measures to reduce them. The 14 recommendations (page unavailable) call for investigating a lower VAT rate. These passages support the attitude–cost–policy link, but do not establish that cost-focused regulation is critical for sustained repair behavior. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Cites
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Research works printed but not linked: 13
- A.G. Castermans (with H.B. Krans, Leiden University) Artikelsgewijs commentaar ad titel 7.1 koop (art. 7:1 -art. 7:50i), in: H.B. Krans et al (Eds.) Burgerlijk Wetboek. Tekst & Commentaar, Deventer 2022: Wolters Kluwer. 3135-3210.
- V. Mak, A Primavera for European consumer law: re-birth of the consumer image in the light of digitalisation and sustainability, Journal Of European Consumer And Market Law 2022, 11(3), p. 77-80
- V. Mak (and E. Terryn, KU Leuven), Circular Economy and Consumer Protection: The Consumer as a Citizen and the Limits of Empowerment Through Consumer Law, Journal of Consumer Policy: Consumer Issues in Law, Economics and Behavioural Sciences 2020, p. 227-248 #4 Winst blijven maken als repareren de norm wordt: het kan · DOI
- Kennedy, S., & Linnenluecke, M. K. (2022). Circular economy and resilience: A research agenda. Business Strategy and the Environment, 31(6), 2754-2765 · DOI
- Grewatsch, S., Kennedy, S., & Bansal, P. (2021). Tackling wicked problems in strategic management with systems thinking. Strategic Organization · DOI
- Kennedy, S., & Bocken, N. (2020). Innovating business models for sustainability: An essential practice for responsible managers. Research handbook of responsible management (pp. 640-653). · DOI
- Kennedy, S., Whiteman, G., & van den Ende, J. (2017). Radical innovation for sustainability: The power of strategy and open innovation. Long Range Planning, 50(6), 712-725 # · DOI
- Zink T, Geyer R. Circular economy rebound. Journal of industrial ecology. 2017 Jun;21(3):593-602 Websites: The Restart Project (therestartproject.org), The Circular Design Guide circulardesignguide.com) en True Price (trueprice.org) #6 Demonteerbaarheid: essentieel om te kunnen repareren · DOI · Paper page
- Bolanos Arriola, J., van Oudheusden, A. A., Flipsen, B. & Faludi, J. (2022). 3D Printing for Repair Guide. 1 ed. Delft: HollandRidderkerk. 48 p. Flipsen, B., Bakker, C. A. & de Pauw, I. C. (2020. Hotspot Mapping for product disassembly: A circular product assessment method. Electronics Goes Green 2020+ (EGG): The Story of Daisy, Alexa and Greta. Schneider-Ramelow, M. (ed.). Berlin, 8 p.
- De Fazio, F., Bakker, C., Flipsen, B. & Balkenende, R. (2021). The Disassembly Map: A new method to enhance design for product repairability. In: Journal of Cleaner Production. 320, p. 1-12 12 p., 128552.
- Flipsen, B., Bakker, C. & van Bohemen, G. L. A. (2016). Developing a Reparability Indicator for Electronic Products. Proceedings of Electronic Goes Green 2016+ : Inventing shades of green. Fraunhofer IZM Berlin, p. 1-9 9 p. #7 Repareerbaarheid voorbij: ontwerpstrategieën die de levensduur verlengen Dangal S, Faludi J, Balkenende R. Design Aspects in Repairability Scoring Systems: Comparing Their Objectivity and Completeness. Sustainability. 2022; 14(14):8634
- Arcos, B. P., Dangal, S., Bakker, C., Faludi, J., & Balkenende, R. (2021). Faults in consumer products are difficult to diagnose, and design is to blame: A user observation study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 319, 128741 #
- Marcel den Hollander (2023) Ontwerpen en produceren voor waardebehoud in een circulaire economie, Hogeschool Rotterdam Uitgeverij -boekje en openbare les. Het CIRCO-programma, hoger onderwijs curriculum kit. #10 De creatieve kracht van repareren: lessen uit de cultuurwereld Zapata Campos, María José, Patrik Zapata and Isabel Ordoñez (2020) Urban commoning practices in the repair movement: Frontstaging the backstage. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space Platform 21's repair Manifesto: platform21.nl/page/4360/en.html Het netwerk van repair cafés: repaircafe.org/en/visit/ · DOI
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Designing for Repair and Extended Lifespan: Consumer Expectations and Economic Constraints
Čok, V., Rihtaršič, J., Warell, A., & Tavčar, J. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18126270 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Balkenende, R., Bakker, C. A., Blondel-Couprie, E., & Henneberry, Y. K.
- Affiliations
- Delft University of Technology (NL)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Publisher
- TU Delft OPEN Publishing
- Published
- 2024-01-22
- OpenAlex
- W4391102540
- Cited by
- 6
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2
- FWCI
- 5.41
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Research Repository (Delft University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Research Repository (Delft University of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Sustainable Supply Chain Management
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Sustainable Design and Development
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Sharing Economy and Platforms
- Keywords
- product repair, circular economy, product durability, material recycling, product take-back
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