Designing for Repair and Extended Lifespan: Consumer Expectations and Economic Constraints

Directive (EU) 2024/1799 mandates manufacturer repair obligations beyond the warranty period.

“Directive (EU) 2024/1799 [20] mandates manufacturer repair obligations beyond the warranty period and represents a significant regulatory step toward embedding repairability into market practice [6,12].”

• cites [20] European Commission (2024). Directive 2024/1799 on Common Rules Promoting the Repair of Goods. Eur. Parliam. Counc. Off. J. Eur. Union, Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32024L1799.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [6] Balkenende, R., Bakker, C., Blondel, E., and Henneberry, Y. (2024). Repair in the Circular Economy, TU Delft OPEN Publishing. sourceDisputed

  The Abstract (page unavailable) discusses a proposed right to repair and measures promoting repair after the warranty period, rather than an enacted Directive (EU) 2024/1799. The Additional information section (page unavailable) expressly says the proposal obliges producers to repair their own products only within the statutory warranty period, contrary to the attributed obligation beyond it. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [12] Smith, 2024, Right-to-Repair, Product Durability and Obsolescence: A Legal Perspective, J. Indones. Leg. Stud. sourceCould not verify

  The Right to Repair section (p. 18) discusses negotiations over a proposed directive and anticipated repairability requirements, but does not identify Directive (EU) 2024/1799 or state that it mandates manufacturer repairs beyond the warranty period. Searches for the directive number and for post-warranty producer repair obligations found no passage establishing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Consumer willingness to engage in repair is closely tied to perceived self-efficacy.

“One reason is psychological: consumer willingness to engage in repair is closely tied to perceived self-efficacy.”

• cites [11] Parajuly, 2024, Product repair in a circular economy: Exploring public repair behavior from a systems perspective, J. Ind. Ecol. sourcePartly supported

  Section 3.4.2 defines perceived behavioral control as how able participants felt to repair and reports that it predicted intention to repair at home. But section 3.4.1 finds attitude was a much stronger predictor at home, while attitude and subjective norms—not perceived ability—predicted intention to join public repair events. The claim is therefore too broad for the settings studied. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

There is a gap between consumers' positive attitudes toward sustainability and their actual repair practices.

“Despite widespread awareness of sustainability issues, there is a gap between consumers' attitudes and actions.”

• Also stated in: § 1.1. Behavioral, Economic and Functional Factors for Repair · p. 4 · plain

  “This study addresses this gap by examining the repairability paradox: strong user support for repairable and durable products alongside limited repair behavior in practice.”

• cites [11] Parajuly, 2024, Product repair in a circular economy: Exploring public repair behavior from a systems perspective, J. Ind. Ecol. sourceSupported

Barriers to repair are often rooted in product design and quality issues, such as difficulties in disassembly, use of inferior materials, and non-standardized components.

“Barriers to repair are often rooted in product design and quality issues, such as difficulties in disassembly, the use of inferior materials, and non-standardized components [30].”

• cites [30] 2021, Repair motivation and barriers model: Investigating user perspectives related to product repair towards a circular economy, J. Clean. Prod. sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (page not provided) identifies disassembly problems and low-quality materials as product-design barriers. Section 4.1, Technical aspects (page not provided), also reports that low-quality materials discouraged repair. The passages do not identify non-standardized components as a barrier; difficulty obtaining spare parts is a related but different point. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Only 32% of Europeans have repaired an item within six months instead of replacing it.

“Only 32% have repaired an item within six months instead of replacing it”

• cites [11] Parajuly, 2024, Product repair in a circular economy: Exploring public repair behavior from a systems perspective, J. Ind. Ecol. sourceCould not verify

  The Introduction says actual participation in repair is low relative to willingness, but gives no 32% figure or six-month repair-versus-replacement measure. The Participants section describes a survey of volunteer repairers, not a representative estimate for Europeans. Searches for the percentage and six-month period found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Research on spare parts pricing reveals its critical influence on repair profitability and customer satisfaction.

“Research on spare parts pricing reveals its critical influence on repair profitability and customer satisfaction [13,24].”

• cites [13] Russell, 2023, A Process Approach to Product Repair from the Perspective of the Individual, Circ. Econ. Sustain. sourcePartly supported

  The Decision (p. 16) says spare parts can cost nearly as much as a replacement product, and Satisfaction (p. 18) identifies cost as one factor in an individual's satisfaction with a repair. The paper does not establish that spare-parts pricing affects repair profitability; its discussion of profit in The Investigation (p. 15) concerns manufacturers' sales of replacement products. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [24] Marikyan, 2023, Exercising the ‘Right to Repair’: A Customer’s Perspective, J. Bus. Ethic sourcePartly supported

  Theoretical Contributions and Practical Implications (page unavailable) identifies high spare-parts costs as a barrier to repair and says lowering perceived repair costs can drive repair intention. The paper also discusses satisfaction after repair, but the cited passages do not establish that spare-parts pricing affects customer satisfaction or repair profitability. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

39% of Europeans cite high repair costs and logistical difficulties as deterrents to repair.

“with 39% citing high repair costs and logistical difficulties as deterrents [11].”

• cites [11] Parajuly, 2024, Product repair in a circular economy: Exploring public repair behavior from a systems perspective, J. Ind. Ecol. sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) identifies economic factors, accessibility, time, and effort as barriers to repair among consumers surveyed in selected EU member states. It does not report that 39% cited these barriers, nor establish that figure for Europeans generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Over 80% of Europeans recognize the environmental benefits of sustainable choices.

“EU surveys show that while over 80% of Europeans recognize the environmental benefits of sustainable choices, far fewer act on them.”

• cites [11] Parajuly, 2024, Product repair in a circular economy: Exploring public repair behavior from a systems perspective, J. Ind. Ecol. sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction reports an EU survey in selected member states showing that willingness to repair exceeded actual repair behavior. Its 62%–83% figure measures willingness to repair, not recognition of environmental benefits; it does not establish that over 80% of Europeans recognize those benefits. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Repair practices are hindered by consumers' limited skills, tools, time, and motivation, compounded by financial and motivational barriers.

“Repair practices are hindered by consumers' limited skills, tools, time, and motivation, compounded by financial and motivational barriers [8-10].”

• cites [8] Ackermann, 2021, Measuring consumers’ product care tendency: Scale development and validation, J. Clean. Prod. sourceSupported
• cites [9] Brusselaers, 2020, Economic consequences of consumer repair strategies for electrical household devices, J. Enterp. Inf. Manag. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [10] Frick, 2021, Why do users (not) repair their devices? A study of the predictors of repair practices, J. Clean. Prod. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Repair facilitates sustainable consumption patterns by preserving product value and function over time.

“Repair not only precedes more intensive CE strategies such as remanufacturing and refurbishment, but also facilitates sustainable consumption patterns by preserving product value and function over time [3].”

• cites [3] 2021, ‘Fixing the World One Thing at a Time’: Community repair and a sustainable circular economy, J. Clean. Prod. sourceSupported

Producing functional spare parts through 3D printing remains a demanding task that requires specific technical skills and knowledge.

“Nevertheless, producing functional spare parts through 3D printing remains a demanding task that requires specific technical skills and knowledge [15].”

• cites [15] Van Oudheusden, A., Bolaños Arriola, J.B., Faludi, J., Flipsen, B., and Balkenende, R. (2023). 3D Printing for Repair: An Approach for Enhancing Repair. Sustainability, 15. sourceSupported

Concerns about repair quality remain widespread.

“Concerns about repair quality remain widespread [24].”

• cites [24] Marikyan, 2023, Exercising the ‘Right to Repair’: A Customer’s Perspective, J. Bus. Ethic sourcePartly supported

  In the Hypothesis 5 section (page unavailable), the paper says that the expected quality of a completed repair is a concern. It does not establish that this concern is widespread or remains so over time. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

When repair becomes economically unjustifiable, consumers opt for replacement, regardless of environmental attitudes.

“When repair becomes economically unjustifiable, consumers opt for replacement, regardless of environmental attitudes [13].”

• cites [13] Russell, 2023, A Process Approach to Product Repair from the Perspective of the Individual, Circ. Econ. Sustain. sourcePartly supported

  The Decision (p. 16) says that repair costs high relative to replacement are a common reason repairable devices are discarded and that this reduces willingness to repair. It does not establish that consumers invariably choose replacement when repair is economically unattractive, or that they do so regardless of their environmental attitudes. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Many modern products are intentionally designed with non-modular structures, permanent adhesives, or proprietary fasteners that hinder disassembly and make material separation and component access technically difficult.

“Many modern products are intentionally designed with non-modular structures, permanent adhesives, or proprietary fasteners that hinder disassembly and make both material separation and component access technically difficult [12].”

• cites [12] Smith, 2024, Right-to-Repair, Product Durability and Obsolescence: A Legal Perspective, J. Indones. Leg. Stud. sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (p. 3) says complicated product designs can make repairs difficult or impossible, and the Abstract (p. 1) says design may preclude ready access for repairs. The paper does not identify non-modular structures, permanent adhesives, or proprietary fasteners, or say that such features hinder material separation. It also says barriers to repair may be inadvertent or intentional, rather than characterizing them all as intentional. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Positive community-based initiatives, such as repair cafés, can help overcome barriers to repair, particularly for electronic products.

“Positive community-based initiatives, such as the repair café movement that began in the Netherlands, show how shared repair practices can help overcome these barriers, particularly for electronic products [14].”

• cites [14] Moalem, R.M., and Mosgaard, M.A. (2021). A Critical Review of the Role of Repair Cafés in a Sustainable Circular Transition. Sustainability, 13. sourceSupported

Targeted behavioral interventions such as skills training, peer support, and DIY repair tutorials can significantly boost repair intentions.

“Studies have shown that targeted behavioral interventions such as skills training, peer support, and do-it-yourself (DIY) repair tutorials can significantly boost repair intentions [11].”

• cites [11] Parajuly, 2024, Product repair in a circular economy: Exploring public repair behavior from a systems perspective, J. Ind. Ecol. sourcePartly supported

  Section 3.4.2 (page unavailable) reports that education predicted intention to repair at home, including indirectly through attitude. The Concluding Discussion (page unavailable) links repair skills and social norms to repair intentions and discusses support for community repair groups. But this was a survey, not a test showing that skills training or peer support significantly boosted intentions; the cited passages do not establish an effect of DIY tutorials. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Consumer repair behavior remains limited despite increasing policy and industry focus on repairability.

“Despite increasing policy and industry focus on repairability, consumer repair behavior remains limited.”

• Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · p. 2 · plain

  “Despite widespread awareness of sustainability issues, there is a gap between consumers' attitudes and actions.”

• cites [11] Parajuly, 2024, Product repair in a circular economy: Exploring public repair behavior from a systems perspective, J. Ind. Ecol. sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction says consumers’ actual participation in repair remains low despite stated willingness, and it describes growing right-to-repair policy activity. It does not establish that industry focus on repairability is increasing, so that part of the sentence is unsupported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Almost half of all kettles disposed of in Spain were still in working order.

“Almost half of all kettles disposed of were still in working order [23].”

• cites [23] Sandez, 2023, Consumer practices regarding the purchase, use, willingness to repair, and disposal of small electric and electronic equipment: A Spanish survey on kettles, J. Ind. Ecol. sourceSupported

Repair must be understood as a socio-technical activity shaped by user capabilities, economic conditions, and product design, not simply a preference to be activated through awareness campaigns alone.

“Repair must therefore be understood as a socio-technical activity shaped by user capabilities, economic conditions, and product design, not simply a preference to be activated through awareness campaigns alone [7,11].”

• cites [7] Hernandez, R.J., Miranda, C., and Goñi, J. (2020). Empowering Sustainable Consumption by Giving Back to Consumers the ‘Right to Repair’. Sustainability, 12. sourceSupported
• cites [11] Parajuly, 2024, Product repair in a circular economy: Exploring public repair behavior from a systems perspective, J. Ind. Ecol. sourceSupported

Existing research on repairability largely focuses on product design, policy, and technical enablers, while providing limited empirical insight into consumer decision-making.

“Existing research on repairability largely focuses on product design, policy, and technical enablers, while providing limited empirical insight into consumer decision-making [3-5,12].”

• cites [3] 2021, ‘Fixing the World One Thing at a Time’: Community repair and a sustainable circular economy, J. Clean. Prod. sourcePartly supported

  Section 2, ‘Product repair and the circular economy’ (page unavailable), discusses product design, spare parts, repair tools, and policy as barriers to repair. It does not establish that existing research largely focuses on those topics or provides limited empirical insight into consumer decision-making; the same section reports findings about consumers’ willingness to repair. (LLM, conf=0.81)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [4] Mesa, 2023, Proposing an integrated indicator to measure product repairability, J. Clean. Prod. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [5] Roskladka, 2023, From ‘right to repair’ to ‘willingness to repair’: Exploring consumer’s perspective to product lifecycle extension, J. Clean. Prod. sourceSupported
• cites [12] Smith, 2024, Right-to-Repair, Product Durability and Obsolescence: A Legal Perspective, J. Indones. Leg. Stud. sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract (p. 1) describes a legal analysis of right-to-repair initiatives and discusses product design, repair manuals, software upgrades and spare parts. This supports the cited paper as an example of policy- and technical-enabler-focused work, but it does not establish that research largely has this focus or that empirical insight into consumer decision-making is limited. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Design education initiatives in Sweden have students actively practice repairing and redesigning products.

“One promising direction is design education, as illustrated by initiatives in Sweden where students actively practice repairing and redesigning products [37].”

• cites [37] Terzioğlu, N., and Wever, R. (2021). Integrating Repair into Product Design Education: Insights on Repair, Design and Sustainability. Sustainability, 13. sourceSupported

When repair costs approach the price of a new product, consumers choose replacement regardless of their environmental values.

“when repair costs approach the price of a new product, consumers choose replacement regardless of their environmental values”

• cites [13] Russell, 2023, A Process Approach to Product Repair from the Perspective of the Individual, Circ. Econ. Sustain. sourcePartly supported

  The Decision (p. 16) says that repair costs close to replacement costs can make repair unattractive and reduce willingness to repair. But the Predisposition section (p. 12) identifies environmental concerns as a motivation for repair; the paper does not say consumers choose replacement regardless of those values. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Policy measures often fail to translate into user-level behavior change without active communication intermediaries.

“This mirrors prior findings that policy measures often fail to translate into user-level behavior change without active communication intermediaries [11,29,36].”

• cites [11] Parajuly, 2024, Product repair in a circular economy: Exploring public repair behavior from a systems perspective, J. Ind. Ecol. sourcePartly supported

  The Systems framework model (§3.4.2; page unavailable) finds that education indirectly increased repair intention through attitude, and the Concluding discussion (§4; page unavailable) links policies and other interventions to repair practice. Neither passage finds that policy measures often fail to change user behavior without active communication intermediaries; that condition is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.79)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [29] Dalhammar, 2022, Circularity and repair policy in the European Union, Ökol. Wirtsch. Fachz. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [36] Svensson, S., Richter, J.L., Maitre-Ekern, E., Pihlajarinne, T., Maigret, A., and Dalhammar, C. (2026, June 10). The Emerging ‘Right to Repair’ Legislation in the EU and the U.S. Going Green CARE INNOVATION 2018, Vienna, Austria, 2018. Available online: https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/ws/files/63585584/Svensson_et_al._Going_Green_CARE_INNOVATION_2018_PREPRINT.pdf.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Additive manufacturing enables the production of replacement parts for products no longer supported by their manufacturers, extending functional repairability beyond the intended product lifecycle.

“Additive manufacturing enables the production of replacement parts for products no longer supported by their manufacturers, extending functional repairability beyond the intended product lifecycle [15].”

• cites [15] Van Oudheusden, A., Bolaños Arriola, J.B., Faludi, J., Flipsen, B., and Balkenende, R. (2023). 3D Printing for Repair: An Approach for Enhancing Repair. Sustainability, 15. sourceSupported

Perceived durability and performance trust are decisive mediators of repair engagement.

“this study supports earlier evidence that perceived durability and performance trust are decisive mediators of repair engagement [13,28].”

• cites [13] Russell, 2023, A Process Approach to Product Repair from the Perspective of the Individual, Circ. Econ. Sustain. sourcePartly supported

  The Event (p. 14) says expectations of restored functionality affect repair intentions, while The Decision (p. 16) describes uncertainty about how long a repair will last and lower trust in repaired products. These passages support a role for perceived durability and trust, but the paper does not establish them as decisive mediators of repair engagement. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [28] McQueen, 2023, The role of resources in repair practice: Engagement with self, paid and unpaid clothing repair by young consumers, Text. Res. J. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Perceived self-efficacy in repair contexts is a primary behavioral predictor.

“and with evidence that perceived self-efficacy in repair contexts is a primary behavioral predictor [8,24]”

• cites [8] Ackermann, 2021, Measuring consumers’ product care tendency: Scale development and validation, J. Clean. Prod. sourcePartly supported

  Section 2, “Consumers’ product care,” says consumers should have confidence in their ability to care for products, and the Discussion identifies lack of ability as a barrier to repair. Neither passage establishes perceived self-efficacy in repair as a primary behavioral predictor; the Discussion instead calls the importance consumers place on product care a strong predictor of future pro-environmental intentions. Page numbers were not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [24] Marikyan, 2023, Exercising the ‘Right to Repair’: A Customer’s Perspective, J. Bus. Ethic sourcePartly supported

  The Technology Repair Factors section defines perceived behavioural control partly in terms of perceived ability and proposes that it is positively related to intention to repair. The Antecedent of the Intention to Repair section reports that relationship, but also identifies other factors; it does not establish self-efficacy as a primary predictor or show that it predicts actual repair behaviour. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Extending product lifetime through improved reliability frequently yields greater environmental benefits than post-failure repair alone.

“This finding aligns with durability-focused life cycle assessment studies demonstrating that extending product lifetime through improved reliability frequently yields greater environmental benefits than post-failure repair alone [18,38,39].”

• cites [18] Spreafico, 2022, An analysis of design strategies for circular economy through life cycle assessment, Environ. Monit. Assess. sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) says more robust products can have longer operative lives and require fewer maintenance interventions. But the Results and discussion section compares conventional with innovative remanufacturing, not improved reliability with post-failure repair. The paper does not establish that reliability frequently yields greater environmental benefits than repair alone. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [38] Bobba, 2016, Environmental and economic assessment of durability of energy-using products: Method and application to a case-study vacuum cleaner, J. Clean. Prod. sourcePartly supported

  Section 5.3 (page unavailable) reports environmental benefits from extending a vacuum cleaner’s lifetime and compares scenarios with low and high repair impacts; the high-repair scenario yields lower benefits. It does not directly compare improved reliability with post-failure repair alone, or establish that reliability frequently yields greater benefits across products. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [39] Mendoza, 2016, Life cycle environmental impacts of vacuum cleaners and the effects of European regulation, Sci. Total. Environ. sourcePartly supported

  Section 3.3.2 (page unavailable) finds that shortening vacuum cleaners’ service life increases environmental impacts, supporting a benefit from longer life. It does not assess improved reliability or compare lifetime extension with post-failure repair; Section 4 (page unavailable) instead recommends evaluating reuse and refurbishing in future research. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

The consistency of the findings across the behavioral, economic, and functional dimensions and their alignment with independently published repair behavior studies provides convergent external validation that partially mitigates the limitations of single-method, single-time-point designs.

“Furthermore, the consistency of the findings across the behavioral, economic, and functional dimensions-and their alignment with independently published repair behavior studies [10,11,23,24,30]-provides a form of convergent external validation that partially mitigates the limitations inherent in single-method, single-time-point designs.”

• cites [10] Frick, 2021, Why do users (not) repair their devices? A study of the predictors of repair practices, J. Clean. Prod. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [11] Parajuly, 2024, Product repair in a circular economy: Exploring public repair behavior from a systems perspective, J. Ind. Ecol. sourceSupported
• cites [23] Sandez, 2023, Consumer practices regarding the purchase, use, willingness to repair, and disposal of small electric and electronic equipment: A Spanish survey on kettles, J. Ind. Ecol. sourceSupported
• cites [24] Marikyan, 2023, Exercising the ‘Right to Repair’: A Customer’s Perspective, J. Bus. Ethic sourceSupported
• cites [30] 2021, Repair motivation and barriers model: Investigating user perspectives related to product repair towards a circular economy, J. Clean. Prod. sourceSupported

Following the Ecodesign Regulation (European Commission No. 666/2013), awareness among end users was similarly slow to develop without targeted communication efforts.

“following the Ecodesign Regulation (European Commission No. 666/2013) [40], awareness among end users was similarly slow to develop without targeted communication efforts [11,36].”

• cites [40] European Commission (2013). Implementing Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with Regard to Ecodesign Requirements for Vacuum Cleaners, The European Parliament and the Council. No 666/2013.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [11] Parajuly, 2024, Product repair in a circular economy: Exploring public repair behavior from a systems perspective, J. Ind. Ecol. sourcePartly supported

  The Systems definition section (page unavailable) identifies education—providing information about repair—as an intervention, and the Concluding discussion says a legal framework can establish awareness. The paper does not report that end-user awareness developed slowly after Ecodesign Regulation No. 666/2013 or that the absence of targeted communication caused such a delay. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [36] Svensson, S., Richter, J.L., Maitre-Ekern, E., Pihlajarinne, T., Maigret, A., and Dalhammar, C. (2026, June 10). The Emerging ‘Right to Repair’ Legislation in the EU and the U.S. Going Green CARE INNOVATION 2018, Vienna, Austria, 2018. Available online: https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/ws/files/63585584/Svensson_et_al._Going_Green_CARE_INNOVATION_2018_PREPRINT.pdf.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

The product-category repair confidence gradient reflects the role of perceived technical complexity and personal competence in shaping repair engagement.

“This gradient reflects the role of perceived technical complexity and personal competence in shaping repair engagement, consistent with Van den Berge [25], who found that design cues and fault indicators significantly influence repair likelihood for familiar product categories.”

• cites [25] Van Den Berge, R., Magnier, L., and Mugge, R. (2022, January 25). Enhancing consumers’ willingness to repair electronic products: How design can nudge sustainable behaviour. Proceedings of the DRS2022, Bilbao, Spain. sourcePartly supported

  In “The effect of a fault indication on the willingness to repair” (page unavailable), the paper reports a significant increase in willingness to repair a vacuum cleaner when a fault indication was present, but no significant increase for a washing machine. “The mediating effect of self-efficacy on the willingness to repair” also links the vacuum-cleaner effect to perceived competence. The paper discusses technical complexity as a reason consumers might seek professional repair, but it does not establish product familiarity as the basis of the category difference or test design cues beyond fault indications. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

By retaining manufacturer responsibility for product performance over time, Product-Service System arrangements create structural incentives for designing durably and repairably from the outset.

“by retaining manufacturer responsibility for product performance over time, PSS arrangements create structural incentives for designing durably and repairably from the outset, aligning commercial and environmental interests in ways that traditional productsale models do not [31].”

• cites [31] Arredondo-Soto, K.C., Jiménez-Zaragoza, A., Miranda-Ackerman, M.A., Blanco-Fernández, J., García-Lechuga, A., Hernández-Escobedo, G., and García-Alcaraz, J.L. (2022). Design and Repair Strategies Based on Product–Service System and Remanufacturing for Value Preservation. Sustainability, 14. sourcePartly supported

  Section 1.2 (page unavailable) says a well-designed PSS lets manufacturers earn revenue from services after a sale while extending product life. The proposed washing-machine leasing model also provides maintenance, repair, and replacement (Key Partners section; page unavailable). These passages support an ongoing service role and an economic interest in longer product life, but do not establish that PSS arrangements create incentives to design products durably and repairably from the outset. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Design cues and fault indicators significantly influence repair likelihood for familiar product categories.

“who found that design cues and fault indicators significantly influence repair likelihood for familiar product categories”

• cites [25] Van Den Berge, R., Magnier, L., and Mugge, R. (2022, January 25). Enhancing consumers’ willingness to repair electronic products: How design can nudge sustainable behaviour. Proceedings of the DRS2022, Bilbao, Spain. sourcePartly supported

  In “The effect of a fault indication on the willingness to repair” (page unavailable), a fault indication significantly increased willingness to repair a vacuum cleaner, but not a washing machine. The paper measures willingness rather than actual repair, does not establish familiarity as the relevant category distinction, and does not show a separate effect of other design cues. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Community repair initiatives-repair cafés, shared tool libraries, and peer-to-peer skill transfer platforms-build the collective competence and social infrastructure that individual consumers lack, particularly for technically complex products.

“Community repair initiatives-repair cafés, shared tool libraries, and peer-to-peer skill transfer platforms-build the collective competence and social infrastructure that individual consumers lack, particularly for technically complex products [3,14,21].”

• cites [3] 2021, ‘Fixing the World One Thing at a Time’: Community repair and a sustainable circular economy, J. Clean. Prod. sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction describes repair cafés as places where volunteers and owners learn and share together; “Doing repair” reports repairers exchanging information and explaining electronic devices to owners. The paper does not establish the claim about shared tool libraries or peer-to-peer skill-transfer platforms, and its observed café lacked the expertise to repair mobile phones. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [14] Moalem, R.M., and Mosgaard, M.A. (2021). A Critical Review of the Role of Repair Cafés in a Sustainable Circular Transition. Sustainability, 13. sourcePartly supported

  The paper’s “Pedagogical Aspects of Repair Movements” and “Strengthening Social Cohesion” sections say repair cafés develop local technical skills through skill-sharing and provide a place for people to meet. “Service Aspects” says they provide tools and know-how, but distinguishes repair cafés from other sharing platforms. The paper does not establish that shared tool libraries or peer-to-peer platforms have the same effects, or that those effects are particularly strong for technically complex products. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [21] Cole, C., and Gnanapragasam, A. (2026, June 10). Community Repair: Enabling Repair as Part of the Movement Towards a Circular Economy. Nottingham Trent University for The Restart Project. Available online: https://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/30462/.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Regulatory action aimed at reducing repair costs is critical for converting positive consumer attitudes toward repair into sustained repair behavior.

“suggest that regulatory action aimed at reducing repair costs is critical for converting positive consumer attitudes toward repair into sustained repair behavior [6,12]”

• cites [6] Balkenende, R., Bakker, C., Blondel, E., and Henneberry, Y. (2024). Repair in the Circular Economy, TU Delft OPEN Publishing. sourcePartly supported

  The Additional information section (page unavailable) says many consumers recognize repair’s value but still buy new products, identifies high repair costs as a major obstacle, and proposes tax measures to reduce them. The 14 recommendations (page unavailable) call for investigating a lower VAT rate. These passages support the attitude–cost–policy link, but do not establish that cost-focused regulation is critical for sustained repair behavior. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [12] Smith, 2024, Right-to-Repair, Product Durability and Obsolescence: A Legal Perspective, J. Indones. Leg. Stud. sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (p. 3) says repair parts and tools should be available at competitive prices, and the Conclusion (p. 24) recommends government programs promoting repair and reuse. The paper does not establish that reducing repair costs is critical to converting positive consumer attitudes into sustained repair behavior. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Survey respondents strongly support extended product lifecycles.

“and strongly support extended product lifecycles”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The sample of 68 participants, primarily young adults from Slovenia and Sweden, is representative of consumers in general.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Self-reported survey responses validly measure actual repair behavior and purchase intentions.

Durability concerns significantly reduce acceptance of recycled materials.

“Durability concerns significantly reduce acceptance of recycled materials”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The sample of 68 participants, primarily young adults from Slovenia and Sweden, is representative of consumers in general.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Self-reported survey responses validly measure actual repair behavior and purchase intentions.

Over two-thirds of survey respondents are willing to pay more for repairable products.

“while over two-thirds of respondents are willing to pay more for repairable products”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The sample of 68 participants, primarily young adults from Slovenia and Sweden, is representative of consumers in general.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Self-reported survey responses validly measure actual repair behavior and purchase intentions.

Informational awareness strengthens long-term repair intentions.

“while informational awareness strengthens long-term repair intentions”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The sample of 68 participants, primarily young adults from Slovenia and Sweden, is representative of consumers in general.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Self-reported survey responses validly measure actual repair behavior and purchase intentions.

Actual repair decisions are constrained by cost, time, and perceived difficulty.

“actual repair decisions are constrained by cost, time, and perceived difficulty.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The sample of 68 participants, primarily young adults from Slovenia and Sweden, is representative of consumers in general.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Self-reported survey responses validly measure actual repair behavior and purchase intentions.

Informational awareness does not significantly influence immediate purchasing behavior.

“it does not significantly influence immediate purchasing behavior.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The sample of 68 participants, primarily young adults from Slovenia and Sweden, is representative of consumers in general.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Self-reported survey responses validly measure actual repair behavior and purchase intentions.

33.8% of respondents applied context-dependent cost-sustainability reasoning.

“and 33.8% applied context-dependent cost-sustainability reasoning”

Benefits awareness (Q13) was significantly correlated with future repairability consideration (Q15): Pearson r(66)=0.275, Spearman rho=0.291, p=0.016.

“Benefits awareness (Q13) was significantly correlated with future repairability consideration (Q15), Pearson's r(66) = 0.275, ρ = 0.291, p = 0.016”

Environmental importance (Q6) was not significantly correlated with affective response toward recycled products (Q3).

“Correlations involving environmental importance (Q6) were small and non-significant with both Q2 (Pearson's r = 0.206, ρ = 0.161, p = 0.189) and Q3 (Pearson's r = 0.177, ρ = 0.180, p = 0.189)”

Benefits awareness (Q13) was significantly correlated with future repairability consideration (Q15) in this survey (r = 0.275, ρ = 0.291, p = 0.016).

“Benefits awareness (Q13) was significantly correlated with future repairability consideration (Q15, r = 0.275, ρ = 0.291, p = 0.016)”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The survey questionnaire items (e.g., Q13, Q15, Q7) validly measure the constructs they are labelled with, such as benefits awareness, future repairability consideration, and current purchase likelihood.

Of those who had repaired rather than replaced, 59% reported positive experiences.

“Of these, 59% reported positive experiences, though some noted that repairs did not always extend product life as expected.”

Benefits awareness (Q13) showed no significant association with current purchase likelihood (Q7) in this survey (r = -0.063, ρ = -0.070, p = 0.569).

“but showed no significant association with current purchase likelihood (Q7, r = -0.063, ρ = -0.070, p = 0.569)”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The survey questionnaire items (e.g., Q13, Q15, Q7) validly measure the constructs they are labelled with, such as benefits awareness, future repairability consideration, and current purchase likelihood.

A majority of respondents (69.1%) expressed willingness to pay more for repairable products in principle (Q4).

“A majority (69.1%) expressed willingness to pay more for repairable products in principle (Q4)”

94% of respondents indicated openness to purchasing products specifically because of an extendable lifecycle.

“94% indicated openness to purchasing products specifically because of an extendable lifecycle”

Economic factors emerged as the most consistently cited dimension shaping repair decisions.

“Economic factors emerged as the most consistently cited dimension shaping repair decisions.”

Purchase likelihood (Q7) and future repairability consideration (Q15) were significantly correlated: Pearson r(66)=0.307, Spearman rho=0.286, 95% CI [0.059,0.496], p=0.018, Kendall tau b=0.275, p=0.019.

“Purchase likelihood (Q7) and future repairability consideration (Q15) were significantly correlated, Pearson's r(66) = 0.307, ρ (66) = 0.286, 95% CI [0.059, 0.496], p = 0.018, τ b = 0.275, p = 0.019”

Awareness of the benefits of recycled and repairable products was limited: only 11.8% felt very well informed, 52.9% somewhat informed, and 32.4% not very informed (Q13, M=2.76, SD=0.72).

“However, awareness of the benefits of recycled and repairable products was limited: only 11.8% felt very well informed, 52.9% felt somewhat informed, and 32.4% felt not very informed (Q13, M = 2.76, SD = 0.72).”

Only a small minority of respondents consistently placed sustainability above cost.

“Only a small minority consistently placed sustainability above cost.”

70.1% of respondents had previously chosen to repair rather than replace a product.

“The majority of respondents (70.1%) had previously chosen to repair rather than replace a product (Q10).”

29.4% of respondents explicitly prioritized cost when balancing purchasing trade-offs (Q11).

“yet 29.4% explicitly prioritized cost when balancing purchasing trade-offs (Q11)”

Across all three factor dimensions examined in this study, economic barriers emerged as the most consistently cited constraint on actual repair engagement.

“Across all three factor dimensions examined in this study, economic barriers emerged as the most consistently cited constraint on actual repair engagement.”

Environmental importance (Q6) was not significantly correlated with durability confidence (Q2).

“Correlations involving environmental importance (Q6) were small and non-significant with both Q2 (Pearson's r = 0.206, ρ = 0.161, p = 0.189) and Q3 (Pearson's r = 0.177, ρ = 0.180, p = 0.189)”

The difference between Q2 and Q6 did not reach significance (∆=-0.35, p=0.069).

“The difference between Q2 and Q6 did not reach significance ( ∆ = -0.35, p = 0.069).”

Benefits awareness (Q13) showed no significant association with current purchase likelihood (Q7): Pearson r(66)=-0.063, Spearman rho=-0.070, p=0.569.

“but showed no significant association with current purchase likelihood (Q7), Pearson's r(66) = -0.063, ρ = -0.070, p = 0.569.”

Limited spare-part availability and perceived difficulty of disassembly were identified as structural barriers (Q12).

“Limited spare-part availability and the perceived difficulty of disassembly were identified as structural barriers (Q12), consistent with the view that product design directly mediates repair engagement.”

Open-ended responses (Q16) repeatedly highlighted affordability, reduced VAT on repairs, subsidies, and lower spare-part prices as decisive enablers of repair.

“Open-ended responses (Q16) repeatedly highlighted affordability, reduced VAT on repairs, subsidies, and lower spare-part prices as decisive enablers”

Affective acceptance of recycled products significantly exceeded durability confidence by 1.09 scale points (p < 0.001).

“affective acceptance of recycled products significantly exceeding durability confidence by 1.09 scale points ( p &lt; 0.001)”

• Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · p. 20 · plain

  “However, their emotional acceptance of sustainable products consistently exceeds their confidence in the durability of such products.”

In open-ended responses (Q16), quality and durability consistently emerged as key enabling themes alongside cost and infrastructure.

“This is reinforced by open-ended responses (Q16), where quality and durability consistently emerged as key enabling themes alongside cost and infrastructure.”

No statistically significant differences were observed between the national subsamples.

“Despite these contextual differences, no statistically significant differences were observed between national subsamples”

Many consumers are willing to engage in repair when it aligns with their expectations of product quality.

“and many are willing to engage in repair when it aligns with their expectations of product quality”

Respondents wanted durable, high-quality products with long warranties because such products justify the investment of repair effort and cost.

“Respondents wanted durable, high-quality products with long warranties because such products justify the investment of repair effort and cost.”

Limited spare-part availability, proprietary fasteners, permanent adhesives, and nonmodular architectures were identified by respondents as structural functional barriers (Q12).

“Limited spare-part availability, proprietary fasteners, permanent adhesives, and nonmodular architectures were identified as structural functional barriers (Q12)”

Repairability alone is insufficient without confidence in durability, affordability, and ease of use.

“This challenges the current focus on Design for Repair as a standalone strategy and underscores the need to integrate repairability with durability, cost-efficiency, and ease of use.”

• Also stated in: § 1.1. Behavioral, Economic and Functional Factors for Repair · p. 4 · boosted

  “it demonstrates that repairability alone is insufficient without confidence in durability, affordability, and ease of use”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Repairing instead of replacing electronic goods can drastically reduce lifecycle environmental impacts, especially CO2 emissions and e-waste.

The decision to repair is not driven solely by environmental concerns but results from a dynamic interplay of attitudinal, economic, and functional factors.

“Ultimately, the decision to repair is not driven solely by environmental concerns but results from a dynamic interplay of attitudinal, economic, and functional factors.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Behavioral factors such as intrinsic motivation, environmental concern, and psychological ownership play a crucial role in repair decisions.

Design improvements alone are insufficient if consumer behavior does not align with sustainability goals.

“However, design improvements alone are insufficient if consumer behavior does not align with sustainability goals.”

Consumers are willing to compromise on features such as battery life or storage space for better reparability.

“Studies on willingness to pay indicate that consumers are willing to compromise on features such as battery life or storage space for better reparability, as a 2023 conjoint analysis on smartphones shows [19].”

• cites [19] Bisenebit, L.Y., and Chankov, S.M. (2023, January 18–21). The Value of Product Repairability: A Choice-based Conjoint Analysis on Smartphone Preference. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM), Singapore. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Pricing strategies for spare parts substantially impact repair profitability and customer satisfaction.

“Survey by Cullbrand underscores that pricing strategies for spare parts substantially impact not only repair profitability but also customer satisfaction [27].”

• cites [27] Cullbrand, M., and Levén, L. (2026, June 10). Spare Parts Pricing-Setting the Right Prices for Sustainable Profit at Atlet. Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden. Available online: https://scispace.com/pdf/spare-parts-pricing-setting-the-right-prices-for-sustainable-4hb8hsmftr.pdf.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Actual repair participation is highly dependent on factors such as accessible spare parts, repair tools, consumer confidence, and trust in repair services.

“Nevertheless, actual repair participation is highly dependent on factors such as accessible spare parts, repair tools, consumer confidence, and trust in repair services [28,29].”

• cites [28] McQueen, 2023, The role of resources in repair practice: Engagement with self, paid and unpaid clothing repair by young consumers, Text. Res. J. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [29] Dalhammar, 2022, Circularity and repair policy in the European Union, Ökol. Wirtsch. Fachz. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Public views on product repair are not uniform across all regions.

“However, these views are not uniform across all regions [22].”

• cites [22] Korsunova, 2023, Consumer decision-making on repair in a circular economy: A process model based on experiences among young adults and stakeholders in Finland, J. Clean. Prod. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

High costs and lack of transparency in repair pricing remain persistent deterrents, especially when repair services are monopolized or poorly regulated.

“McQueen and Dalhammar emphasize that high costs and lack of transparency in repair pricing remain persistent deterrents, especially when repair services are monopolized or poorly regulated [28,29].”

• cites [28] McQueen, 2023, The role of resources in repair practice: Engagement with self, paid and unpaid clothing repair by young consumers, Text. Res. J. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [29] Dalhammar, 2022, Circularity and repair policy in the European Union, Ökol. Wirtsch. Fachz. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In the US in 2019, almost half of consumers expected that a repair would extend the life of a product.

“In the US in 2019, almost half of consumers expected that a repair would extend the life of a product [26].”

• cites [26] (2026, June 10). Consumer Expectation. Consumer Expectation on The Re-Use and Repair of Consumer Products in the United States in 2019. Available online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1092686/us-consumers-willingness-to-fix-broken-products-for-re-use/.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Product design directly mediates repair engagement.

“Limited spare-part availability and the perceived difficulty of disassembly were identified as structural barriers (Q12), consistent with the view that product design directly mediates repair engagement.”

The dissociation indicates that awareness of product benefits influences long-term behavioral intentions more than it governs immediate purchasing decisions.

“This dissociation indicates that awareness of product benefits influences long-term behavioral intentions more than it governs immediate purchasing decisions.”

These knowledge gaps represent a behavioral barrier particularly relevant to long-term repair intention.

“These knowledge gaps represent a behavioral barrier that is particularly relevant to long-term repair intention, as explored further in Section 3.3.3.”

Cost is a structurally decisive factor in repair decisions across product categories.

“who document cost as a structurally decisive factor in repair decisions across product categories”

• cites [27] Cullbrand, M., and Levén, L. (2026, June 10). Spare Parts Pricing-Setting the Right Prices for Sustainable Profit at Atlet. Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden. Available online: https://scispace.com/pdf/spare-parts-pricing-setting-the-right-prices-for-sustainable-4hb8hsmftr.pdf.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [9] Brusselaers, 2020, Economic consequences of consumer repair strategies for electrical household devices, J. Enterp. Inf. Manag. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [35] Sabbaghi, 2016, Business outcomes of product repairability: A survey-based study of consumer repair experiences, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Positive behavioral intentions exist independently of-and in advance of-factual knowledge about sustainable product benefits.

“This pattern suggests that positive behavioral intentions exist independently of-and in advance of-factual knowledge about sustainable product benefits, which has direct implications for how informational interventions should be designed and timed.”

The risk of false positives due to the small sample size and multiple analyses is managed through five complementary protections.

“The risk of false positives due to the small sample size and multiple analyses is managed through five complementary protections:”

Despite strong attitudinal support, a persistent attitude-behavior gap is evident.

“Despite strong attitudinal support, a persistent attitude-behavior gap is evident.”

Participants' affective response toward recycled products substantially exceeds their durability confidence.

“These results show that participants' affective response toward recycled products (Q3) substantially exceeds their durability confidence (Q2, recoded).”

The 1.09-point gap between Q3 and Q2 indicates that emotional acceptance of recycled products substantially outpaces firm conviction in their durability performance.

“The 1.09-point gap between Q3 and Q2 indicates that emotional acceptance of recycled products substantially outpaces firm conviction in their durability performance.”

Large observed effect sizes (η2p = 0.313 and 0.246) provide resistance to sampling noise at this sample size.

“(5) large observed effect sizes ( η 2 p = 0.313 and 0.246) provide resistance to sampling noise at this sample size.”

Legislative repairability requirements remain largely disconnected from consumer consciousness, limiting their behavioral reach.

“Legislative requirements exist but remain largely disconnected from consumer consciousness, limiting their behavioral reach.”

Informational campaigns aimed at raising awareness of recycled and repairable product benefits are more likely to consolidate future intentions than to shift point-of-purchase behavior directly.

“Consequently, informational campaigns aimed at raising awareness of recycled and repairable product benefits are more likely to consolidate future intentions than to shift point-of-purchase behavior directly.”

Reassurance about longevity, rather than further persuasion about environmental benefits, is the primary factor needed to translate positive attitudes into consistent repair-oriented behavior.

“This indicates that reassurance about longevity, rather than further persuasion about environmental benefits, is the primary factor needed to translate positive attitudes into consistent repair-oriented behavior.”

Design improvements alone cannot close the gap between what consumers value and what they ultimately choose.

“indicating that design improvements alone cannot close the gap between what consumers value and what they ultimately choose”

Repairability features are effective only when the broader repair ecosystem-pricing transparency, service availability, and spare-part access-supports their use.

“repairability features are effective only when the broader repair ecosystem-pricing transparency, service availability, and spare-part access-supports their use [28,29]”

• cites [28] McQueen, 2023, The role of resources in repair practice: Engagement with self, paid and unpaid clothing repair by young consumers, Text. Res. J. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [29] Dalhammar, 2022, Circularity and repair policy in the European Union, Ökol. Wirtsch. Fachz. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Variability in repair confidence is substantially driven by perceived technical complexity rather than motivation alone.

“This gradient confirms that variability in repair confidence is substantially driven by perceived technical complexity rather than motivation alone”

Financial and time-related considerations commonly outweigh environmental motivations in practice.

“Financial and time-related considerations commonly outweigh environmental motivations in practice”

The age concentration of the sample limits generalisation of the findings to older consumer groups.

“The age concentration of the sample limits generalisation to older consumer groups”

The sample size limits statistical power for detecting small effects.

“Although the sample size limits statistical power for detecting small effects”

Repair behavior remains constrained by interconnected economic, behavioral, and functional barriers.

“Despite this openness, repair behavior remains constrained by interconnected economic, behavioral, and functional barriers.”

The large effect sizes observed (η2p = 0.313 and η2p = 0.246) provide reassurance that the omnibus findings are robust to the sample-size constraint.

“the large effect sizes observed ( η 2 p = 0.313 and η 2 p = 0.246) provide reassurance that the omnibus findings are robust to this constraint”

Consumers' primary unmet need is assurance of reliability, not merely access to repair.

“consumers' primary unmet need is assurance of reliability, not merely access to repair”

The European focus of the study constrains the scope of inference beyond the EU context.

“and the European focus constrains the scope of inference beyond the EU context”

The gap between pro-repair values and practice is partly economic.

“confirming that the gap between pro-repair values and practice is partly economic”

Differences in perceived repair complexity among respondents may partly explain variability in reported repair confidence across product categories.

“Differences in perceived repair complexity among respondents may partly explain variability in reported repair confidence across product categories.”

Products that are technically repairable but economically irrational to repair remain effectively unrepairable from the consumer's perspective.

“Products that are technically repairable but economically irrational to repair remain effectively unrepairable from the consumer's perspective.”

The regulatory focus of Directive 2024/1799 directly addresses a core structural driver of the attitude-behavior gap identified in this survey.

“This study shows that this regulatory focus directly addresses a core structural driver of the attitude-behavior gap identified in the survey.”

Without complementary demand-side economic instruments, repair-friendly design is unlikely to lead to widespread consumer uptake.

“Without complementary demand-side economic instruments, as anticipated by Directive (EU) 2024/1799 [20], repairfriendly design is unlikely to lead to widespread consumer uptake.”

• cites [20] European Commission (2024). Directive 2024/1799 on Common Rules Promoting the Repair of Goods. Eur. Parliam. Counc. Off. J. Eur. Union, Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32024L1799.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The directive's behavioral reach is currently limited by a structural awareness deficit.

“the directive's behavioral reach is currently limited by a structural awareness deficit”

The present findings empirically confirm that repair behavior results from the interplay of behavioral, economic, and functional factors, rather than from repair-friendly design alone.

“The present findings align with and extend existing circular economy and repairability research by empirically confirming that repair behavior results from the interplay of behavioral, economic, and functional factors, rather than from repair-friendly design alone.”