The DOI matches its Crossref record; 103 of the 103 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of Engaging in Problem-Posing Interventions on Learners’ Cognitive Mathematics Outcomes: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis
Abstract
This meta-analysis assessed the effectiveness of problem-posing interventions on learners’ cognitive learning outcomes. We systematically reviewed 26 quantitative studies published between 2002 and 2024. The results show a large, positive, and significant effect (Hedges’s ḡ = 0.53) of problem-posing interventions. A series of subgroup analyses found that (a) the effect was larger for interventions incorporating problem posing into technology-supported learning environments than it was for problem posing without technological support, and (b) the effect was larger when interventions engaged learners in problem posing using problem examples. These findings provide evidence about the features of problem-posing interventions that are effective in improving learners’ cognitive mathematical outcomes. We discuss implications for using and selecting problem-posing interventions.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x · Cited by 109,482
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470743386 · Cited by 14,225
Comparison of two methods to detect publication bias in meta-analysis.
Peters, J. L. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.6.676 · Cited by 2,278
Hattie, J. (2012) · doi:10.4324/9780203181522 · Cited by 2,155
Basics of meta‐analysis: I 2 is not an absolute measure of heterogeneity
Borenstein, M., Higgins, J. P. T., Hedges, L. V., & Rothstein, H. R. (2017) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1230 · Cited by 1,848
Beyond Power Calculations: Assessing Type S (Sign) and Type M (Magnitude) Errors
Gelman, A., & Carlin, J. (2014) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614551642 · Cited by 1,343
Metan: fixed- and random-effects meta-analysis
Harris, R. J., Deeks, J. J., Altman, D. G., Bradburn, M. J., Harbord, R. M., & Sterne, J. A. C. (2008) · The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0800800102 · Cited by 1,027
Reliability in content analysis: some common misconceptions and recommendations.
Krippendorff, K. (2004) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/30.3.411 · Cited by 1,027
Preparing Teachers to Learn from Teaching
Hiebert, J., Morris, A. K., Berk, D., & Jansen, A. (2007) · Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1177/0022487106295726 · Cited by 514
Meta-analysis, funnel plots and sensitivity analysis
Copas, J. (2000) · Biostatistics · doi:10.1093/biostatistics/1.3.247 · Cited by 503
Research works printed but not linked: 16
- Birch, M., & Beal, C. R. (2008). Problem posing in AnimalWatch: An interactive system for student-authored content. In D.Wilson & H. C.Lane (Eds.), Proceedings of the twenty-first International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference (pp. 397–402). AAAI Press. https://aaai.org/papers/flairs-2008-096/
- Cohen J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Erlbaum.
- *El Sayed, R. A.-E. (2002). Effectiveness of problem posing strategies on prospective mathematics teachers’ problem solving performance. Journal of Science and Mathematics Education in Southeast Asia, 25(1), 56–69.
- Harlen, W. (2014). Helping children’s development of inquiry skills. Inquiry in Primary Science Education, 1(1), 5–19.
- *Hirashima, T., Yokoyama, T., Okamoto, M., & Takeuchi, A. (2007). Learning by problem-posing as sentence-integration and experimental use. In R.Luckin, K. R.Koedinger, & J.Greer (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2007 Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education: Building technology rich learning contexts that work (pp. 254–261). IOS Press.
- *Hsiao, J.-Y., Hung, C.-L., Lan, Y.-F., & Jeng, Y.-C. (2013). Integrating worked examples into problem posing in a web-based learning environment. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 12(2), 166–176.
- Jacobse, A. E., & Harskamp, E. G. (2011). A meta-analysis of the effects of instructional interventions on students’ mathematics achievement. Gronings Instituut voor Onderzoek van Onderwijs, Opvoeding en Ontwikkeling, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. https://hdl.handle.net/11370/1a0ea36d-3ca3-4639-9bb4-6fa220e50f38
- Leung, I. K. C., & Carbone, R. E. (2013). Pre-service teachers’ knowledge about fraction division reflected through problem posing. The Mathematics Educator, 14(1–2), 80–92. https://math.nie.edu.sg/ame/matheduc/tme/tmeV14_1/5.pdf
- Lin, P.-J. (2004). Supporting teachers on designing problem-posing tasks as a tool of assessment to understand students’ mathematical learning. In M. J.Høines & A. B.Fuglestad (Eds.), Proceedings of the 28th conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (Vol. 3, pp. 257–264). Bergen University.
- *Ozdemir, A. S., & Sahal, M. (2018). The effect of teaching integers through the problem posing approach on students’ academic achievement and mathematics attitudes. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 78, 117–138. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1198907.pdf
- Pólya, G. (1957). How to solve it (2nd ed.). Doubleday.
- Proulx, J., & Maheux, J.-F. (2017). From problem solving to problem posing, and from strategies to laying down a path in solving: Taking Varela’s ideas to mathematics education research. Constructivist Foundations, 13(1), 160–167. http://constructivist.info/13/1/160
- Schroeder, T. L., & Lester, F. K., Jr. (1989). Developing understanding in mathematics via problem solving. In P. R.Trafton & A. P.Shulte (Eds.), New directions for elementary school mathematics (pp. 31–42). National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
- Silver, E. A. (1994). On mathematical problem posing. For the Learning of Mathematics, 14(1), 19–28. https://flm-journal.org/Articles/2A5D152778141F58C1966ED8673C15.pdf
- Tichá, M., & Hošpesová, A. (2010). Problem posing and development of pedagogical content knowledge in pre-service teacher training. In V.Durand-Guerrier, S.Soury-Lavergne, & F.Arzarello (Eds.), Proceedings of the sixth congress of the European Society for Research in Mathematics Education (pp. 1941–1950). Institut National de Recherche Pédagogique. https://ife.ens-lyon.fr/publications/edition-electronique/cerme6/wg10-26-ticha.pdf
- *Walkington, C. (2017). Design research on personalized problem posing in algebra. In E.Galindo & J.Newton (Eds.), Proceedings of the 39th annual meeting of the North American Chapter of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (pp. 195–202). Hoosier Association of Mathematics Teacher Educators.
Cited by
New Advances and Directions of Mathematical Problem-Posing Research
Cai, J., Лейкин, Р., & Robison, V. (2026) · Research in mathematics education · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05493-7_1 · Cited by 3
Self-citationReviewing the Current State of Knowledge in Mathematical Problem-Posing Research
Ölmez, İ. B., Hwang, S., Han, J., & Cai, J. (2026) · Research in mathematics education · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05493-7_8 · Cited by 2
Self-citationOpenness in real-world mathematical problems: a systematic literature review
Völlinger, N., Schukajlow, S., Verschaffel, L., & Krawitz, J. (2026) · Educational Studies in Mathematics · doi:10.1007/s10649-026-10520-6 · Cited by 2
Kaya, D., & Kutluca, T. (2026) · International Journal on Studies in Education · doi:10.46328/ijonse.5727
Sabri, Asyari, S., & Natsir, R. A. (2026) · Pedagogy Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika · doi:10.30605/g81efk25
Metadata
- Authors
- Ran, H., Cai, J., Hwang, S., Han, J., Ma, Y., & Muirhead, F.
- Affiliations
- Jiangnan University (CN)
- University of Delaware (US)
- University of Wyoming (US)
- Venue
- Journal for Research in Mathematics Education
- Published
- 2025-11
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 259-282
- ISSN
- 0021-8251 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-2306
- OpenAlex
- W4415985383
- Semantic Scholar
- 75ade0b4b4a5a9e87314d859129fa56e9c6a0c58
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10
- FWCI
- 8.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal for Research in Mathematics Education (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Mathematics Education and Pedagogy
- Social Sciences › Education › Mathematics Education and Teaching Techniques
- Social Sciences › Education › Problem and Project Based Learning
- Keywords
- problem posing, mathematics achievement, cognitive learning outcomes, technology-enhanced learning environments, mathematics education
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Effects of Engaging in Problem-Posing Interventions on Learners’ Cognitive Mathematics Outcomes: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.5951/jresematheduc-2024-0105
- The paper
- Ran, H., Cai, J., Hwang, S., Han, J., Ma, Y., & Muirhead, F. (2025). Effects of Engaging in Problem-Posing Interventions on Learners’ Cognitive Mathematics Outcomes: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education. https://doi.org/10.5951/jresematheduc-2024-0105
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.