The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
What Are Virtual Manipulatives?
Abstract
As a result of innovations in technology, the prevalence of the Internet, and the increasing availability of computers in classrooms and homes, an enhanced approach for teaching and learning mathematics using manipulatives and computers is emerging. This new approach essentially creates a new class of manipulatives, called virtual manipulatives, as well as new capabilities, or toolkits, for computer programs that use visual representations. These new virtual manipulatives have all the useful properties of existing computer manipulatives while overcoming many of their disadvantages, yet very little is known or written about them. The purpose of this article is to establish a working definition of virtual manipulatives, highlight examples of virtual manipulatives on the Internet, and discuss their current and potential classroom use.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Mayer, R. E., & Chandler, P. (2001) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.93.2.390 · Cited by 762
Cited by
Conditions for the Effectiveness of Multiple Visual Representations in Enhancing STEM Learning
Rau, M. A. (2017) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-016-9365-3 · Cited by 281
Interleaved practice in multi-dimensional learning tasks: Which dimension should we interleave?
Rau, M. A., Aleven, V., & Rummel, N. (2013) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2012.07.003 · Cited by 67
Multisensory Educational Materials: Five Senses to Learn
Ponticorvo, M., Di Fuccio, R., Ferrara, F., Rega, A., & Miglino, O. (2019) · Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98872-6_6 · Cited by 52
Lee, C.-Y., & Chen, M.-J. (2014) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.2190/ec.50.2.b · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Moyer, P. S., Bolyard, J. J., & Spikell, M. A.
- Venue
- Teaching Children Mathematics
- Published
- 2002-02
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 372-377
- ISSN
- 1073-5836 (ISSN-L)
- 2327-0780
- OpenAlex
- W35682058
- Cited by
- 306
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 16.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: What Are Virtual Manipulatives? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.5951/tcm.8.6.0372
- The paper
- Moyer, P. S., Bolyard, J. J., & Spikell, M. A. (2002). What Are Virtual Manipulatives? Teaching Children Mathematics. https://doi.org/10.5951/tcm.8.6.0372
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.