CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 160

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online

Marwick, Alice·2017
DOI 10.69985/qpaf6919
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.69985/qpaf6919

Cites

Statistics

Figures

Image 1
CC-BY-NC-SA · From the PDF
Figure 1 Anti-Hillary Meme posted on Daily Stormer , 3/6/17
Figure 1 Anti-Hillary Meme posted on Daily Stormer , 3/6/17CC-BY-NC-SA · From the PDF
Figure 3 Hillary Clinton Meme T weeted by Donald Trump
Figure 3 Hillary Clinton Meme T weeted by Donald TrumpCC-BY-NC-SA · From the PDF
Figure 4 Hillary's Health Photo Collage
Figure 4 Hillary's Health Photo CollageCC-BY-NC-SA · From the PDF

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 149

  1. Yochai Benkler, Hal Roberts, and Ethan Zuckerman, "Study: Breitbart-Led Right-Wing Media Ecosystem Altered Broader Media Agenda," Columbia Journalism Review, March 3, 2017, http://www.cjr. org/analysis/breitbart-media-trump-harvard-study.php.
  2. Henry Jenkins, Convergence Culture (New York: New York University Press, 2006).
  3. What, precisely, trolling is is hotly contested by both trolls themselves and those who study them. For a full discussion of the academic debates, see Gabriele de Seta, "Trolling, and Other Problematic Social Media Practices," in The SAGE Handbook of Social Media, ed.
  4. Jean Burgess, Alice E. Marwick, and Thomas Poell (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2017).
  5. Judith Donath, "Identity and Deception in the Virtual Community," in Communities in Cyberspace, ed. Peter Kollock and Marc Smith (London: Routledge, 1999), 29-59;
  6. Whitney Phillips, "The House That Fox Built: Anonymous, Spectacle, and Cycles of Amplifica- tion," Television & New Media 14, no. 6 (2013): 494-509.
  7. Ben Kirman, Conor Lineham, and Shaun Lawson, "Exploring Mischief and Mayhem in Social Computing or: How We Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Trolls," in CHI '12 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA '12 (New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2012), 121-130.
  8. Michael S. Bernstein et al., "4chan and /b/: An Analysis of Anonymity and Ephemerality in a Large Online Community," in Proceedings of the Fifth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM, AAAI Press, 2011), 50-57, http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM11/paper/ download/2873/4398/.
  9. Coleman, Hacker, Hoaxer, Whistleblower, Spy; Whitney Phillips, This Is Why We Can't Have Nice Things: Mapping the Relationship Between Online Trolling and Mainstream Culture (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2015);
  10. Scott F. Aikin, "Poe' s Law, Group Polarization, and the Epistemology of Online Religious Discourse," SSRN Scholarly Paper (Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, January 23, 2009), https://papers.ssrn.com/ abstract=1332169.
  11. Whitney Phillips, who wrote her doctoral dissertation on 4chan, argues that trolling rhetoric "is predicated on highly-gendered notions of victory and domination, and… is used to silence, pun- ish, and correct 'soft' or otherwise feminized speech" (This Is Why We Can't Have Nice Things, 167) and that "anons take their own whiteness for granted" ("The House That Fox Built," 497).
  12. Alice E. Marwick and Nicole B. Ellison, "'There Isn't Wifi in Heaven!' Negotiating Visibility on Facebook Memorial Pages," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 56, no. 3 (2012): 378-400, doi:1 0.1080/08838151.2012.705197. · DOI
  13. Ryan Milner, "Hacking the Social: Internet Memes, Identity Antagonism, and the Logic of Lulz," The Fibreculture Journal, no. 22 (2013), http://twentytwo.fibreculturejournal.org/fcj-156-hacking-the- social-internet-memes-identity-antagonism-and-the-logic-of-lulz/.
  14. E. Zekany, "The Gendered Geek: Performing Masculinities in Cyber- space," Unpublished Masters Dissertation, Budapest, Central European University, 2011, http://www.etd. ceu.hu/2011/zekany_eva.pdf.
  15. Adrienne Massanari, "#Gamergate and The Fappening: How Reddit' s Algorithm, Governance, and Culture Support Toxic Technocultures," New Media & Society, October 9, 2015, http://nms.sagepub. com/content/early/2015/10/07/1461444815608807.
  16. Ibid.; Andrea Braithwaite, "It' s About Ethics in Games Journalism? Gamergaters and Geek Masculinity," Social Media + Society 2, no. 4 (November 1, 2016): 2056305116672484, doi:10.1177/2056305116672484; · DOI
  17. Sarah Banet-Weiser and Kate M. Miltner, "#MasculinitySoFragile: Culture, Structure, and Networked Misogyny," Feminist Media Studies 16, no. 1 (2016): 171-174.
  18. Shira Chess and Adrienne Shaw, "A Conspiracy of Fishes, Or, How We Learned to Stop Worrying About #Gamergate and Embrace Hegemonic Masculinity," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 59, no. 1 (2015): 208-220.
  19. Jean Burgess and Ariadna Matamoros-Fernández, "Mapping Sociocultural Controversies across Digital Media Platforms: One Week Of #Gamergate on Twitter, YouTube, and Tumblr," Communication Research and Practice 2, no. 1 (2016): 79-96.
  20. Jessie Daniels, White Lies: Race, Class, Gender and Sexuality in White Supremacist Discourse (New York: Routledge, 1997);
  21. M. Ambedkar, "The Aesthetics of the Alt-Right," Post-Office Arts Journal, February 11, 2017, http://baltimore-art.com/2017/02/11/the-aesthetics-of-the- alt-right/.
  22. Chava Gourarie, "How the 'alt-Right' Checkmated the Media," Columbia Journalism Review, August 30, 2016, http://www.cjr.org/analysis/alt_right_media_clinton_trump.php.
  23. Tanner Higgin, "/B/Lack up: What Trolls Can Teach Us About Race," The Fibreculture Journal, no. 22 (2013): 133-51;
  24. L. Nakamura, "Don't Hate the Player, Hate the Game: The Racialization of Labor in World of Warcraft," Critical Studies in Media Communication 26, no. 2 (2009): 128-144;
  25. Caroline Jack, "How Facts Survive: Sponsored Economic Education Media and American Social Imaginaries, 1974- 1986" (Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University, 2016).
  26. R. Barbrook and A. Cameron, "The Californian Ideology," Science as Culture 6, no. 1 (1996): 44-72.
  27. Lise Gotell and Emily Dutton, "Sexual Violence in the 'Manosphere': Antifeminist Men' s Rights Discourses on Rape," International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 5, no. 2 (2016): 65-80;
  28. Almog and Kaplan, "The Nerd and His Discontent: The Seduction Community and the Logic of the Game as a Geeky Solution to the Challenges of Young Masculinity." 65 Ibid.; Daria Dayter and Sofia Rüdiger, "Reporting from the Field: The Narrative Reconstruction of Experience in Pick-up Artist Online Communities," Open Linguistics 2, no. 1 (2016), doi:10.1515/opli- 2016-0016; · DOI
  29. Amanda Denes, "Biology as Consent: Problematizing the Scientific Approach to Seducing Women' s Bodies," in Women's Studies International Forum, vol. 34 (Elsevier, 2011), 411-419, http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277539511000793.
  30. Steve Clarke, "Conspiracy Theories and the Internet: Controlled Demolition and Arrested Devel- opment," Episteme: A Journal of Social Epistemology 4, no. 2 (2007): 167-80.
  31. Michael J. Wood, Karen M. Douglas, and Robbie M. Sutton, "Dead and Alive Beliefs in Contradic- tory Conspiracy Theories," Social Psychological and Personality Science 3, no. 6 (2012): 767-773.
  32. Daniel J. Isenberg, "Group Polarization: A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50, no. 6 (1986): 1141-51, doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.6.1141; · DOI · Paper page
  33. Cass R. Sunstein, "Deliberative Trouble? Why Groups Go to Extremes," The Yale Law Journal 110, no. 1 (2000): 71-119.
  34. Cass R. Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule, "Conspiracy Theories: Causes and Cures*," Journal of Political Philosophy 17, no. 2 (2009): 202-227.
  35. Neil Dagnall et al., "Conspiracy Theory and Cognitive Style: A Worldview," Frontiers in Psychology 6 (February 25, 2015), doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00206; · DOI
  36. Daniel Jolley and Karen M. Douglas, "The Effects of Anti-Vaccine Conspiracy Theories on Vaccina- tion Intentions," PLoS ONE 9, no. 2 (February 20, 2014), doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0089177; · DOI · Paper page
  37. Daniel Jolley and Karen M. Douglas, "The Social Consequences of Conspiracism: Exposure to Conspiracy Theories Decreases the Intention to Engage in Politics and to Reduce One' s Carbon Footprint," British Journal of Psychology 105, no. 1 (2014): 35-56, doi:http://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12018.. · DOI · Paper page
  38. Gabriel Emile Hine et al., "A Longitudinal Measurement Study of 4chan' s Politically Incor- rect Forum and Its Effect on the Web," arXiv Preprint arXiv:1610.03452, 2016, https://arxiv.org/ abs/1610.03452. 114 · arXiv
  39. Zizi Papacharissi and Pablo J. Boczkowski (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, in press). 120
  40. John K. Wilson, The Myth of Political Correctness: The Conservative Attack on Higher Education (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995);
  41. Norman Fairclough, "Political Correctness': The Politics of Culture and Language," Discourse & Society 14, no. 1 (2003): 17-28. 123
  42. Lyons, "Ctrl-Alt-Delete." 124 Ibid. 125 Martin Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research, 1923-1950, vol. 10 (London: Heinemann Educational Books, Ltd., 1973);
  43. Rolf Wigg- ershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1995). 126
  44. Jérôme Jamin, "Cultural Marxism and the Radical Right," in The Post-War Anglo-American Far Right: A Special Relationship of Hate, ed. Paul Jackson and Anton Shekhovtsov (Houndmills, Bas- ingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan, 2014), 84-103;
  45. Jay, "Dialectic of Counter-Enlightenment: The Frankfurt School as Scapegoat of the Lunatic Fringe." 128 Emile Durkheim, Suicide: A Study in Sociology [1897], trans. J.A. Spaulding and G. Simpson (Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, 1951), https://isis.ku.dk/kurser/blob.aspx?feltid=203014;
  46. Stephen R. Marks, "Durkheim' s Theory of Anomie," American Journal of Sociology 80, no. 2 (1974): 329-63. 129
  47. Andrew Anglin, "Stormer Book Club Crusade: The Final Solution to the Milo Problem," The Daily Stormer, September 27, 2016, http://www.dailystormer.com/stormer-book-club-crusade-the-final-solu- tion-to-the-milo-problem/. 134 Bernstein et al., "4chan and /b/" 135 Whitney Phillips, This Is Why We Can't Have Nice Things: Mapping the Relationship between Online Trolling and Mainstream Culture (Mit Press, 2015). 136
  48. H. Jenkins, Convergence Culture (New York: New York University Press, 2006). 137 Ibid. 138
  49. J. Lave and E. Wenger, Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation (Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press, 1991). 139
  50. Hillary Clinton wrote her senior thesis at Wellesley on Alinsky; therefore, using his techniques to support Trump was a source of much merriment for /pol/ acks. 140
  51. Patrick Davison, "The Language of Internet Memes," in The Social Media Reader (New York: New York University Press, 2012), 120-34. 147
  52. Limor Shifman, "Memes in a Digital World: Reconciling with a Conceptual Troublemaker," Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 18, no. 3 (2013): 362-77. 148
  53. Michelle C Forelle et al., "Political Bots and the Manipulation of Public Opinion in Venezuela," SSRN Electronic Journal, 2015, doi:10.2139/ssrn.2635800. 157 · DOI
  54. Samuel C. Woolley, "Automating Power: Social Bot Interference in Global Politics," First Monday 21, no. 4 (March 10, 2016), doi:10.5210/fm.v21i4.6161; · DOI
  55. Philip N. Howard and Bence Kollanyi, "Bots, #StrongerIn, and #Brexit: Computational Propaganda during the UK-EU Referendum," arXiv:1606.06356 [Physics], June 20, 2016, http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.06356. 158 · arXiv
  56. Ryan Holiday, Trust Me, I'm Lying: Confessions of a Media Manipulator (New York: Penguin, 2012). 171
  57. Maxwell E. McCombs and Donald Shaw, "The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media," The Pub- lic Opinion Quarterly 36, no. 2 (Summer 1972): 176-87. 173
  58. Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making & Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley, CA: Univ of California Press, 1980);
  59. Robert W. McChesney, The Political Econ- omy of Media: Enduring Issues, Emerging Dilemmas (New York: NYU Press, 2008). 176 Art Swift, "Americans' Trust in Mass Media Sinks to New Low," Gallup, September 14, 2016, http://www.gallup.com/poll/195542/americans-trust-mass-media-sinks-new-low.aspx. 177
  60. Michael Massing, "Now They Tell Us," The New York Review of Books, February 26, 2004, http:// www.nybooks.com/articles/2004/02/26/now-they-tell-us/;
  61. Oliver Boyd-Barrett, "Judith Miller, the New York Times, and the Propaganda Model," Journalism Studies 5, no. 4 (2004): 435-449. 183
  62. Matthew Crain, "The Rise of Private Equity Media Ownership in the United States: A Public Inter- est Perspective," International Journal of Communication 3 (January 2009), http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/ article/view/381. 188
  63. Bree Nordenson, "Overload!," Columbia Journalism Review 47, no. 4 (2008): 30. 199
  64. Paul Starr, "An Unexpected Crisis: The News Media in Postindustrial Democracies," The Interna- tional Journal of Press/Politics 17, no. 2 (2012): 234-242. 200
  65. Paul Starr, "Goodbye to the Age of Newspapers (Hello to a New Era of Corruption)," New Republic, March 4, 2009, https://newrepublic.com/article/64252/goodbye-the-age-newspapers-hello-new-era- corruption. 201 Michael Karlsson, "The Immediacy of Online News, the Visibility of Journalistic Processes and a Restructuring of Journalistic Authority," Journalism 12, no. 3 (2011): 279-295. 202
  66. Ryan Holiday, Trust Me, I'm Lying: Confessions of a Media Manipulator (Penguin, 2012). ENDNOTES 203 Ibid.; Chu, "Clickbait, the Attention Economy, and the End of Journalism";
  67. Thomas E. Patterson, "News Coverage of the 2016 Presidential Primaries: Horse Race Reporting Has Consequences" (Cambridge MA: Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy, July 11, 2016), https://shorensteincenter.org/news-coverage-2016-presidential-primaries/. 205
  68. Emily Thorson, "Belief Echoes: The Persistent Effects of Corrected Misinformation," Political Com- munication 33, no. 3 (2016): 460-480. 209 Silverman and Alexander, "How Teens In the Balkans Are Duping Trump Supporters With Fake News"; McCoy, "Inside a Long Beach Web Operation That Makes up Stories about Trump and Clinton." 210
  69. David Uberti, "How Misinfor- mation Goes Viral: A Truthy Story," Columbia Journalism Review, September 3, 2014, http://www.cjr.org/ behind_the_news/how_misinformation_goes_viral.php. 211
  70. Jonathan M. Ladd, Why Americans Hate the Media and How It Matters (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011). 218
  71. Jonathan M. Ladd, "The Role of Media Distrust in Partisan Voting," Political Behavior 32, no. 4 (2010): 567-585. 219
  72. David A. Jones, "Why Americans Don't Trust the Media: A Preliminary Analysis," Harvard Inter- national Journal of Press/Politics 9, no. 2 (2004): 60-75;
  73. Kenneth Dautrich and Thomas H. Hartley, How the News Media Fail American Voters: Causes, Consequences, and Remedies (New York: Columbia Univer- sity Press, 1999)." 220
  74. Thomas Patterson, "News Coverage of the 2016 General Election: How the Press Failed the Vot- ers" (Cambridge MA: Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School, December 7, 2016), https://shorensteincenter.org/news-coverage-2016-general-election/. 223
  75. Matti Pohjonen and Sahana Udupa, "Extreme Speech Online: An Anthropological Critique of Hate Speech Debates," International Journal of Communication 11, no. 0 (March 14, 2017): 19. 224
  76. Aikin, Scott F. "Poe' s Law, Group Polarization, and the Epistemology of Online Religious Discourse." SSRN Scholarly Paper. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, January 23, 2009. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1332169.
  77. Ambedkar, M. "The Aesthetics of the Alt-Right." Post-Office Arts Journal, February 11, 2017. http://baltimore-art.com/2017/02/11/the-aesthetics-of-the-alt-right/.
  78. Banet-Weiser, Sarah, and Kate M. Miltner. "# MasculinitySoFragile: Culture, Structure, and Networked Misogyny." Feminist Media Studies 16, no. 1 (2016): 171-174.
  79. Barbrook, R., and A. Cameron. "The Californian Ideology." Science as Culture 6, no. 1 (1996): 44-72.
  80. Benkler, Yochai, Hal Roberts, and Ethan Zuckerman. "Study: Breitbart-Led Right-Wing Media Ecosystem Altered Broader Media Agenda." Columbia Journalism Review, March 3, 2017. http://www.cjr.org/analysis/breitbart-media-trump-harvard-study.php.
  81. Bernstein, Michael S., Andrés Monroy-Hernández, Drew Harry, Paul André, Katrina Panovich, and Gregory G. Vargas. "4chan and /b/: An Analysis of Anonymity and Ephemerality in a Large Online Community." In Proceedings of the Fifth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, 50-57. AAAI Press, 2011. http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index. php/ICWSM/ICWSM11/paper/download/2873/4398/.
  82. Boyd-Barrett, Oliver. "Judith Miller, the New York Times, and the Propaganda Model." Journalism Studies 5, no. 4 (2004): 435-449.
  83. Braithwaite, Andrea. "It' s About Ethics in Games Journalism? Gamergaters and Geek Masculinity." Social Media + Society 2, no. 4 (November 1, 2016): 2056305116672484. doi:10.1177/2056305116672484. · DOI
  84. Burgess, Jean, and Ariadna Matamoros-Fernández. "Mapping Sociocultural Controversies across Digital Media Platforms: One Week of #gamergate on Twitter, YouTube, and Tumblr." Communication Research and Practice 2, no. 1 (2016): 79-96.
  85. Byford, Jovan. Conspiracy Theories: A Critical Introduction. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
  86. ---. "Who' s Playing Who? Media Manipulation in an Era of Trump." In Trump and the Media, edited by Zizi Papacharissi and Pablo J. Boczkowski. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, in press.
  87. Chess, Shira, and Adrienne Shaw. "A Conspiracy of Fishes, Or, How We Learned to Stop Worrying About# Gamergate and Embrace Hegemonic Masculinity." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 59, no. 1 (2015): 208-220.
  88. Clarke, Steve. "Conspiracy Theories and the Internet: Controlled Demolition and Arrested Development." Episteme: A Journal of Social Epistemology 4, no. 2 (2007): 167-80.
  89. Crain, Matthew. "The Rise of Private Equity Media Ownership in the United States: A Public Interest Perspective." International Journal of Communication 3 (January 2009). http:// ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/381.
  90. Dagnall, Neil, Kenneth Drinkwater, Andrew Parker, Andrew Denovan, and Megan Parton. "Conspiracy Theory and Cognitive Style: A Worldview." Frontiers in Psychology 6 (February 25, 2015). doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00206. · DOI
  91. ---. White Lies: Race, Class, Gender and Sexuality in White Supremacist Discourse. New York: Routledge, 1997.
  92. Dautrich, Kenneth, and Thomas H. Hartley. How the News Media Fail American Voters: Causes, Consequences, and Remedies. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.
  93. Dayter, Daria, and Sofia Rüdiger. "Reporting from the Field: The Narrative Reconstruction of Experience in Pick-up Artist Online Communities." Open Linguistics 2, no. 1 (2016). doi:10.1515/opli-2016-0016. · DOI
  94. Denes, Amanda. "Biology as Consent: Problematizing the Scientific Approach to Seducing Women' s Bodies." In Women's Studies International Forum, 34:411-419. Elsevier, 2011. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277539511000793.
  95. Donath, Judith. "Identity and Deception in the Virtual Community." In Communities in Cyberspace, edited by Peter Kollock and Marc Smith, 29-59. London: Routledge, 1999.
  96. Durkheim, Emile. Suicide: A Study in Sociology [1897]. Translated by J.A. Spaulding and G. Simpson. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, 1951. https://isis.ku.dk/kurser/blob. aspx?feltid=203014.
  97. Fairclough, Norman. "Political Correctness': The Politics of Culture and Language." Discourse & Society 14, no. 1 (2003): 17-28.
  98. Forelle, Michelle C, Philip N. Howard, Andres Monroy-Hernandez, and Saiph Savage. "Political Bots and the Manipulation of Public Opinion in Venezuela." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2015. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2635800. · DOI
  99. Gitlin, Todd. The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making & Unmaking of the New Left. Berkeley, CA: Univ of California Press, 1980.
  100. Gotell, Lise, and Emily Dutton. "Sexual Violence in the 'Manosphere': Antifeminist Men' s Rights Discourses on Rape." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 5, no. 2 (2016): 65-80.
  101. Gourarie, Chava. "How the 'alt-Right' Checkmated the Media." Columbia Journalism Review, August 30, 2016. http://www.cjr.org/analysis/alt_right_media_clinton_trump.php.
  102. Higgin, Tanner. "/B/Lack up: What Trolls Can Teach Us About Race." The Fibreculture Journal, no. 22 (2013): 133-51.
  103. Hine, Gabriel Emile, Jeremiah Onaolapo, Emiliano De Cristofaro, Nicolas Kourtellis, Ilias Leontiadis, Riginos Samaras, Gianluca Stringhini, and Jeremy Blackburn. "Kek, Cucks, and God Emperor Trump: A Measurement Study of 4chan' s Politically Incorrect Forum and Its Effects on the Web." arXiv Preprint arXiv:1610.03452, 2016. https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.03452. · arXiv
  104. ---. Trust Me, I'm Lying: Confessions of a Media Manipulator. New York: Penguin, 2012.
  105. Howard, Philip N., and Bence Kollanyi. "Bots, #StrongerIn, and #Brexit: Computational Propaganda during the UK-EU Referendum." arXiv:1606.06356 [Physics], June 20, 2016. http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.06356. · arXiv
  106. Isenberg, Daniel J. "Group Polarization: A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50, no. 6 (1986): 1141-51. doi:10.1037/0022- 3514.50.6.1141. · DOI · Paper page
  107. Jack, Caroline. "How Facts Survive: Sponsored Economic Education Media and American Social Imaginaries, 1974-1986." Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University, 2016.
  108. Jamin, Jérôme. "Cultural Marxism and the Radical Right." In The Post-War Anglo-American Far Right: A Special Relationship of Hate, edited by Paul Jackson and Anton Shekhovtsov, 84-103. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan, 2014.
  109. ---. The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research, 1923-1950. Vol. 10. London: Heinemann Educational Books, Ltd., 1973.
  110. Jenkins, H. Convergence Culture. New York: New York University Press, 2006.
  111. Jenkins, Henry, Ravi Purushotma, Margaret Weigel, Katie Clinton, and Alice J. Robison. Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture: Media Education for the 21st Century. Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 2009.
  112. Jolley, Daniel, and Karen M. Douglas. "The Effects of Anti-Vaccine Conspiracy Theories on Vaccination Intentions." PLoS ONE 9, no. 2 (February 20, 2014). doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0089177. · DOI · Paper page
  113. ---. "The Social Consequences of Conspiracism: Exposure to Conspiracy Theories Decreases the Intention to Engage in Politics and to Reduce One' s Carbon Footprint." British Journal of Psychology 105, no. 1 (2014): 35-56. doi:http://doi.org/10.1111/ bjop.12018. · DOI · Paper page
  114. Jones, David A. "Why Americans Don't Trust the Media: A Preliminary Analysis." Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 9, no. 2 (2004): 60-75.
  115. Karlsson, Michael. "The Immediacy of Online News, the Visibility of Journalistic Processes and a Restructuring of Journalistic Authority." Journalism 12, no. 3 (2011): 279-295.
  116. Kennedy, Liam. "Alien Nation: White Male Paranoia and Imperial Culture in the United States." Journal of American Studies 30, no. 1 (April 1996): 87-100. doi:https://doi. org/10.1017/S0021875800024336. · DOI
  117. Kimmel, Michael. Manhood in America: A Cultural History. New York: The Free Press, 1996.
  118. ---. Manhood in America: A Cultural History. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  119. Kirman, Ben, Conor Lineham, and Shaun Lawson. "Exploring Mischief and Mayhem in Social Computing or: How We Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Trolls." In CHI '12 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 121-130. CHI EA '12. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2012. doi:10.1145/2212776.2212790. · DOI
  120. Ladd, Jonathan M. "The Role of Media Distrust in Partisan Voting." Political Behavior 32, no. 4 (2010): 567-585.
  121. ---. Why Americans Hate the Media and How It Matters. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011.
  122. Lave, J., and E. Wenger. Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
  123. Marks, Stephen R. "Durkheim' s Theory of Anomie." American Journal of Sociology 80, no. 2 (1974): 329-63.
  124. Marwick, A., and Nicole B. Ellison. "'There Isn't Wifi in Heaven!' Negotiating Visibility on Facebook Memorial Pages." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 56, no. 3 (2012): 378-400. doi:10.1080/08838151.2012.705197. · DOI
  125. Massanari, Adrienne. "#Gamergate and The Fappening: How Reddit' s Algorithm, Governance, and Culture Support Toxic Technocultures." New Media & Society, October 9, 2015. http://nms.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/10/07/1461444815608807.
  126. Massing, Michael. "Now They Tell Us." The New York Review of Books, February 26, 2004. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2004/02/26/now-they-tell-us/.
  127. McChesney, Robert W. The Political Economy of Media: Enduring Issues, Emerging Dilemmas. New York: NYU Press, 2008.
  128. McCombs, Maxwell E., and Donald Shaw. "The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media." The Public Opinion Quarterly 36, no. 2 (Summer 1972): 176-87.
  129. Messner, Michael A. "The Limits of 'The Male Sex Role' An Analysis of the Men' s Liberation and Men' s Rights Movements' Discourse." Gender & Society 12, no. 3 (1998): 255-276.
  130. Milner, Ryan. "Hacking the Social: Internet Memes, Identity Antagonism, and the Logic of Lulz." The Fibreculture Journal, no. 22 (2013). http://twentytwo.fibreculturejournal.org/ fcj-156-hacking-the-social-internet-memes-identity-antagonism-and-the-logic-of-lulz/.
  131. Nakamura, L. "Don't Hate the Player, Hate the Game: The Racialization of Labor in World of Warcraft." Critical Studies in Media Communication 26, no. 2 (2009): 128-144.
  132. Nordenson, Bree. "Overload!" Columbia Journalism Review 47, no. 4 (2008): 30. BIBLIOGRAPHY O'Connor, Brendan. "Who' s Behind the Fake 'Union of White NYU Students'?" Gawker, November 23, 2015. http://gawker.com/who-s-behind-the-fake- union-of-white-nyu-students-1744300282?utm_expid=66866090-67. e9PWeE2DSnKObFD7vNEoqg.0&utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google. com%2F.
  133. Patterson, Thomas. "News Coverage of the 2016 General Election: How the Press Failed the Voters." Cambridge MA: Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School, December 7, 2016. https://shorensteincenter.org/news- coverage-2016-general-election/.
  134. ---. "News Coverage of the 2016 Presidential Primaries: Horse Race Reporting Has Consequences." Cambridge MA: Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy, July 11, 2016. https://shorensteincenter.org/news-coverage-2016- presidential-primaries/.
  135. Phillips, Whitney. "The House That Fox Built: Anonymous, Spectacle, and Cycles of Amplification." Television & New Media 14, no. 6 (2013): 494-509.
  136. ---. This Is Why We Can't Have Nice Things: Mapping the Relationship Between Online Trolling and Mainstream Culture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2015.
  137. Pohjonen, Matti, and Sahana Udupa. "Extreme Speech Online: An Anthropological Critique of Hate Speech Debates." International Journal of Communication 11, no. 0 (March 14, 2017): 19.
  138. Seta, Gabriele de. "Trolling, and Other Problematic Social Media Practices." In The SAGE Handbook of Social Media, edited by Jean Burgess, Alice E. Marwick, and Thomas Poell. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2017.
  139. Starr, Paul. "An Unexpected Crisis: The News Media in Postindustrial Democracies." The International Journal of Press/Politics 17, no. 2 (2012): 234-242.
  140. Sunstein, Cass R. "Deliberative Trouble? Why Groups Go to Extremes." The Yale Law Journal 110, no. 1 (2000): 71-119.
  141. Sunstein, Cass R., and Adrian Vermeule. "Conspiracy Theories: Causes and Cures*." Journal of Political Philosophy 17, no. 2 (2009): 202-227.
  142. Tepper, M. "Usenet Communities and the Cultural Politics of Information." In Internet Culture, edited by David Porter, 39-54. New York: Routledge, 1997.
  143. Thorson, Emily. "Belief Echoes: The Persistent Effects of Corrected Misinformation." Political Communication 33, no. 3 (2016): 460-480.
  144. Uberti, David. "How Misinformation Goes Viral: A Truthy Story." Columbia Journalism Review, September 3, 2014. http://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/how_misinformation_goes_ viral.php.
  145. Wiggershaus, Rolf. The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance. Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1995.
  146. Wilson, John K. The Myth of Political Correctness: The Conservative Attack on Higher Education. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995.
  147. Wood, Michael J., Karen M. Douglas, and Robbie M. Sutton. "Dead and Alive Beliefs in Contradictory Conspiracy Theories." Social Psychological and Personality Science 3, no. 6 (2012): 767-773.
  148. Woolley, Samuel C. "Automating Power: Social Bot Interference in Global Politics." First Monday 21, no. 4 (March 10, 2016). doi:10.5210/fm.v21i4.6161. · DOI
  149. Zekany, E., and Allaine Cerwonka. "The Gendered Geek: Performing Masculinities in Cyberspace." Unpublished Masters Dissertation, Budapest, Central European University, 2011. http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2011/zekany_eva.pdf.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Marwick, A.
Publisher
Data & Society Research Institute
Published
2017-05-15
DOI
10.69985/qpaf6919
Cited by
160
References
0

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review