The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 18 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Effects of Two Fluoride Varnishes and One Fluoride/Chlorhexidine Varnish on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus Biofilm Formation in Vitro
Open accessAbstract
AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate and to compare the effect of two fluoride varnishes and one fluoride/chlorhexidine varnish on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus biofilm formation, in vitro. STUDY DESIGN: Standard acrylic discs were prepared and divided into groups based on the varnish applied to the disc surface: Fluor Protector, Bifluoride 12, and Fluor Protector + Cervitec (1:1). Untreated discs served as controls. In the study groups, biofilms of S. mutans and S. sobrinus were formed over 24 h, 48 h, and 5 days. The fluoride concentrations in the monospecies biofilms and viable counts of S. mutans and S. sobrinus were investigated. RESULTS: In all study groups, a statistically significant increase in the viable number of S. mutans and S. sobrinus cells was observed between 24 h and 5 days. In both monospecies biofilms, the greatest antibacterial efficacy was detected in the Fluor Protector and Fluor Protector + Cervitec groups at 24 h. For all groups, the amount of fluoride released was highest during the first 24 h, followed by a significant decrease over the next 4 days. A negative correlation was detected between fluoride concentration and antibacterial effect in those groups with biofilms containing both species. Despite the release of high levels of fluoride, the greatest number of viable S. mutans and S. sobrinus cells was detected in the Bifluoride 12 group. STATISTICS: The data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism software (ver. 3). CONCLUSIONS: The Fluor Protector + Cervitec varnish exerted prolonged antibacterial effects on S. mutans and S. sobrinus biofilms compared to the other varnishes tested.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This in vitro study compared two fluoride varnishes and one fluoride/chlorhexidine varnish on monospecies *Streptococcus mutans* and *Streptococcus sobrinus* biofilms over 5 days. Fluor Protector + Cervitec showed the greatest and most prolonged antibacterial effect, while Bifluoride 12 had the highest fluoride release but the least inhibitory effect.
Key findings
- All varnishes significantly reduced viable counts versus controls, but viable *S. mutans* and *S. sobrinus* increased significantly from 24 h to 5 days in all groups.
- Fluor Protector + Cervitec had the lowest viable counts for both species at 24 and 48 h versus control; Fluor Protector showed the same effect at 24 h, and the antibacterial effect was stronger for *S. sobrinus* than for *S. mutans*.
- Bifluoride 12 showed the highest fluoride concentrations in both biofilms but also the greatest number of viable *S. mutans* and *S. sobrinus* cells; fluoride release was highest during the first 24 h and then decreased significantly over the next 4 days.
- A negative correlation was detected between fluoride concentration and antibacterial effect; as fluoride decreased, viable counts increased. The authors concluded that Fluor Protector + Cervitec exerted prolonged antibacterial effects compared with the other varnishes.
Methods
- In vitro study using 168 standard acrylic discs (10 mm diameter, 2 mm thick) with orthodontic wires; groups were Fluor Protector, Bifluoride 12, Fluor Protector + Cervitec (1:1), and untreated controls, with 40 µL varnish and 7 samples per group.
- Monospecies biofilms of *S. mutans* NCTC 10449 and *S. sobrinus* NCTC 12277 were formed on saliva-coated discs in TSB with 5% sucrose at 37°C under 5% CO2 and assessed at 24 h, 48 h, and 5 days. Viability was measured by CFU on MSBA; fluoride content was measured by microdiffusion and a fluoride-sensitive electrode, expressed as µg/g wet sample weight.
- Data were analyzed with GraphPad Prism v3 using Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman, Dunn’s, Mann-Whitney U, and Spearman correlation tests; significance was set at p < 0.05.
Limitations
- Stated: the authors note that a possible limitation is the use of monospecific biofilms of *S. mutans* and *S. sobrinus*, and they say monospecific late-colonizing streptococci or mixed-culture biofilms should be used to confirm the results.
- Evident: saliva was obtained from a single healthy volunteer, which limits generalizability.
- Evident: the in vitro monospecies biofilm model does not capture clinical caries outcomes or the complexity of the oral microbiota.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 of 18 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingreasoning
In our experiments, the activity decreased over the experimental period.
“In our experiments, the activity decreased over the experimental period.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the Fluor Protector + Cervitec group, fluoride concentration in S. sobrinus biofilms at 48 h was higher than in S. mutans biofilms.
“In the Fluor Protector + Cervitec group, the fluoride concentration in the S. mutans biofilms at 24 h was significantly higher than that in the S. sobrinus biofilms; however, at 48 h, the fluoride concentration in the S. sobrinus biofilms was higher than that in the S. mutans biofilms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the Fluor Protector + Cervitec group, fluoride concentration in S. mutans biofilms at 24 h was significantly higher than in S. sobrinus biofilms.
“In the Fluor Protector + Cervitec group, the fluoride concentration in the S. mutans biofilms at 24 h was significantly higher than that in the S. sobrinus biofilms; however, at 48 h, the fluoride concentration in the S. sobrinus biofilms was higher than that in the S. mutans biofilms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Bifluoride 12 had the lowest inhibitory effect among the three varnishes during the experimental period.
“while Bifluoride 12 had the lowest inhibitory effect during the experimental period, although it had the highest fluoride concentration.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“While Bifluoride 12 showed the smallest inhibitory effect, it had the highest fluoride concentration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
- Findingown data
Despite the release of high levels of fluoride, the greatest number of viable S. mutans and S. sobrinus cells was detected in the Bifluoride 12 group.
“Despite the release of high levels of fluoride, the greatest number of viable S. mutans and S. sobrinus cells was detected in the Bifluoride 12 group.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Although the highest fluoride concentrations were found in both biofilms with Bifluoride 12, the highest viable counts of bacteria were also observed in these films.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
- Findingown data
A statistically significant difference was found only at 24 h in S. mutans biofilm in the Fluor Protector + Cervitec group compared to the control group.
“A statistically significant difference was found only at 24 h S.mutans biofilm at Fluor Protector + Cervitec group in comparison to control group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Fluoride concentrations in S. sobrinus biofilms exposed to Bifluoride 12 were significantly higher than in S. mutans biofilms at 48 h.
“The fluoride concentrations in the S. sobrinus biofilms exposed to Bifluoride 12 were significantly higher than in the S. mutans biofilms at 48 h.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
A negative correlation was detected between fluoride concentration and antibacterial effect in the study groups with both biofilms.
“A negative correlation was detected between fluoride concentration and antibacterial effect in those groups with biofilms containing both species.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“A negative correlation was detected between the fluoride concentration and antibacterial effect in all study groups with both biofilms.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“as the fluoride concentration decreased, the viable bacterial counts increased.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
- Findingown data
The Fluor Protector group showed a statistically significant difference compared to the control group at 24 h and 48 h in S. sobrinus biofilm.
“Fluor Protector group showed statistically significant difference in comparison to control group at 48 h and 5 days in S.mutans biofilm, meanwhile same statistical relation was observed at 24 h and 48 h in S.sobrinus biofilm.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
There was a significant relationship between the tested materials at 24 h and 48 h.
“As shown in Table 1, there was a significant relationship between the tested materials at 24 h and 48 h.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In all study groups, the viable number of S. mutans and S. sobrinus cells increased significantly between 24 h and 5 days.
“In all study groups, a statistically significant increase in the viable number of S. mutans and S. sobrinus cells was observed between 24 h and 5 days.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“A marked increase in the viable counts of S. mutans and S. sobrinus during the test period was observed in all test groups, which was statistically significant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
- Findingown data
Among the test groups, Bifluoride 12 showed the highest fluoride concentration in both biofilms compared to control groups during the test period.
“Among the test groups, Bifluoride 12 showed the highest fluoride concentration in both biofilms in comparison to control groups during the test period.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Fluoride concentrations in S. sobrinus biofilms in the Fluor Protector group were significantly higher than in S. mutans biofilms at 24 and 48 h.
“The fluoride concentrations in the S. sobrinus biofilms in the Fluor Protector group were significantly higher than in the S. mutans biofilms at 24 and 48 h.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Over time, as the fluoride concentration decreased, the viability of S. mutans and S. sobrinus in the biofilms increased.
“Over time, as the fluoride concentration decreased, the viability of S. mutans and S. sobrinus in the biofilms increased.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“as the fluoride concentration decreased, the viable counts of the bacteria increased.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
- Findingown data
There was a significant relationship between the tested materials at all time intervals.
“As shown in Table 2, there was a significant relationship between the tested materials at all time intervals.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The Fluor Protector group exhibited a more prolonged antibacterial effect in S. mutans biofilm than in S. sobrinus biofilm.
“The Fluor Protector group exhibited prolonged antibacterial effect in S.mutans biofilm than S. sobrinus biofilm.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
After 5 days, fluoride concentration in S. mutans biofilms in the Fluor Protector group was significantly higher than in S. sobrinus biofilms.
“After 5 days, the fluoride concentration in the S. mutans biofilms in the Fluor Protector group was significantly higher than in the S. sobrinus biofilms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The antibacterial effect was stronger for S. sobrinus than for S. mutans.
“All of the dental varnishes tested significantly reduced the viable cell count; however, the effect was stronger for S. sobrinus than for S. mutans.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Among the test groups, the Fluor Protector + Cervitec group had the lowest viable counts in both species at 24 and 48 h compared to the control group.
“Among the test groups, Fluor Protector + Cervitec group had the lowest values of viable counts in both species at 24 and 48 h in comparison to control group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The Fluor Protector group showed a statistically significant difference compared to the control group at 48 h and 5 days in S. mutans biofilm.
“Fluor Protector group showed statistically significant difference in comparison to control group at 48 h and 5 days in S.mutans biofilm, meanwhile same statistical relation was observed at 24 h and 48 h in S.sobrinus biofilm.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In both monospecies biofilms, the greatest antibacterial efficacy was detected in the Fluor Protector and Fluor Protector + Cervitec groups at 24 h.
“In both monospecies biofilms, the greatest antibacterial efficacy was detected in the Fluor Protector and Fluor Protector + Cervitec groups at 24 h.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
In this study, the wet weights of the monobiofilms of S. mutans and S. sobrinus increased on the discs with dental varnishes over 5 days.
“In this study, the wet weights of the monobiofilms of S. mutans and S. sobrinus increased on the discs with dental varnishes over 5 days.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
All dental varnishes tested significantly reduced the viable cell count.
“All of the dental varnishes tested significantly reduced the viable cell count; however, the effect was stronger for S. sobrinus than for S. mutans.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
S. mutans and S. sobrinus are the major pathogenic bacteria associated with dental biofilms.
“Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are the major pathogenic bacteria associated with dental biofilms 1,2,3,4,5.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked- cites [1] Fejerskov O Kidd EAM Clinical cariology and operative dentistry in the twenty-first century Fejerskov O Kidd E Dental Caries; The Disease and Its Clinical Management Denmark, Copenhagen Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2003 179 188
- cites [2] Nisengard RJ Newman MG Oral Microbiology and Immunology, second edition Philadelphia WB Saunders Company 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [3] Schachtele CF Dental Caries: Prevention and control Stallard RE A Textbook of Preventive Dentistry, 2nd ed. Philadelphia WB Saunders Company 1982 241 54
- cites [4] Shaw JH Etiology of dental caries: Prevention and control Stallard RE A Textbook of Preventive Dentistry, 2nd ed. Philadelphia WB Saunders Company 1982 32 49
- cites [5] Bowden GHW Li YH Nutritional influences on biofilm development Adv Dent Res 1997 11 81 99 9524446
- Interpretationown data
The Fluor Protector + Cervitec varnish exerted prolonged antibacterial effects on S. mutans and S. sobrinus biofilms compared to the other varnishes tested.
“The Fluor Protector + Cervitec varnish exerted prolonged antibacterial effects on S. mutans and S. sobrinus biofilms compared to the other varnishes tested.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“of the three varnishes tested, Fluor Protector + Cervitec had the highest inhibitory effect against S. mutans and S. sobrinus biofilms, while Bifluoride 12 had the lowest inhibitory effect during the experimental period, although it had the highest fluoride concentration.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · hedged
“The present results indicate that the Fluor Protector + Cervitec group exhibited the greatest antibacterial effect, which is important in delaying bacterial colonization and biofilm development.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
- Interpretationown data
The results of this study support the limited antibacterial effect of fluoride.
“The results of this study support the limited antibacterial effect of fluoride.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The effects of antimicrobials on oral biofilms in vitro, in situ, and in vivo can only be compared if the time between last treatment and sampling is taken into consideration.
“The effects of antimicrobials on oral biofilms in vitro, in situ, and in vivo can only be compared if the time between last treatment and sampling is taken into consideration 18.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] Steinberg D Rozen R Klausner EA Zachs B Friedman M Formulation, development and characterization of sustained release varnishes containing amine and stannous fluorides Caries Res 2002 36 411 416 12459613
- Premisecitation
Phosphorus and potassium metabolism and acid production by S. mutans are affected more by chlorhexidine and fluoride in combination than by each agent alone when used at the same concentration.
“Phosphorus and potassium metabolism and acid production by S. mutans are affected more by chlorhexidine and fluoride in combination than by each agent alone when used at the same concentration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [10] Zaura-Arite E Ten Cate JM Effects of fluoride and chlorhexidine containing varnishes on plaque composition and on demineralization of dentinal grooves in situ Eur J Oral Sci 2000 108 154 161 10768729
- cites [11] Sorvari R Happonen SS Luoma H Efficacy of chlorhexidine solution with fluoride varnishing in preventing enamel softening by Streptococcus mutans in an artificial mouth Scand J Dent Res 1994 102 206 209 8091120
- It may state two separate claims as one. 8
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenThe fluoride concentration peaked after 24 h then decreased while the thickness of the biofilm increased.
“The fluoride concentration peaked after 24 h then decreased while the thickness of the biofilm increased.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataThe Fluor Protector group showed a significant reduction in viable counts compared to the control group at 24 h in both species.
“In comparison Fluor Protector group with the control groups the same effect was observed at 24 h in both species.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataFor all groups, the amount of fluoride released was highest during the first 24 h, followed by a significant decrease over the next 4 days.
“For all groups, the amount of fluoride released was highest during the first 24 h, followed by a significant decrease over the next 4 days.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“In all groups, the highest amount of fluoride release occurred during the first 24 h, followed by a significant decrease over the next 4 days.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“For all groups, the highest amount of fluoride release was observed during the first 24 h, and was followed by a significant decrease over the following 4 days”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenThe addition of Cervitec to Fluor Protector increased the antibacterial effect and efficacious time of Fluor Protector against both biofilms.
“The addition of Cervitec to Fluor Protector increased the antibacterial effect and efficacious time of Fluor Protector against both biofilms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningAlthough Fluor Protector contained a lower fluoride concentration than Bifluoride 12, its antibacterial effect was better.
“Although Fluor Protector contained a lower fluoride concentration than Bifluoride 12, its antibacterial effect was better, and this may be explained by the silane content.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataThe statistically significant difference between the viable counts of bacteria in the Bifluoride 12 group after 24 h and 5 days shows that this varnish affected bacterial viability at 24 h but that this effect was minor when compared with the other test groups.
“The statistically significant difference between the viable counts of bacteria in the Bifluoride 12 group after 24 h and 5 days shows that this varnish affected bacterial viability at 24 h but that this effect was minor when compared with the other test groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Study design and conductnone givenOur experimental model mimics several of the environmental conditions in the oral cavity such as saliva, bacteria and in situ polysaccharide production which affect bacterial adhesion to surfaces.
“Our experimental model mimics several of the environmental conditions in the oral cavity such as saliva, bacteria and in situ polysaccharide production which affect bacterial adhesion to surfaces.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductnone givenA possible limitation of this study is using monospecific biofilms of S. mutans and S. sobrinus.
“Possible limitation of this study may include using monospecific biofilms of S. mutans and S. sobrinus.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationFluoride concentrations in plaque can reach the millimolar range and can exert inhibitory effects on the oral microflora.
“Fluoride concentrations in plaque can reach the millimolar range, and, consequently, can exert inhibitory effects on the oral microflora 8,9.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [8] Bradshaw DJ Marsh PD Hodgson RJ Visser JM Effect of glucose and fluoride on competition and metabolism within in vitro dental bacterial communities and biofilms Caries Res 2002 36 81 86 12037363
- cites [9] Horowitz HS Ismail AI Topical fluorides in caries prevention Fejerskov O, Ekstrand J, Burt BA Fluoride In Dentistry, 2nd ed. Copenhagen Munksgaard 1996 311 327
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationFluoride and chlorhexidine varnishes have both been found to be effective.
“Fluoride and chlorhexidine varnishes have both been found to be effective 7,9.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [7] Scheie AA The role of antimicrobials Fejerskov O Kidd E Dental Caries: The Disease and Its Clinical Management Denmark, Copenhagen Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2003 179 188
- cites [9] Horowitz HS Ismail AI Topical fluorides in caries prevention Fejerskov O, Ekstrand J, Burt BA Fluoride In Dentistry, 2nd ed. Copenhagen Munksgaard 1996 311 327
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationSeveral clinical studies have reported that chlorhexidine-containing varnishes produce long-lasting (up to several months) suppression of S. mutans.
“Several clinical studies have reported that chlorhexidine-containing varnishes produce long-lasting (up to several months) suppression of S. mutans 10,11.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [10] Zaura-Arite E Ten Cate JM Effects of fluoride and chlorhexidine containing varnishes on plaque composition and on demineralization of dentinal grooves in situ Eur J Oral Sci 2000 108 154 161 10768729
- cites [11] Sorvari R Happonen SS Luoma H Efficacy of chlorhexidine solution with fluoride varnishing in preventing enamel softening by Streptococcus mutans in an artificial mouth Scand J Dent Res 1994 102 206 209 8091120
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationFluoride may interfere with bacterial metabolism and inhibit bacterial growth.
“Fluoride may interfere with bacterial metabolism and inhibit bacterial growth 8,9.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [8] Bradshaw DJ Marsh PD Hodgson RJ Visser JM Effect of glucose and fluoride on competition and metabolism within in vitro dental bacterial communities and biofilms Caries Res 2002 36 81 86 12037363
- cites [9] Horowitz HS Ismail AI Topical fluorides in caries prevention Fejerskov O, Ekstrand J, Burt BA Fluoride In Dentistry, 2nd ed. Copenhagen Munksgaard 1996 311 327
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationSustained-release systems, including varnishes, generally show an initial burst, with rapid release of the active agent, followed by a slower phase of release.
“Sustained-release systems, including varnishes, generally show an initial burst, with rapid release of the active agent, followed by a slower phase of release 7,18.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [7] Scheie AA The role of antimicrobials Fejerskov O Kidd E Dental Caries: The Disease and Its Clinical Management Denmark, Copenhagen Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2003 179 188
- cites [18] Steinberg D Rozen R Klausner EA Zachs B Friedman M Formulation, development and characterization of sustained release varnishes containing amine and stannous fluorides Caries Res 2002 36 411 416 12459613
The paper relies on this without support.
Chlorhexidine has antimicrobial activity against most bacterial species found in the oral cavity.
“It is well established that chlorhexidine has antimicrobial activity against most bacterial species found in the oral cavity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is no previous published report of biofilm formation on varnishes containing different levels of fluoride and chlorhexidine in both S. mutans and S. sobrinus biofilms measured at different time points.
“To our knowledge, there is no previous published report of biofilm formation on varnishes containing different levels of fluoride and chlorhexidine in both S. mutans and S. sobrinus biofilms measured at different time points.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Reported correlation has the opposite direction from the described antibacterial effect
MinorThe paper reports a negative correlation between fluoride concentration and antibacterial effect. It also says that bacterial viability increased as fluoride concentration decreased, which describes a negative correlation with viability but a positive correlation with antibacterial effect.
“A negative correlation was detected between the fluoride concentration and antibacterial effect in all study groups with both biofilms.”
“Over time, as the fluoride concentration decreased, the viability of S. mutans and S. sobrinus in the biofilms increased.”
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [3]Schachtele CF Dental Caries: Prevention and control Stallard RE A Textbook of Preventive Dentistry, 2nd ed. Philadelphia WB Saunders Company 1982 241 54
- [4]Shaw JH Etiology of dental caries: Prevention and control Stallard RE A Textbook of Preventive Dentistry, 2nd ed. Philadelphia WB Saunders Company 1982 32 49
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Metadata
- Authors
- Erdem, A. P., Sepet, E., Kulekci, G., Trosola, S. C., & Guven, Y.
- Venue
- International Journal of Medical Sciences
- Publisher
- Ivyspring International Publisher
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-136
- ISSN
- 1449-1907 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3258554
- OpenAlex
- W2145195490
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- International Journal of Medical Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental Health and Care Utilization
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental materials and restorations
- Keywords
- fluoride varnish, chlorhexidine, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, dental plaque, antibacterial activity, fluoride release, Fluor Protector, dental caries prevention
- MeSH terms
- Anti-Infective Agents, Local, Cariostatic Agents, Chlorhexidine, Dental Plaque, Drug Combinations, Fluorides, Fluorides, Topical, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Saliva, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Biofilms, Microbial Viability
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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