Towards the Measurement of Criminality in Canada: A Replication Study
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MESURE DE LA DELINQUANCE AU CANADA « Mesure de la delinquance au Canada > presente les resultats definitifs d'une replique methodologique de l'etude de T. Sellin et M.E. Wolfgang qui ont valide, il y a quelques annees, un indice de la criminalite pour les Etats-Unis. Le but de la presente recherche vise a mettre au point un indice semblable pour le Canada. Le Bureau federal de la statistique est responsable de la compilation des statistiques criminelles canadiennes. Ces statistiques sont basees sur les rapports annuels des differents corps de police du Canada et la classification des crimes est semblable, dans l'ensemble, au systeme americain communement appele Uniform Crime Reporting. Ce systeme ne tient pas compte, toutefois, de la gravite relative des differentes violations de la loi. Cette carence biaise toute analyse de l'etendue et de la nature de la criminalite dans le temps et dans l'espace. C'est ce qui determina Sellin et Wolfgang, ainsi que les auteurs de la presente etude, a y remedier. L'objectif principal de la recherche est la quantification des elements qualitatifs inherents aux evenements criminels. Aux Etats-Unis, un systeme pondere, fruit de l'analyse des attitudes caracterisant des echantillons d'etudiants universitaires, de policiers et de juges de la Cour juvenile, servit a cette fin. La strategie de la presente etude repose sur un « modele de replique minimum ». Ce modele, legitime par la validite des resultats, des interpretations et des conclusions de la recherche de Sellin et Wolfgang, reprend le dernier stade — qui est aussi le plus essentiel — de l'etude originale. Quatorze versions de delits criminels sont alors retenues afin de developper l'indice final. Les postulats de base qui sous-tendent cet indice sont les suivants: 1 ) La mesure de la criminalite et de la delinquance juvenile doit etre fondee sur une echelle de gravite qui reflete les sentiments de la communaute sur la gravite relative des differents delits criminels. 2) L'indice doit etre elabore a partir de renseignements detailles, tires des rapports de police et non a partir des etiquettes legales qui sont apposees aux evenements criminels. 3) En ce qui concerne la delinquance juvenile: a) les delits commis par les jeunes delinquants le sont independamment du type de cours ou de procedes qui menent a leur jugement; b) l'indice ne doit tenir compte que des violations qui seraient considerees comme criminelles si ces jeunes delinquants etaient des adultes. 4) L'indice doit etre fonde sur les delits criminels qui sont de nature a amener rapidement les victimes ou leurs proches a rapporter lesdits evenements a la police. 5) L'indice doit etre fonde sur les delits qui sont rapportes d'une facon un tant soit peu constante et qui causent un prejudice explicite aux membres de la communaute, tels que les blessures corporelles, le vol et la perte des biens ou les dommages a la propriete. L'indice exclut: a) les delits impliquant le consentement de la victime et la conspiration; b) les delits dont la decouverte depend surtout de l'activite de la police; c) les delits qui ne sont que des attentats ne produisant aucun dommage corporel ou materiel. 6) L'unite de compilation doit etre l'« evenement » pris dans sa totalite et non un seul element, si important soit-il. 7) Une echelle de proportions (ratio) est la plus appropriee, particulierement a cause de la qualite cumulative d'une telle echelle. 8) Des variables supposement importantes — telles que le type d'armes ou la legalite de la presence du coupable .— n'accroissent pas la gravite des delits et n'entrent donc pas en ligne de compte. L'echantillon canadien est de 2 738 sujets. Des etudiants, des juges, des policiers et des employes de bureau ont participe a cette etude. Les methodes et les techniques employees furent empruntees au domaine de la psychophysique, particulierement aux travaux de S.S. Stevens, de l'Universite de Harvard. Ces travaux etablissent une relation mathematique entre « stimulus » et « perception ». Chaque sujet recut les quatorze descriptions de delits criminels auxquels il attacha des poids numeriques variant selon ses attitudes particulieres. Ces resultats numeriques furent compiles a l'aide de la moyenne geometrique et analyses par les methodes de correlation (r) et de regression (b). Les hypotheses majeures de Sellin et Wolfgang, sur la base de ces resultats, furent reformulees de la facon suivante: Expectative minimum Si les indices de gravite des delits tires de deux populations (sexe, culture, pays) sont confrontes, la relation qui existe entre eux doit etre une fonction ayant la forme Y = aXb (les points traces graphiquement sur papier log-log se placent sur une ligne droite). Il est evident que cette expectative ne s'applique qu'aux delits choisis par Sellin et Wolfgang. Expectative maximum Si les indices de gravite des delits tires d'un grand nombre de populations ou de sous-populations (specialement a l'interieur d'un pays) sont mis en rapport, la relation qui se forme entre eux est une fonction ayant la forme Y = aXb (les points traces graphiquement sur papier log-log se placent sur une ligne droite); de plus, a mesure que le nombre de groupes dans l'echantillon augmente, la pente tend vers 1. De nouveau, ceci ne s'applique qu'aux delits choisis. Les resultats de cette etude confirment la fiabilite et la stabilite de l'indice de Sellin et Wolfgang. Ils permettent l'elaboration d'un indice canadien de gravite des delits qui constitue une mesure raffinee de la criminalite et de la delinquance juvenile, capable de remplacer avantageusement celle utilisee presentement au Canada.
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Akman et al. (1968) found that Canadian students in 1964-1965 rated homicide as more serious, regardless of gender.
“Akman et al. (1968) found that Canadian students in 1964-1965 rated homicide as more serious, regardless of gender”
From Rape or Homicide: Which Is Worse? (2024) · cites this paper as Akman et al. (1968)
Table 10 reports that Canadian students gave assault resulting in death the highest seriousness score among the listed offences. However, “Men-Women Magnitude Scores Compared” and “Interpretation of Findings” report a gender difference: men rated murder relatively more seriously than women. The Research Procedures use 1964–1965 enrollment figures to size the sample, but do not establish that the ratings were made in those years. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Akman, D. D., Normandeau, A., Sellin, T., & Wolfgang, M. E.
- Affiliations
- Université de Montréal (CA)
- Venue
- Acta Criminologica
- Publisher
- Consortium Erudit
- Published
- 2006-01-19
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 135-260
- ISSN
- 0065-1168 (ISSN-L)
- 1718-3243
- OpenAlex
- W2076353019
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 5.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- fr
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Acta Criminologica (publishedVersion)
- Érudit (Université de Montréal) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Université Laval
- McGill University
- Université de Moncton
- University of Alberta
- Dalhousie University
- University of Toronto
- Connaught Fund
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime, Deviance, and Social Control
- Keywords
- crime measurement, crime index, criminality, crime severity, juvenile delinquency, Uniform Crime Reporting Program, police reports, Canada, United States comparison, legal classification of crimes, crime control policy
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