Partisan Hostility and American Democracy
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Highly polarized partisans support leaders from their party regardless of their actual performance regarding COVID-19.
“Along these lines, Druckman et al. (2024) show highly polarized partisans support leaders from their party regardless of their actual performance regarding COVID-19.”
From How to study democratic backsliding (2024) · cites this paper as Druckman et al. (2024)
This includes opposition to compromise across parties, supporting more extreme positions on public policy, and evaluating the performance of public officials based on their partisan affiliations rather than their actions.
“This includes opposition to compromise across parties, supporting more extreme positions on public policy, and evaluating the performance of public officials based on their partisan affiliations rather than their actions (Druckman et al., 2024;Levendusky, 2023).”
From How to study democratic backsliding (2024) · cites this paper as Druckman et al., 2024
Druckman et al. (2024) suggest that those with higher levels of affective polarization have an increased likelihood of engaging in partisan-motivated reasoning.
“Druckman et al. (2024) suggest that those with higher levels of affective polarization have an increased likelihood of engaging in partisan-motivated reasoning.”
From How to study democratic backsliding (2024) · cites this paper as Druckman et al. (2024)
Political sectarianism better captures strong feelings that lead partisans to sacrifice democratic norms, while affective polarization captures milder forms of affect influencing social relationships.
“The former does a better job enveloping strong feelings that lead partisans to sacrifice democratic norms such as checks and balances or obeying unfavorable court rulings.11 The latter captures milder forms of affect that influence social relationships, such as willingness to work with members of the other party (e.g., Broockman et al., 2023;Lelkes & Westwood, 2017) and cue-taking in terms of”
From Measuring affective polarization: Matching concepts to measures (2026) · cites this paper as Druckman et al., 2024
Nearly all work on affective polarization excludes pure independents.
“Nearly all work on affective polarization excludes pure independents (including our own work, see Druckman et al., 2024).”
From Measuring affective polarization: Matching concepts to measures (2026) · cites this paper as Druckman et al., 2024
If weak partisans who are less affectively polarized systematically did not respond to surveys, then the survey would overstate levels of affective polarization, unless addressed with weighting.
“For instance, if weak partisans who are less affectively polarized (Abramowitz, 2010;Druckman et al., 2024) systematically did not respond to surveys, then the survey would overstate levels of affective polarization: it would be missing a part of the less polarized population (unless it could be addressed with weighting).”
From Measuring affective polarization: Matching concepts to measures (2026) · cites this paper as Druckman et al., 2024
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Megastudy testing 25 treatments to reduce antidemocratic attitudes and partisan animosity
Voelkel, J. G., Stagnaro, M. N., Chu, J. Y., Pink, S. L., Mernyk, J. S., Redekopp, C., Ghezae, I., Cashman, M., Adjodah, D., Allen, L. G., et al. (2024) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adh4764 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationMegastudy testing 25 treatments to reduce antidemocratic attitudes and partisan animosity
Voelkel, J. G., Stagnaro, M., Chu, J., Pink, S. L., Mernyk, J. S., Redekopp, C., Ghezae, I., Cashman, M., Adjodah, D., Allen, L., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/y79u5 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationHow to study democratic backsliding
Druckman, J. N. (2024) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12942 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes affective polarization contribute to democratic backsliding in America?
Druckman, J. N., Green, D. P., & Iyengar, S. (2023) · The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/00027162241228952 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationLandry, A., Druckman, J. N., & Willer, R. (2024) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-024-09934-w · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationA new measure of affective polarization
CAMPOS, N., & FEDERICO, C. (2026) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055425000255 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Unraveling polarization: Insights into individual and collective dynamics
Bar-On, K. K., Dimant, E., Yphtach Lelkes, B., & Rand, D. G. (2024) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae426 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Divisive or Descriptive?: How Americans Understand Critical Race Theory
Safarpour, A., Trujillo, K. L., Green, J., Pippert, C. H., Lin, J. A.-J., & Druckman, J. N. (2024) · The Journal of Race Ethnicity and Politics · doi:10.1017/rep.2023.39 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationAn agenda for science communication research and practice
Druckman, J. N., Ellenbogen, K., Scheufele, D., & Yanovitzky, I. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.2400932122 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Political Dynamics of Partisan Polarization
Schmidt, E. R., Carmines, E. G., & Sniderman, P. M. (2025) · doi:10.1017/9781009472760 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Conceptualizing Affective Climate Polarization
Kennedy, E. H., Silva, T. J., Muzzerall, P., & Dimitrakopoulos, S. (2025) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231251381875 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Representation in science and trust in scientists in the USA
Druckman, J. N., Ognyanova, K., Safarpour, A., Schulman, J., Trujillo, K. L., Uslu, A., Green, J., Baum, M., Quintana, A., Qu, H., et al. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02358-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationSimonson, M. D., Lacombe, M. J., Green, J., & Druckman, J. N. (2024) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10659129241249662 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationImpervious Corruption: President Trump and the Deformation of Democracy
Bozeman, B. L. (2025) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.70027 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Urmi, T., Pant, B., Dewey, G., Quintana, A., Lang, I., Druckman, J. N., Ognyanova, K., Baum, M., Perlis, R. H., Riedl, C., et al. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2500655122 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationHow Cross-Cutting Ties Reduce Affective Polarization: Evidence from Latino Americans
Jin, R., Klar, S., Neuner, F. G., & Ramirez, M. D. (2025) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-025-10019-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationSchulman, J., Druckman, J. N., Safarpour, A., Baum, M. A., Ognyanova, K., Trujillo, K. L., Quintana, A., Qu, H., Uslu, A. A., Perlis, R. H., et al. (2025) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfaf059 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationMellon, G. (2025) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00031224251346993 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Polarized Equality? Ideological and Affective Divides Over Gender Equality in Europe
Otteni, C. (2025) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.70120 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Politics of Disruption and the Ongoing Impact on Local Education Politics
Gensterblum, A., Waldron, S. F., Bertrand, A. R., & Jacobsen, R. (2026) · American Journal of Education · doi:10.1086/738771 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Why partisans feel hated: Distinct static and dynamic relationships with animosity meta-perceptions
Lees, J. M., Cikara, M., & Druckman, J. N. (2024) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae324 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationHouston, D. M., & Barone, A. (2025) · Education Finance and Policy · doi:10.1162/edfp_a_00449 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Fulton, S. A., Arceneaux, K., Bilsback, B., Pedraza, F. I., & Nicholson, S. P. (2025) · Journal of Women Politics & Policy · doi:10.1080/1554477x.2024.2385219 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Polarized trust and vaccine uptake
Rudolph, T. J. (2025) · Journal of Elections Public Opinion and Parties · doi:10.1080/17457289.2025.2551060 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Federico, C. M., Feldman, S., & Weber, C. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197813379.001.0001 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Affective Climate and Political Polarization: Identity, Ideology, and Support for Climate Policy
Kennedy, E. H., Silva, T. J., & Muzzerall, P. (2026) · Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie · doi:10.1111/cars.70032 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Perspective Getting and Cross-Party Support for Electoral Fairness
Strickler, R. (2025) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-025-10056-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kłodkowski, P., Kossowska, M., & Siewierska-Chmaj, A. (2025) · Social Inclusion · doi:10.17645/si.9996 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Measuring affective polarization: Matching concepts to measures
Druckman, J. N., Klar, S., Krupnikov, Y., Levendusky, M., & Ryan, J. B. (2026) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.70152 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationThe limits of Brexit prejudice
Phillips, J. B., & Stoeckel, F. (2025) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.70037 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Restoring institutional confidence in backsliding democracies: Evidence from Mexico
Bessen, B. R., Stokes, S. C., & Uribe, A. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2516520122 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Andrews, T. M., Olson, L. P., & Krupnikov, Y. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009613668 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Politics of Enmity: Outgroup Hostility and Support for the Big Lie
Benegal, S. D., Hayes, T. J., & Ugues, A. (2026) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10659129261434612 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rasul, M. E., Hameiri, B., Hacohen, G., Malovicki-Yaffe, N., & Moore‐Berg, S. L. (2026) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.70172 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Heck, I. A., Kneeskern, E. E., Park, N. H., Boone, B., & Distefano, C. (2026) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.70094 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Li, G. M. (2025) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edaf043 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Partisan Bias in Inflation Expectations: Evidence from the 2024 US ElectionPreprint
DiGiuseppe, M. R., Garriga, A. C., & Kern, A. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5216213 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flynn, A. G., & Seiders, K. (2025) · Journal of Advertising Research · doi:10.1080/00218499.2025.2464295
Partisan Schools: The Political Alignment of Charter School Leadership
Giersch, J., & Dong, C. (2025) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x251367386
A Realistic Call for Democratic Reform in France
Gonthier, F., Mayer, N., Druez, É., von Nostitz, F., & Kelbel, C. (2025) · French Politics, Society and Culture · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-92213-8_17
Divided We Act: The Role of Social Sanctions in a Polarized World
Dimant, E., Gelfand, M. J., Hochleitner, A., & Sonderegger, S. (2026) · CESifo · doi:10.65864/qm9asidtr3
The Authoritarian Belief System
Federico, C. M., Feldman, S., & Weber, C. R. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197813379.003.0004
26315 Democratic Backsliding in the United States
Druckman, J. N., & Sawler, D. (2025) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783111591902-015
Self-citationThe political dynamics of partisan polarization
Schmidt, E. R., Carmines, E. G., & Sniderman, P. M. (2025)
The Political and Psychological Dynamics of Authoritarianism
Federico, C. M., Feldman, S., & Weber, C. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197813379.003.0002
Authoritarianism and Its Consequences in an Ideologically Divided Party System
Federico, C. M., Feldman, S., & Weber, C. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197813379.003.0008
Authoritarianism and Antidemocratic Attitudes in the Trump Era
Federico, C. M., Feldman, S., & Weber, C. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197813379.003.0009
Authoritarianism and the Future of American Democracy
Federico, C. M., Feldman, S., & Weber, C. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197813379.003.0010
Authoritarianism and Sociocultural Issue Defection
Federico, C. M., Feldman, S., & Weber, C. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197813379.003.0007
Federico, C. M., Feldman, S., & Weber, C. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197813379.003.0001
Assessing Authoritarianism in the American Public
Federico, C. M., Feldman, S., & Weber, C. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197813379.003.0003
The Contingent Trajectory of Authoritarian Sorting Among White Americans
Federico, C. M., Feldman, S., & Weber, C. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197813379.003.0005
Authoritarianism and the Mechanisms of Partisan Sorting
Federico, C. M., Feldman, S., & Weber, C. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197813379.003.0006
Federico, C. M., Feldman, S., & Weber, C. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197813379.005.0001
Ársælsson, K. M., & Yphtach Lelkes, B. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199756841-0322
Park, N. H., Kneeskern, E. E., & Heck, I. A. (2026) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.70056
Public opinion trends in American society: Lessons from social science infrastructure
Druckman, J. N., Brocheux, A., Gordula, P., Marsh, H. E., Sawler, D., Sun, D., & Zhu, Y.-F. W. (2026) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgag002
Self-citationHow Violations of Electoral Integrity Undermine Partisan Attachments
Aarslew, L. F. (2026) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123426101343
Kim, N. K., Nam, Y., Yang, J., & Cho, W. (2026) · Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00323217261431497
Bernaerts, K. (2026) · Political Studies Review · doi:10.1177/14789299261438223
Partisan Hearts, Polarized Minds? Revisiting the Relationship Between Partisanship and Polarization
Bankert, A., & Zingher, J. N. (2026) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10659129261454646
Partisan polarization, populist attitudes, and anti-democratic behaviors
Kang, M., & Kim, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2026.1743027
Identity–Policy Fusion and Polarization in United States House Campaign Language
Tamang, T. (2026) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/19401612261452050
Jin, R., & Lindsay, S. C. (2026) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10659129261468675
The Language of Polarization: Hate Trumps Cooperation and Generosity Across Political LinesPreprint
Dimant, E. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7034778
Threat perception and partisan animosity: Evidence from Argentina and Brazil
Gómez, R., Osuna, J. J. O., & Ramiro, L. (2026) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1017/s1475676526101583
Beyond Single-Shot Designs: Repeated Treatments, Affective Polarization, and Democratic Norms
Jenke, L. (2026) · Journal of Experimental Political Science · doi:10.1017/xps.2026.10033
Yang, A., & Shapiro, R. Y. (2026) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x261470397
Bernaerts, K. (2026) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2026.1910557
American Public Support for Higher Education in the Trump Era
Huddy, L., & Yilmazturk, S. (2026) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592726105891
- Authors
- Druckman, J. N., Klar, S., Krupnikov, Y., Levendusky, M., & Ryan, J. B.
- Venue
- University of Chicago Press eBooks
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 2024
- OpenAlex
- W4386828425
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 378.47
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- University of Chicago Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Political Theory and Democracy
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Influence and Politics
- Keywords
- partisan hostility, political polarization, American democracy, partisanship, political conflict
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
