What Slaveholders Think: How Contemporary Perpetrators Rationalize What They Do
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'Freedom' for non-slaves has been far from absolute in many contexts, with personal and impersonal forces impinging upon personal liberty in a variety of ways.
“' Freedom ' for non-slaves has been far from absolute in many contexts, with personal and impersonal forces impinging upon personal liberty in a variety of ways (see O ' Connell Davidson 2015; Landman 2018; Choi-Fitzpatrick 2017).”
From Collapsing the Boundaries Between De Jure and De Facto Slavery: The Foundations of Slavery Beyond the Transatlantic Frame (2020) · cites this paper as Choi-Fitzpatrick 2017
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Gadd, D., & Broad, R. (2017) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azx082 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Zulfiqar, G., & Prasad, A. (2020) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2019.0294 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The Concept of Modern Slavery: Definition, Critique, and the Human Rights Frame
Mende, J. (2018) · Human Rights Review · doi:10.1007/s12142-018-0538-y · Cited by 79 · see citing works
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Landman, T., & Silverman, B. W. (2019) · Politics and Governance · doi:10.17645/pag.v7i4.2233 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“…agency is crucial to the definition of modern slavery and moves it away from a strict focus on ‘property’ and ‘ownership’ to one of relative power relations, coercion, and inability for slaves to leave their conditions of enslavement (Choi-Fitzpatrick, 2017; Cockayne et al., 2016; Landman, 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialClarke, M. C. (2019) · Journal of Human Trafficking · doi:10.1080/23322705.2019.1693863 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“A rare exception is the investigation by Austin Choi-Fitzpatrick (2017) among employers of bonded labor in India.”
BackgroundBuilding Slavery-free Communities: A Resilience Framework
Gardner, A., Northall, P., & Brewster, B. (2020) · Journal of Human Trafficking · doi:10.1080/23322705.2020.1777828 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“rights, and sustainable business practices (Choi-Fitzpatrick, 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialA Gendered Perspective on Human Trafficking Perpetrators: Evidence from Russia
McCarthy, L. A. (2019) · Journal of Human Trafficking · doi:10.1080/23322705.2019.1571302 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Interviews with traffickers (mostly male) from the UK, US and India suggest similar motivations (Blank, 2013; Choi-Fitzpatrick, 2017; Dank et al., 2014; Shively et al., 2017).”
BackgroundBoyd, D. S., Perrat, B., Li, X., et al. (2021) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-021-00792-z · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“In the absence of political will or countervailing social norms, this downward pressure on wages extends to the denial of wages altogether (Choi-Fitzpatrick, 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAt the Junction: Two Models of Business Responsibility for Modern Slavery
Mende, J., & Drubel, J. (2020) · Human Rights Review · doi:10.1007/s12142-020-00596-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Oosterhoff, P., & Burns, D. (2020) · International Review of Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/1940844720933235 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Small-scale mining and child labour in Kolwezi, Democratic Republic of Congo
Godelive, K. B., Doevenspeck, M., & Nene, M. M. (2023) · Journal of African Studies and Development · doi:10.5897/jasd2023.0679 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“As a last point of critique, Mende identifies that slavery research focuses only on one dimension of power, that is control, and neglects the structural, discursive normalizing, and latent Batano et al. 71 power dimensions (Choi-Fitzpatrick, 2017; Mende, 2019).”
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Zulfiqar, G., Bashir, M., & Prasad, A. (2025) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/01708406251332032 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Holzberg, B. (2023) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-023-05490-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“A paternalistic perspective is at odds with an understanding of decent work whose goal is emancipating workers (Choi-Fitzpatrick, 2017).”
Schwarz, K., & Nicholson, A. (2020) · Human Rights Review · doi:10.1007/s12142-020-00604-y · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“‘Freedom’ for non-slaves has been far from absolute in many contexts, with personal and impersonal forces impinging upon personal liberty in a variety of ways (see O’Connell Davidson 2015; Landman 2018; Choi-Fitzpatrick 2017).”
BackgroundThe political economy of unfree labor and the state: An Indonesian case study
Hasbiyalloh, B. (2020) · Asian and Pacific migration journal · doi:10.1177/0117196820925656 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The exertion of control over victims’ powerlessness (Mende, 2019: 238) is a crucial attribute of how dominant groups use various forms of structural and productive power to rationalize their actions (Choi-Fitzpatrick, 2017).”
BackgroundFacing the folk devils of modern slavery policy
Gadd, D., & Broad, R. (2022) · Critical Social Policy · doi:10.1177/02610183221142208 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Nagy, R., Bérczi, L., Sáfár, B., & Kállai, K. (2024) · Journal of Central and Eastern European African Studies · doi:10.59569/jceeas.2023.3.1.209 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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“At the heart of this intervention is a conviction that there is a profound interplay between social change efforts and broader ecological, economic, scientific, technological, and geopolitical trends (Choi-Fitzpatrick, 2014, 2017, 2020, 2022).”
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Kharel, A., Shrestha, S., Bhattarai, S., et al. (2022) · doi:10.19088/ids.2022.037 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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“Though disputably not as prevalent in Canada, the practice of indentured workers is still very much alive in other parts of the world (see Choi-Fitzpatrick, 2017; Dow, 2021).”
BackgroundWhy 16 Million Bonded Labourers Remain Invisible: What Althusser Has to Say
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वदशक रजगरक लग कमदर भरत गरन ससथहरक समभवत आपरवस कमदरहरसग हन भटघट तथ सलगनतक मलयङकन
Kharel, A., Shrestha, S., Bhattarai, S., et al. (2022) · doi:10.19088/ids.2022.084 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
(2017) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.1177/0094306117705872
Female Incarceration Rates and Violence Against Women Predict Estimated Prevalence of Modern Slavery
Cameron, E. C., Ray, J. M., Cunningham, F. J., & Jacquin, K. M. (2022) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-022-00239-7
“These exploitative practices can include human trafficking, compulsory commercial sex work, bonded labor, forced domestic labor, forced marriage, and involuntary organ donation (Choi-Fitzpatrick, 2017; Walk Free Foundation [WFF], 2018; UNODC, 2020).”
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Nagar, S. (2024) · The Academy of International Business · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-46802-5_17
Disentangling the Profile of Those Engaged in Modern Slavery Offenses
Wilkinson, S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-58614-9_17
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Dalla, R. L., Sethi, R., Dholpuria, H., et al. (2025) · Journal of Family and Economic Issues · doi:10.1007/s10834-025-10030-2
“In the book ‘ What Slaveholders Think’ Choi-Fitzpatrick (2017) writes “human rights violations often are at the inter-sections of culture and capital, in the overlap between relationships and extractions, and at the moment where care and exploitation intersect,” (p. 47).”
Chesney, T. (2021) · Frontiers in sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-75134-0_1
Clarke, M. C. (2026) · Journal of Human Trafficking · doi:10.1080/23322705.2026.2714531
The gendered organization of exploitation: sex trafficking and masculinity
Bogdan, L. (2026) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azag070
- Authors
- Choi-Fitzpatrick, A.
- Corresponding author
- Choi-Fitzpatrick, Austin
- Venue
- Columbia University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Columbia University Press
- Published
- 2017-02-23
- OpenAlex
- W2982634132
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 3.71
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Columbia University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Colonialism, slavery, and trade
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Race, History, and American Society
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › History of Colonial Brazil
- Keywords
- slaveholders, slavery, slavery in the United States
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