The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effectiveness of Extended-Duration Transdermal Nicotine Therapy: A Randomized Trial
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Tobacco dependence is a chronic, relapsing condition that may require extended treatment. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether extended-duration transdermal nicotine therapy increases abstinence from tobacco more than standard-duration therapy in adult smokers. DESIGN: Parallel randomized, placebo-controlled trial from September 2004 to February 2008. Participants and all research personnel except the database manager were blinded to randomization. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT00364156) SETTING: Academic center. PARTICIPANTS: 568 adult smokers. INTERVENTION: In an unstratified small block-randomization scheme, participants were randomly assigned to standard therapy (Nicoderm CQ [GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], 21 mg, for 8 weeks and placebo for 16 weeks) or extended therapy (Nicoderm CQ, 21 mg, for 24 weeks). MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was biochemically confirmed point-prevalence abstinence at weeks 24 and 52. Secondary outcomes were continuous and prolonged abstinence, lapse and recovery events, cost per additional quitter, and side effects and adherence. RESULTS: At week 24, extended therapy produced higher rates of point-prevalence abstinence (31.6% vs. 20.3%; odds ratio, 1.81 [95% CI, 1.23 to 2.66]; P = 0.002), prolonged abstinence (41.5% vs. 26.9%; odds ratio, 1.97 [CI, 1.38 to 2.82]; P = 0.001), and continuous abstinence (19.2% vs. 12.6%; odds ratio, 1.64 [CI, 1.04 to 2.60]; P = 0.032) versus standard therapy. Extended therapy reduced the risk for lapse (hazard ratio, 0.77 [CI, 0.63 to 0.95]; P = 0.013) and increased the chances of recovery from lapses (hazard ratio, 1.47 [CI, 1.17 to 1.84]; P = 0.001). Time to relapse was slower with extended versus standard therapy (hazard ratio, 0.50 [CI, 0.35 to 0.73]; P < 0.001). At week 52, extended therapy produced higher quit rates for prolonged abstinence only (P = 0.027). No differences in side effects and adverse events between groups were found at the extended-treatment assessment. LIMITATION: The generalizability of the findings may be limited because participants were smokers without medical comorbid conditions who were seeking treatment, and differences in adherence across treatment groups were detected. CONCLUSION: Transdermal nicotine for 24 weeks increased biochemically confirmed point-prevalence abstinence and continuous abstinence at week 24, reduced the risk for smoking lapses, and increased the likelihood of recovery to abstinence after a lapse compared with 8 weeks of transdermal nicotine therapy. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Institutes of Health.
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“Trials have also shown that extended use of NRT by ex-smokers may result in better long-term abstinence rates.68,69”
From Evaluating Long-term Outcomes of NHS Stop Smoking Services (ELONS): a prospective cohort study (2015) · cites this paper as [68]
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Hosmer, D. W., Lemeshow, S. A., & May, S. J. (2008) · Cited by 3,030
Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation
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Hougaard, P. (2000) · Statistics for Biology and Health · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1304-8 · Cited by 1,458
Antidepressants for smoking cessation
Howes, S., Hartmann-Boyce, J., Livingstone-Banks, J., Hong, B., & Lindson, N. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000031.pub5 · Cited by 1,352
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Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation
Stead, L. F., Perera, R., Bullen, C., Mant, D., Hartmann‐Boyce, J., Cahill, K., & Lancaster, T. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000146.pub4 · Cited by 2,564
Nicotine replacement therapy versus control for smoking cessation
Hartmann-Boyce, J., Chepkin, S. C., Ye, W., Bullen, C., & Lancaster, T. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000146.pub5 · Cited by 697
Randomized trial of four financial-incentive programs for smoking cessation
Halpern, S. D., French, B., Small, D. S., Saulsgiver, K., Harhay, M. O., Audrain-McGovern, J., Loewenstein, G., Brennan, T. A., Asch, D. A., & Volpp, K. G. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1414293 · Cited by 379
Self-citationInterventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation
Farley, A., Hájek, P., Lycett, D., & Aveyard, P. N. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006219.pub3 · Cited by 340
Lerman, C. E., Schnoll, R. A., Hawk, L. W., Cinciripini, P. M., George, T. P., Wileyto, E. P., Swan, G. E., Benowitz, N. L., Heitjan, D. F., & Tyndale, R. F. (2015) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(14)70294-2 · Cited by 302
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Metadata
- Authors
- Schnoll, R. A., Patterson, F., Wileyto, E. P., Heitjan, D. F., Shields, A. E., Asch, D. A., & Lerman, C.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schnoll, Robert A.
- Venue
- Annals of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American College of Physicians
- Published
- 2010-02-02
- Volume
- 152
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 144-151
- ISSN
- 0003-4819 (ISSN-L)
- 1539-3704
- PMC
- PMC3782858
- OpenAlex
- W2016263931
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 9.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annals of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (P50CA084718, P50CA/DA-84718, P50CA143187)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Keywords
- tobacco dependence, smoking cessation, abstinence, relapse, treatment duration, adherence, adverse effects, nicotine withdrawal symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Cutaneous, Adult, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Nicotine, Smoking, Time Factors
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