Varenicline, an α4β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Partial Agonist, vs Sustained-Release Bupropion and Placebo for Smoking Cessation<SUBTITLE>A Randomized Controlled Trial</SUBTITLE>
Abstract
CONTEXT: The alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are linked to the reinforcing effects of nicotine and maintaining smoking behavior. Varenicline, a novel alpha4beta2 nAChR partial agonist, may be beneficial for smoking cessation. OBJECTIVE: To assess efficacy and safety of varenicline for smoking cessation compared with sustained-release bupropion (bupropion SR) and placebo. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo- and active-treatment-controlled, phase 3 clinical trial conducted at 19 US centers from June 19, 2003, to April 22, 2005. Participants were 1025 generally healthy smokers (> or =10 cigarettes/d) with fewer than 3 months of smoking abstinence in the past year, 18 to 75 years old, recruited via advertising. INTERVENTION: Participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive brief counseling and varenicline titrated to 1 mg twice per day (n = 352), bupropion SR titrated to 150 mg twice per day (n = 329), or placebo (n = 344) orally for 12 weeks, with 40 weeks of nondrug follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome was the exhaled carbon monoxide-confirmed 4-week rate of continuous abstinence from smoking for weeks 9 through 12. A secondary outcome was the continuous abstinence rate for weeks 9 through 24 and weeks 9 through 52. RESULTS: For weeks 9 through 12, the 4-week continuous abstinence rates were 44.0% for varenicline vs 17.7% for placebo (odds ratio [OR], 3.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.70-5.50; P<.001) and vs 29.5% for bupropion SR (OR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.40-2.68; P<.001). Bupropion SR was also significantly more efficacious than placebo (OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.38-2.89; P<.001). For weeks 9 through 52, the continuous abstinence rates were 21.9% for varenicline vs 8.4% for placebo (OR, 3.09; 95% CI, 1.95-4.91; P<.001) and vs 16.1% for bupropion SR (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 0.99-2.17; P = .057). Varenicline reduced craving and withdrawal and, for those who smoked while receiving study drug, smoking satisfaction. No sex differences in efficacy for varenicline were observed. Varenicline was safe and generally well tolerated, with study drug discontinuation rates similar to those for placebo. The most common adverse events for participants receiving active-drug treatment were nausea (98 participants receiving varenicline [28.1%]) and insomnia (72 receiving bupropion SR [21.9%]). CONCLUSION: Varenicline was significantly more efficacious than placebo for smoking cessation at all time points and significantly more efficacious than bupropion SR at the end of 12 weeks of drug treatment and at 24 weeks. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00141206.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Varenicline increases continuous abstinence rates to approximately 50% following 12 weeks of treatment, significantly better than bupropion (approximately 30%) or placebo (approximately 18%).
“Varenicline, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) partial agonist, is reported to increase continuous abstinence rates to ∼50% following 12 weeks of treatment, which is significantly better than bupropion (∼30%) or placebo (∼18%”
From Parallel Anxiolytic-Like Effects and Upregulation of Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Following Chronic Nicotine and Varenicline (2011) · cites this paper as Gonzales et al., 2006
Varenicline is an efficacious treatment for nicotine dependence.
“Varenicline, a partial agonist at the α4β2 nAChRs, and a full agonist at the α7 nAChRs, is a new, efficacious treatment for nicotine dependence (4–6).”
From Varenicline improves mood and cognition during smoking abstinence (2009) · cites this paper as [4]
Clinical efficacy trials show that varenicline reduces smoking urges and withdrawal-related negative affect.
“These trials document treatment-related reductions in smoking urges and withdrawal-related negative affect (4, 5, 9), as well as reduced smoking reward during a lapse (10).”
From Varenicline improves mood and cognition during smoking abstinence (2009) · cites this paper as [4]
Varenicline's effects on subjective abstinence symptoms were of a magnitude similar to those observed in clinical efficacy trials.
“The effects of varenicline on subjective abstinence symptoms were of a magnitude similar to those observed in clinical efficacy trials (4, 36).”
From Varenicline improves mood and cognition during smoking abstinence (2009) · cites this paper as [4]
Individuals who relapsed derived less enjoyment from smoking while taking varenicline.
“Individuals who relapsed derived less enjoyment from smoking while taking varenicline [241].”
From Mechanistic insights into nicotine withdrawal (2011) · cites this paper as [241]
21-23% of patients taking varenicline for 12 weeks maintained abstinence at 52 weeks.
“Nearly one quarter (21–23%) of patients taking varenicline for a short period of time (12 weeks) maintained abstinence at 52 weeks of follow-up.”
From Mechanistic insights into nicotine withdrawal (2011) · cites this paper as [241]
Gonzales and colleagues found a similar decrease in negative affect, but also a significant decrease in restlessness in patients taking varenicline.
“Gonzales and colleagues [241] found a similar decrease in negative affect, but also found a significant decrease in restlessness in patients taking varenicline.”
From Mechanistic insights into nicotine withdrawal (2011) · cites this paper as [241]
Varenicline produces significantly higher 52-week abstinence than sustained-release bupropion (14-16%) and placebo (8-10%).
“This represents a significant improvement over sustained-release bupropion (14–16%) and placebo (8–10%).”
From Mechanistic insights into nicotine withdrawal (2011) · cites this paper as [241]
Two large randomized placebo-controlled studies in 2006 compared varenicline efficacy to bupropion in aided smoking cessation.
“Two large, randomized, placebo-controlled studies released in 2006 related the efficacy of varenicline to that of bupropion in aided smoking cessation [233, 241].”
From Mechanistic insights into nicotine withdrawal (2011) · cites this paper as [241]
Varenicline acts as a potent partial agonist at α4β2* nAChRs.
“numerous studies have shown that varenicline, a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug widely used to help people quit smoking, potently acts as a partial agonist at ␣42* nAChRs”
From Varenicline Is a Potent Partial Agonist at α6β2* Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Rat and Monkey Striatum (2012) · cites this paper as Gonzales et al., 2006
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire
HEATHERTON, T. F., KOZLOWSKI, L. T., FRECKER, R. C., & FAGERSTROM, K. (1991) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x · Cited by 10,738 · see citing works
Signs and Symptoms of Tobacco Withdrawal
Hughes, J. R. (1986) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800030107013 · Cited by 1,669 · see citing works
Jorenby, D. E. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.296.1.56 · Cited by 1,635 · see citing works
A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation
Jorenby, D. E., Leischow, S. J., Nides, M. A., Rennard, S. I., Johnston, J. A., Hughes, A. R., Smith, S. S., Muramoto, M. L., Daughton, D. M., Doan, K., et al. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199903043400903 · Cited by 1,585 · see citing works
Cigarette Smoking Among Adults--United States, 2003
(2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.2.172 · Cited by 1,520 · see citing works
Cox, L. S., Tiffany, S. T., & Christen, A. G. (2001) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200020032051 · Cited by 1,188 · see citing works
Effects of nicotine on the nucleus accumbens and similarity to those of addictive drugs.
Pontieri, F. E., Tanda, G., Orzi, F., & Chiara, G. D. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/382255a0 · Cited by 1,073 · see citing works
Jasinski, D. R. (1978) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770280111012 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Fiore, M. (2000) · Respiratory care · doi:10.1177/002013240004501006 · Cited by 773 · see citing works
Nicotine Activation of α4* Receptors: Sufficient for Reward, Tolerance, and Sensitization
Tapper, A. R., McKinney, S. L., Nashmi, R., Schwarz, J., Deshpande, P., Labarca, C., Whiteaker, P., Marks, M. J., Collins, A. C., & Lester, H. A. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1099420 · Cited by 686 · see citing works
Role of dopamine in the behavioural actions of nicotine related to addiction
Chiara, G. D. (2000) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00122-9 · Cited by 680 · see citing works
Tonstad, S. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.296.1.64 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Nicotine reinforcement and cognition restored by targeted expression of nicotinic receptors
Maskos, U., Molles, B. E., Pons, S., Besson, M., Guiard, B. P., Guilloux, J.-P., Evrard, A., Cazala, P., Cormier, A., Mameli-Engvall, M., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03694 · Cited by 566 · see citing works
Nides, M. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.15.1561 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Cigarette Smoking Among Adults—United States, 1994
(1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540080019009 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Partial agonist properties of cytisine on neuronal nicotinic receptors containing the beta 2 subunit
Papke, R. L., & Heinemann, S. F. (1994) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0026-895x(25)09896-7 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Recommendation for the assessment of tobacco craving and withdrawal in smoking cessation trials
Shiffman, S., West, R., & Gilbert, D. (2004) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200410001734067 · Cited by 255 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The negative effects of nicotine withdrawal account, in part, for low success rates.(2,3) Approved pharmacotherapies to treat nicotine dependence (eg, nicotine replacement therapy and bupropion) have had important, albeit moderate, efficacy, with reported rates of quitting generally twice those of placebo.”
BackgroundMedication Development for Addictive Disorders: The State of the Science
Vocci, F. J., Acri, J. B., & Elkashef, A. M. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1432 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Nicotine-mecamylamine treatment for smoking cessation: The role of pre-cessation therapy.
Rose, J. E., Behm, F. M., & Westman, E. C. (1998) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037//1064-1297.6.3.331 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Cox, S. T. T. L. S. (2001) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200124218 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Nicotine–mecamylamine treatment for smoking cessation: The role of pre-cessation therapy.
Rose, J. E., Behm, F. M., & Westman, E. C. (1998) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.6.3.331 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Tønnesen, P., Tonstad, S., Hjalmarson, Å., Lebargy, F., van Spiegel, P. I., Hider, A., Sweet, R., & Townsend, J. (2003) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2003.01185.x · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Gonzales, D. H., Nides, M. A., Ferry, L. H., Kustra, R. P., Jamerson, B. D., Segall, N., Herrero, L. A., Krishen, A., Sweeney, A., Buaron, K., et al. (2001) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1067/mcp.2001.115750 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationRevealing the multidimensional framework of the Minnesota nicotine withdrawal scale
Cappelleri, J. C., Bushmakin, A. G., Baker, C. L., Merikle, E. P., Olufade, A. O., & Gilbert, D. G. (2005) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/030079905x43712 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Individual differences in smoking reward from de-nicotinized cigarettes
Brauer, L. H. (2001) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200123249 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Coe, J. W., Brooks, P. R., Wirtz, M. C., Bashore, C. G., Bianco, K. E., Vetelino, M. G., Arnold, E. P., Lebel, L. A., Fox, C. B., Tingley, F. D., et al. (2005) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.08.035 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
[Cytisine (Tabex) as a pharmaceutical aid in stopping smoking].
Scharfenberg, G., Benndorf, S., & Kempe, G. (1971) · PubMed · Cited by 34 · see citing works
PSM3 CONFIRMATORY VALIDATION OF THE BRIEF QUESTIONNAIRE OF SMOKING URGES
Cappelleri, J. C., Bushmakin, A., Baker, C. G., Merikle, E. P., Olufade, A., & Gilbert, D. L. (2005) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/s1098-3015(10)62877-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
PSM2 CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS AND RELIABILITY OF THE “SMOKING EFFECTS INVENTORY”
Cappelleri, J. C., Bushmakin, A., Baker, C. T., Merikle, E. P., Olufade, A., & Gilbert, D. G. (2005) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/s1098-3015(10)62876-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fihn, S. D., Gardin, J. M., Abrams, J., Berra, K., Blankenship, J. C., Dallas, A. P., Douglas, P. S., Foody, J. M., Gerber, T. C., Hinderliter, A. L., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3182776f83 · Cited by 2,411 · see citing works
Anderson, J. L., Adams, C. D., Antman, E. M., Bridges, C. R., Califf, R. M., Casey, D. E., Chavey, W. E., Fesmire, F. M., Hochman, J. S., Levin, T. N., et al. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.181940 · Cited by 1,962 · see citing works
Breast Cancer, Version 4.2017, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology
Gradishar, W. J., Anderson, B. O., Balassanian, R., Blair, S. L., Burstein, H. J., Cyr, A. E., ELIAS, A. D., Farrar, W. B., Forero, A., Giordano, S. H., et al. (2018) · Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network · doi:10.6004/jnccn.2018.0012 · Cited by 1,607 · see citing works
Fihn, S. D., Gardin, J. M., Abrams, J., Berra, K., Blankenship, J. C., Dallas, A. P., Douglas, P. S., Foody, J. M., Gerber, T. C., Hinderliter, A. L., et al. (2012) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.07.013 · Cited by 1,560 · see citing works
Anderson, J. L., Adams, C. D., Antman, E. M., Bridges, C. R., Califf, R. M., Casey, D. E., Chavey, W. E., Fesmire, F. M., Hochman, J. S., Levin, T. N., et al. (2007) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.013 · Cited by 1,498 · see citing works
Antidepressants for smoking cessation
Howes, S., Hartmann-Boyce, J., Livingstone-Banks, J., Hong, B., & Lindson, N. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000031.pub5 · Cited by 1,352 · see citing works
Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis
Cahill, K., Stevens, S., Perera, R., & Lancaster, T. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009329.pub2 · Cited by 1,243 · see citing works
Mortality in COPD: role of comorbidities
Sin, D. D., Anthonisen, N. R., Soriano, J. B., & Agusti, A. G. (2006) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.00133805 · Cited by 1,052 · see citing works
Pharmacology of nicotine: addiction, smoking-induced disease, and therapeutics
Benowitz, N. L. (2009) · Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094742 · Cited by 979 · see citing works
Anderson, J. L., Adams, C. D., Antman, E. M., Bridges, C. R., Califf, R. M., Casey, D. E., Chavey, W. E., Fesmire, F. M., Hochman, J. S., Levin, T. N., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.014 · Cited by 960 · see citing works
Jemal, A., Thun, M. J., Ries, L. A. G., Howe, H. L., Weir, H. K., Ward, E., Wu, X., Eheman, C. R., Anderson, R. N., Ajani, U. A., et al. (2008) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djn389 · Cited by 946 · see citing works
Rooke, T. W., Hirsch, A. T., Misra, S., Sidawy, A. N., Beckman, J. A., Findeiss, L., Golzarian, J., Gornik, H. L., Halperin, J. L., Jaff, M. R., et al. (2011) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.023 · Cited by 925 · see citing works
Pilot study of the 5-HT <sub>2A</sub> R agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction
Johnson, M. W., Garcia-Romeu, A., Cosimano, M. P., & Griffiths, R. R. (2014) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114548296 · Cited by 914 · see citing works
“For example, when paired with 12 brief weekly counseling meetings, pharmacotherapies have shown seven-day point prevalence abstinence rates of 24.9% to 26.3% (bupropion) and 33.5% to 35.2% (varenicline) at approximately 6 months post-TQD (Gonzales et al., 2006; Jorenby et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialFihn, S. D., Gardin, J. M., Abrams, J., Berra, K., Blankenship, J. C., Dallas, A. P., Douglas, P. S., Foody, J. M., Gerber, T. C., Hinderliter, A. L., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e318277d6a0 · Cited by 845 · see citing works
Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation
Cahill, K., Stead, L., & Lancaster, T. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006103.pub2 · Cited by 747 · see citing works
_, _. (2008) · Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network · doi:10.6004/jnccn.2008.0021 · Cited by 737 · see citing works
Ettinger, D. S., Akerley, W., Bepler, G., Blum, M. G., Chang, A. C., Cheney, R. T., Chirieac, L. R., D’Amico, T. A., Demmy, T. L., Ganti, A. K., et al. (2010) · Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network · doi:10.6004/jnccn.2010.0056 · Cited by 729 · see citing works
O'Donnell, D., Aaron, S., Bourbeau, J., Hernandez, P., Marciniuk, D., Balter, M., Ford, G., Gervais, A., Goldstein, R., Hodder, R., et al. (2007) · Canadian Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1155/2007/830570 · Cited by 688 · see citing works
Tonstad, S. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.296.1.64 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Alcoholism: A Systems Approach From Molecular Physiology to Addictive Behavior
Spanagel, R. (2009) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00013.2008 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Greenfield, S. F., Back, S. E., Lawson, K., & Brady, K. T. (2010) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2010.01.004 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Antidepressants for smoking cessation
Hughes, J. R., Stead, L. F., & Lancaster, T. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000031.pub3 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Rollema, H., Chambers, L. K., Coe, J. W., Glowa, J., Hurst, R. S., Lebel, L. A., Lu, Y., Mansbach, R. S., Mather, R. J., Rovetti, C. C., et al. (2007) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.10.016 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Wright, R. S., Anderson, J. L., Adams, C. D., Bridges, C. R., Casey, D. E., Ettinger, S. M., Fesmire, F. M., Ganiats, T. G., Jneid, H. M., Lincoff, A. M., et al. (2011) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.02.011 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Weight gain in smokers after quitting cigarettes: meta-analysis
Aubin, H.-J., Farley, A., Lycett, D., Lahmek, P., & Aveyard, P. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e4439 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Effectiveness of smoking cessation therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Wu, P., Wilson, K., Dimoulas, P., & Mills, E. J. (2006) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-300 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation
Cahill, K., Lindson-Hawley, N., Thomas, K. H., Fanshawe, T. R., & Lancaster, T. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006103.pub7 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Events Associated With Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapies
Mills, E. J., Thorlund, K., Eapen, S., Wu, P., & Prochaska, J. J. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.003961 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Rollema, H., Coe, J. W., Chambers, L. K., Hurst, R. S., Stahl, S. M., & Williams, K. E. (2007) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2007.05.003 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Qaseem, A., Fihn, S. D., Williams, S., Dallas, P., Owens, D. K., & Shekelle, P. (2012) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-157-10-201211200-00010 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Nides, M. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.15.1561 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Steensland, P., Simms, J. A., Holgate, J. Y., Richards, J. K., & Bartlett, S. E. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0705368104 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Efficacy and Safety of Varenicline for Smoking Cessation in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease
Rigotti, N. A., Pipe, A., Benowitz, N. L., Arteaga, C., Garza, D., & Tonstad, S. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.869008 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Smoking and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Parallel Epidemics of the 21st Century
Laniado-Laborı́n, R. (2009) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph6010209 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Gender and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Han, M. K., Postma, D. S., Mannino, D. M., Giardino, N. D., Buist, S. A., Curtis, J. L., & Martínez, F. J. (2007) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200704-553cc · Cited by 358 · see citing works
The relevance and treatment of cue-induced cravings in tobacco dependence
Ferguson, S. G., & Shiffman, S. S. (2008) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2008.06.005 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Antidepressants for smoking cessation.
Hughes, J., Stead, L., Hartmann-Boyce, J., Cahill, K., & Lancaster, T. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000031.pub4 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Anderson, J. L., Adams, C. D., Antman, E. M., Bridges, C. R., Califf, R. M., Casey, D. E., Chavey, W. E., Fesmire, F. M., Hochman, J. S., Levin, T. N., et al. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e318212bb8b · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Aubin, H.-J., Bobak, A., Britton, J. R., Oncken, C., Billing, C. B., Gong, J., Williams, K. E., & Reeves, K. R. (2008) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.2007.090647 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Rooke, T. W., Hirsch, A. T., Misra, S., Sidawy, A. N., Beckman, J. A., Findeiss, L., Golzarian, J., Gornik, H. L., Halperin, J. L., Jaff, M. R., et al. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e31822e80c3 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation
Farley, A., Hájek, P., Lycett, D., & Aveyard, P. N. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006219.pub3 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Removing Obstacles in Neuroscience Drug Discovery: The Future Path for Animal Models
Markou, A., Chiamulera, C., Geyer, M. A., Tricklebank, M., & Steckler, T. (2009) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2008.173 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Eisenberg, M., Filion, K., Yavin, D., Belisle, P., Mottillo, S., Joseph, L., Gervais, A., O'Loughlin, J., Paradis, G., Rinfret, S., et al. (2008) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.070256 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Lerman, C. E., Schnoll, R. A., Hawk, L. W., Cinciripini, P. M., George, T. P., Wileyto, E. P., Swan, G. E., Benowitz, N. L., Heitjan, D. F., & Tyndale, R. F. (2015) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(14)70294-2 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Varenicline Reduces Alcohol Self-Administration in Heavy-Drinking Smokers
McKee, S. A., Harrison, E. L. R., O’Malley, S. S., Krishnan‐Sarin, S., Shi, J. M., Tetrault, J. M., Picciotto, M. R., Petrakis, I. L., Estevez, N., & Balchunas, E. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.01.029 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Litten, R. Z., Ryan, M. L., Fertig, J. B., Falk, D. E., Johnson, B., Dunn, K. E., Green, A. I., Pettinati, H. M., Ciraulo, D. A., Sarid-Segal, O., et al. (2013) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0b013e31829623f4 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Singh, S., Loke, Y. K., Spangler, J. G., & Furberg, C. D. (2011) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.110218 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Anderson, J. L., Adams, C. D., Antman, E. M., Bridges, C. R., Califf, R. M., Casey, D. E., Chavey, W. E., Fesmire, F. M., Hochman, J. S., Levin, T. N., et al. (2007) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.028 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Anderson, J. L., Adams, C. D., Antman, E. M., Bridges, C. R., Califf, R. M., Casey, D. E., Chavey, W. E., Fesmire, F. M., Hochman, J. S., Levin, T. N., et al. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e31828478ac · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Leone, F. T., Zhang, Y., Evers‐Casey, S., Evins, A. E., Eakin, M. N., Fathi, J. T., Fennig, K., Folan, P. A., Galiatsatos, P., Gogineni, H. P., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.202005-1982st · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Dwoskin, L. P., Rauhut, A. S., King‐Pospisil, K. A., & Bardo, M. T. (2006) · CNS Drug Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2006.00178.x · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Tønnesen, P., Carrozzi, L., Fagerström, K. O., Gratziou, C., Jimenez-Ruiz, C. A., Nardini, S. G., Viegi, G., Lazzaro, C. R., Campell, I. A., Dagli, E., et al. (2007) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.00060806 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Zangen, A., Moshe, H., Martinez, D., Barnea‐Ygael, N., Vapnik, T., Bystritsky, A., Duffy, W., Toder, D., Casuto, L., Grosz, M. L., et al. (2021) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20905 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Gepner, A. D., Piper, M. E., Johnson, H. M., Fiore, M. C., Baker, T. B., & Stein, J. H. (2010) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2010.09.023 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
The Past, Present, and Future of Nicotine Addiction Therapy
Prochaska, J. J., & Benowitz, N. L. (2015) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev-med-111314-033712 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Smoking cessation during substance abuse treatment: What you need to know
Baca, C. T., & Yahne, C. E. (2008) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2008.06.003 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Hatsukami, D. K., Stead, L. F., & Gupta, P. C. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60871-5 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Varenicline improves mood and cognition during smoking abstinence
Patterson, F., Jepson, C., Strasser, A. A., Loughead, J., Perkins, K. A., Gur, R. C., Frey, J. M., Siegel, S., & Lerman, C. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.08.028 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Hollis, J. F., McAfee, T. A., Fellows, J. L., Zbikowski, S. M., Stark, M., & Riedlinger, K. (2007) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2006.019794 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Healthcare financing systems for increasing the use of tobacco dependence treatment
van den Brand, F. A., Nagelhout, G. E., Reda, A. A., Winkens, B., Evers, S., Kotz, D., & van Schayck, O. C. P. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004305.pub5 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Supporting smoking cessation: a guide for health professionals.
Zwar, N. A., RICHMOND, R. L., Borland, R., Peters, M. J., Litt, J., Bell, J., Caldwell, B., & Ferretter, I. T. (2012) · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Rooke, T. W., Hirsch, A. T., Misra, S., Sidawy, A. N., Beckman, J. A., Findeiss, L., Golzarian, J., Gornik, H. L., Halperin, J. L., Jaff, M. R., et al. (2011) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2011.09.001 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Effect of Varenicline on Smoking Cessation Through Smoking Reduction
Ebbert, J. O., Hughes, J. R., West, R., Rennard, S. I., Russ, C., McRae, T. D., Treadow, J., Yu, C., Dutro, M. P., & Park, P. W. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.280 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Effects of Varenicline on Smoking Cessation in Patients With Mild to Moderate COPD
Tashkin, D. P., Rennard, S. I., Hays, J. T., Ma, W., Lawrence, D., & Lee, T. C. (2010) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.10-0865 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Stapleton, J., Watson, L. A., Spirling, L. I., Smith, R. C., Milbrandt, A., Ratcliffe, M., & Sutherland, G. (2007) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02083.x · Cited by 206 · see citing works
West, R., Baker, C. L., Cappelleri, J. C., & Bushmakin, A. G. (2008) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-007-1041-3 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Armstrong, E. J., Wu, J., Singh, G. D., Dawson, D. L., Pevec, W. C., Amsterdam, E. A., & Laird, J. R. (2014) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2014.08.064 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Prochaska, J. J., & Hilton, J. F. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e2856 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Gunnell, D., Irvine, D., Wise, L., Davies, C., & Martin, R. M. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b3805 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Cappelleri, J. C., Zou, K. H., Bushmakin, A. G., Alvir, J. M. J., Alemayehu, D., & Symonds, T. L. (2013) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/b16139 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Treating Smokers in the Health Care Setting
Fiore, M. C., & Baker, T. B. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcp1101512 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Potential Role of N-Acetylcysteine in the Management of Substance Use Disorders
McClure, E. A., Gipson, C. D., Malcolm, R. J., Kalivas, P. W., & Gray, K. M. (2014) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0142-x · Cited by 195 · see citing works
α6β2* and α4β2* Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors As Drug Targets for Parkinson’s Disease
Quik, M., & Wonnacott, S. (2011) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.110.003269 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Effects of Nicotine in Experimental Animals and Humans: An Update on Addictive Properties
Foll, B. L., & Goldberg, S. R. (2009) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69248-5_12 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Effects of Smoking and Smoking Cessation on Endothelial Function
Johnson, H. M., Gossett, L. K., Piper, M. E., Aeschlimann, S. E., Korcarz, C. E., Baker, T. B., Fiore, M. C., & Stein, J. H. (2010) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.002 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation
Cahill, K., Stead, L. F., & Lancaster, T. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006103.pub5 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Interventions for smokeless tobacco use cessation
Ebbert, J. O., Elrashidi, M. Y., & Stead, L. F. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004306.pub5 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Nakamura, M., Oshima, A., Fujimoto, Y., Maruyama, N., Ishibashi, T., & Reeves, K. R. (2007) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2007.06.012 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Philip, N. S., Carpenter, L. L., Tyrka, A. R., & Price, L. H. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1932-6 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
A double-blind study evaluating the long-term safety of varenicline for smoking cessation
Williams, K. E., Reeves, K. R., Billing, C. B., Pennington, A. M., & Gong, J. (2007) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/030079907x182185 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Anderson, J. L., Adams, C. D., Antman, E. M., Bridges, C. R., Califf, R. M., Casey, D. E., Chavey, W. E., Fesmire, F. M., Hochman, J. S., Levin, T. N., et al. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.185752 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Managing tobacco use: the neglected cardiovascular disease risk factor
Rigotti, N. A., & Clair, C. (2013) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht352 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Smoking Cessation: An Integral Part of Lung Cancer Treatment
Cataldo, J. K., Dubey, S., & Prochaska, J. J. (2010) · Oncology · doi:10.1159/000319937 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Tønnesen, P. (2013) · European Respiratory Review · doi:10.1183/09059180.00007212 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Baker, T. B., Piper, M. E., Stein, J. H., Smith, S. S., Bolt, D. M., Fraser, D. L., & Fiore, M. C. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.19284 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Abuse Liability Assessment of Tobacco Products Including Potential Reduced Exposure Products
Carter, L. P., Stitzer, M. L., Henningfield, J. E., O'Connor, R. J., Cummings, K. M., & Hatsukami, D. K. (2009) · Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0948 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Diaz, F. J., James, D., Botts, S., Maw, L., Susce, M. T., & De Leon, J. (2009) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00664.x · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Varenicline decreases alcohol consumption in heavy-drinking smokers
Mitchell, J., Teague, C. H., Kayser, A. S., Bartlett, S. E., & Fields, H. L. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2717-x · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Rational Development of Addiction Pharmacotherapies: Successes, Failures, and ProspectsPreprint
Pierce, R. C., O'Brien, C. P., Kenny, P. J., & Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J. (2012) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a012880 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation
Cahill, K., Stead, L. F., & Lancaster, T. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006103.pub6 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Fagerström, K., Russ, C., Yu, C.-R., Yunis, C., & Foulds, J. (2012) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/nts018 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Tobacco addiction and the dysregulation of brain stress systems
Bruijnzeel, A. W. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.02.015 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Koegelenberg, C. F. N., Noor, F., Bateman, E. D., van Zyl-Smit, R. N., Bruning, A., O’Brien, J., Smith, C., Abdool-Gaffar, M. S., Emanuel, S., Esterhuizen, T. M., et al. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.7195 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
New Methods for Tobacco Dependence Treatment Research
Baker, T. B., Mermelstein, R. J., Collins, L. M., Piper, M. E., Jorenby, D. E., Smith, S. S., Christiansen, B. A., Schlam, T. R., Cook, J. W., & Fiore, M. C. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9252-y · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Strategies to Help a Smoker Who Is Struggling to Quit
Rigotti, N. A. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.13043 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Mills, E. J., Wu, P., Lockhart, I., Thorlund, K., Puhan, M. A., & Ebbert, J. O. (2012) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853890.2012.705016 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Nicolau, J. C., Feitosa, G. S., Petriz, J. L. F., Furtado, R. H. D. M., Précoma, D. B., Lemke, W., Lópes, R. D., Timerman, A., Marin‐Neto, J. A., Bezerra, L., et al. (2021) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.36660/abc.20210180 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Louie, S., Zeki, A. A., Schivo, M., Chan, A. L., Yoneda, K. Y., Avdalovic, M. V., Morrissey, B. M., & Albertson, T. E. (2013) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1586/ecp.13.2 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
How Can We Use Our Knowledge of Alcohol-Tobacco Interactions to Reduce Alcohol Use?
McKee, S. A., & Weinberger, A. H. (2012) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185549 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Thomas, K. H., Martin, R. M., Knipe, D. W., Higgins, J. P. T., & Gunnell, D. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h1109 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gonzales, D.
- Affiliations
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gonzales, David
- ORCID
- Gonzales, David
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2006-07-05
- Volume
- 296
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 47
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W2107200746
- Cited by
- 1,361
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 80 · 2012: 94
- FWCI
- 85.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Oregon Health and Science University
- Cardinal Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- varenicline, bupropion sustained release, smoking cessation, α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, partial agonists, nicotine dependence, continuous abstinence, exhaled carbon monoxide, brief counseling, nicotine replacement therapy, drug safety, adverse events, relapse, nicotine withdrawal symptoms, nicotine self-administration
- MeSH terms
- Varenicline, Adult, Benzazepines, Delayed-Action Preparations, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Quinoxalines, Receptors, Nicotinic, Smoking Cessation, Bupropion, Nicotinic Agonists, Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
