CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,606Opioid Use Disorder TreatmentPain Management and Opioid UseAnesthesia and Pain Management

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Effectiveness and Risks of Long-Term Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review for a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop

Chou, Roger, Turner, Judith A., Devine, Emily B., Hansen, Ryan N., Sullivan, Sean D., Blazina, Ian, Dana, Tracy, Bougatsos, Christina, Deyo, Richard A.·2015·Annals of Internal Medicine
DOI 10.7326/m14-2559
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Increases in prescriptions of opioid medications for chronic pain have been accompanied by increases in opioid overdoses, abuse, and other harms and uncertainty about long-term effectiveness. PURPOSE: To evaluate evidence on the effectiveness and harms of long-term (>3 months) opioid therapy for chronic pain in adults. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PsycINFO, and CINAHL (January 2008 through August 2014); relevant studies from a prior review; reference lists; and ClinicalTrials.gov. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized trials and observational studies that involved adults with chronic pain who were prescribed long-term opioid therapy and that evaluated opioid therapy versus placebo, no opioid, or nonopioid therapy; different opioid dosing strategies; or risk mitigation strategies. DATA EXTRACTION: Dual extraction and quality assessment. DATA SYNTHESIS: No study of opioid therapy versus no opioid therapy evaluated long-term (>1 year) outcomes related to pain, function, quality of life, opioid abuse, or addiction. Good- and fair-quality observational studies suggest that opioid therapy for chronic pain is associated with increased risk for overdose, opioid abuse, fractures, myocardial infarction, and markers of sexual dysfunction, although there are few studies for each of these outcomes; for some harms, higher doses are associated with increased risk. Evidence on the effectiveness and harms of different opioid dosing and risk mitigation strategies is limited. LIMITATIONS: Non-English-language articles were excluded, meta-analysis could not be done, and publication bias could not be assessed. No placebo-controlled trials met inclusion criteria, evidence was lacking for many comparisons and outcomes, and observational studies were limited in their ability to address potential confounding. CONCLUSION: Evidence is insufficient to determine the effectiveness of long-term opioid therapy for improving chronic pain and function. Evidence supports a dose-dependent risk for serious harms. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.7326/m14-2559

Cites

66 of 66 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 66 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. 1986, Pain Suppl, 3, S1
  2. Warner M, 2011, NCHS Data Brief, 1
  3. Mailis-Gagnon A, 2011, Can Fam Physician, 57, e97

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Chou, R., Turner, J. A., Devine, E. B., Hansen, R. N., Sullivan, S. D., Blazina, I., Dana, T., Bougatsos, C., & Deyo, R. A.
Affiliations
Oregon Health & Science University (US)
ORCID
Venue
Annals of Internal Medicine
Publisher
American College of Physicians
Published
2015-02-17
Volume
162
Issue
4
Pages
276-286
ISSN
  • 0003-4819 (ISSN-L)
  • 1539-3704
DOI
10.7326/m14-2559
OpenAlex
W1965999023
Cited by
1,606
References
66
Citations by year
2026: 68 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 123 · 2023: 127 · 2022: 135 · 2021: 157 · 2020: 180 · 2019: 175 · 2018: 171 · 2017: 163 · 2016: 143 · 2015: 59
FWCI
25.74
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Annals of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
U.S. Public Health Service (HHSA 290-2012-00014I)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Anesthesia and Pain Management
Keywords
long-term opioid therapy, chronic pain, opioid overdose, opioid abuse, opioid use disorder, opioid-related harms, opioid dosing, risk mitigation strategies, fracture risk, myocardial infarction, sexual dysfunction, quality of life, functions, non-opioid analgesics
MeSH terms
Analgesics, Opioid, Drug Administration Schedule, Humans, Myocardial Infarction, Opioid-Related Disorders, Quality of Life, Risk Factors, Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological, Risk Assessment, Fractures, Bone, Chronic Pain, Drug Overdose

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review