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Cited by 2History and Politics in Latin AmericaHistorical Studies in Latin AmericaArgentine historical studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 83 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Búsqueda de nuevas rutas comerciales. Solón Wilches y las redes de poder en García Rovira, segunda mitad del siglo XIX

Open access
Carreño Tarazona, Clara Inés·2012·Historia Crítica
DOI 10.7440/histcrit46.2012.10
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Abstract

This article presents a project formulated by the president of the Sovereign State of Santander, Solon Wilches, to open new trade routes in order to create and maintain a network of power in the department of García Rovira. First, the text highlights the political activity of General Wilches to help his region; second, the commercial activities which surrounded his network of friends and family. Finally, the text answers the question of how associations worked around a main character in order to complete commercial transactions in a specific region.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The article argues that the Sociedad empresaria del camino de herradura de García Rovira a Casanare, founded in 1868 and promoted by Solón Wilches, was less a purely infrastructural project than a vehicle for a regional elite network to capture political power, land, rents, and trade routes. Using Wilches’s private archive and notarial/official records, it shows how family alliances, public office, land speculation, aguardiente rents, and quina exploitation were tied to the road to Casanare.

Key findings

  • The Sociedad empresaria was founded in 1868 in La Concepción by prominent García Rovira figures, including Solón Wilches, Moisés Barón, Domnino Castro, Anténor Montero, Milciades Wilches, and others, many linked to the Liberal Independiente committee; it was authorized by the State of Santander and later the Union government to build the road toward the Llanos.
  • The road project sought to connect Santander and Boyacá with Casanare, reduce dependence on the Soto department’s commercial monopoly, and link Cúcuta, Socorro, and Boyacá. Wilches promoted it as president of Santander in 1870–1872 and 1878–1884; the 1880 constitutional reform extended his presidency by four years and strengthened executive powers.
  • Family and personal alliances were reinforced through land transactions near the projected route: Natalia Wilches and Rafael Otero Navarro sold Chinchaleta and El Tejar to Ramón Wilches Calderón for $1000, with the “camino de Casanare” as a boundary; Milciades Wilches sold a house to Anténor Montero for $800; Fortunato Bernal sold a house to Milciades for $320; Carmen Daccara sold a house to Milciades for $25; Montero sold El Ubito to Manuel Ramírez for $160.
  • State rents and natural resources were central: aguardiente remates were usually for three years, and in October 1886 Wilches was awarded rents in San Andrés, Málaga, La Concepción, Capitanejo, Enciso, Cerrito, and Macaravita; quina exploitation concentrated in La Palmera and La Norma. In 1865, of 120,000 hectares of baldíos adjudicated to Santander, García Rovira received 14,000, plus up to 200 hectares per district; laws 61 of 1864 and 48 of 1882 favored monopoly and exploitation.

Methods

  • Qualitative historical case study of the Sociedad empresaria del camino de herradura de García Rovira a Casanare and its network in the second half of the nineteenth century.
  • Sources include the private archive of General Solón Wilches (CDIHR, UIS), notarial records, official gazettes such as the *Gaceta de Santander*, nineteenth-century newspapers (*El Federalista*, *El Norte*, *La Bandera Federal*, *La Época*, *La Integridad*, *La Reivindicación*), and secondary literature.
  • Analysis uses concepts of social and commercial networks, regional elites, “notables,” and “círculo político” to trace ties among investors, families, public offices, land deals, rents, and resource exploitation.

Limitations

  • The paper states no explicit limitations section.
  • Evident from the text: the analysis rests heavily on Solón Wilches’s private archive and regional notarial/official records, which foregrounds the elite network and may underrepresent non-elite actors and alternative perspectives.
  • Evident from the text: it is a qualitative, single-region case study; the article does not offer systematic comparative or quantitative tests of its claims about power, economic benefit, or the causal role of the road, relying instead on narrative reconstruction from correspondence, notarial instruments, and newspaper notices.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.7440/histcrit46.2012.10

Cites

5 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

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Verification

Claims the paper makes

0 of 83 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingcitation
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    Andrés Wilches sold to Ramón Wilches Calderón, Natalia's brother, the two mentioned parcels of land for the value of $1000.

    “Andrés Wilches vendió a Ramón Wilches Calderón, hermano de Natalia, las dos porciones de terrenos mencionados por el valor de $1000.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Abstract

    En el archivo privado de Solón Wilches existen datos sobre las estrechas relaciones que mantenía con sus amigos más cercanos y su familia, cuyas actividades e intereses giraron alrededor de la apertura de la nueva ruta comercial.

    “La información documental sobre el tema se encuentra en el archivo privado del general Solón Wilches 3 , principal promotor de la apertura del camino, donde existen datos sobre las estrechas relaciones que mantenía con sus amigos más cercanos y su familia, cuyas actividades e intereses giraron alrededor de la apertura de esta nueva ruta comercial”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingnone given
    § Abstract

    In the second half of the 19th century, the productive sectors of García Rovira were based on cereal cultivation, particularly wheat and maize, and cotton and sugar.

    “Para la segunda mitad del siglo XIX los renglones productivos del departamento de García Rovira se sustentaban en el cultivo de cereales, particularmente trigo y maíz, y el de algodón y azúcar.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingcitation
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    Timoleón Wilches had previously served as accountant of the Cúcuta Customs.

    “Anteriormente este personaje ya había ejercido como contador de la Aduana de Cúcuta.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites CDIHR, AW, caja 5, f.251

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Findingown data
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    Notarial instruments show the fragmentation of lands for various reasons.

    “Existen instrumentos notariales que señalan la fragmentación de los terrenos por diversos motivos.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 53
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 39
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    These alliances grouped large extensions of contiguous land for the Montero, Wilches, Barón, Cáceres, and Calderón families, generating an important movement of properties and a regional dominance by considerably integrating the economic interests of individuals and families.

    “Dichas alianzas agruparon grandes extensiones de tierra contiguas a las familias Montero, Wilches, Barón, Cáceres, Calderón, generando un movimiento importante de propiedades y un dominio regional, al integrar considerablemente los intereses económicos de individuos y familias.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning
    § Abstract

    La reforma constitucional de 1880 amplió por cuatro años más la permanencia de Wilches en la presidencia, fortaleciendo en gran medida las atribuciones del presidente en detrimento del poder legislativo.

    “De ahí que la reforma constitucional de 1880 terminó por ampliar por cuatro años más su permanencia en la presidencia, fortaleciendo en gran medida las atribuciones del presidente en detrimento del poder legislativo.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given
    § Abstract

    The project aimed to unite the territories of current Santander and Boyacá through an access route to the Llanos across diverse climatic zones and geographically rugged terrains.

    “El proyecto pretendía unir los territorios del actual Santander y Boyacá mediante una vía de acceso hacia los Llanos a través de diversas zonas climáticas y terrenos geográficamente agrestes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § Abstract

    Los integrantes de la Sociedad empresaria eran personajes con fuerte participación política e integrantes del comité de García Rovira, establecido por el Partido Liberal Independiente.

    “Personajes con fuerte participación política e integrantes del comité de García Rovira, establecido por el Partido Liberal Independiente 11 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • Rests on an assumption: El archivo privado de Solón Wilches contiene información fiable y suficiente sobre sus relaciones, actividades e intereses como para sostener las conclusiones del estudio.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § Abstract

    La Sociedad empresaria fue fundada en 1868 en La Concepción como resultado de la asociación de los personajes más prestantes de la región de García Rovira, entre los que se encontraban además de Solón Wilches, Moisés Barón, Domnino Castro, Anténor Montero, Milciades Wilches, Natividad Meneses, Jacinto Rangel, Ramón Wilches Calderón, Fortunato Bernal, Antonino González, José de la Paz Ortiz, Antón,

    “La Sociedad empresaria, fundada en 1868 en La Concepción fue el resultado de la asociación de los personajes más prestantes de la región de García Rovira, entre los que se encontraban además de Solón Wilches, Moisés Barón, Domnino Castro, Anténor Montero, Milciades Wilches, Natividad Meneses, Jacinto Rangel, Ramón Wilches Calderón, Fortunato Bernal, Antonino González, José de la Paz Ortiz, Antonio”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: El archivo privado de Solón Wilches contiene información fiable y suficiente sobre sus relaciones, actividades e intereses como para sostener las conclusiones del estudio.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § Abstract

    Wilches resigned as departmental head of García Rovira in 1865, at which time he secured contacts to begin construction of the Capitanejo bridge, and later accepted the position of deputy in the assembly where the project was advanced with evident perseverance to turn it into law.

    “Un ejemplo de ello fue precisamente la renuncia de Wilches como jefe departamental de García Rovira en 1865, fecha en la que aseguró los contactos para iniciar la construcción del puente de Capitanejo, y posteriormente aceptar el cargo de diputado de la asamblea en donde se adelantaba el proyecto con la perseverancia evidente de transformarlo en ley.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    The land acquired by Milciades Wilches bordered both lands he already owned and properties of Andrés Wilches and Anténor Montero, another shareholder of the Sociedad empresaria.

    “Por ejemplo, al reconstruir los linderos del terreno adquirido por Milciades Wilches, se halló que aparte de lindar con terrenos de su misma propiedad, también lo hacía con propiedades de Andrés Wilches y de Anténor Montero, otro accionista de la Sociedad empresaria.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning
    § Abstract

    Los vínculos de la Sociedad empresaria empiezan a entrelazarse al momento de la compra de acciones, demostrando la analogía entre poder y cantidad: a mayor cantidad de acciones, mayor multiplicidad de inversiones e incremento de las ventajas obtenidas del repartimiento de utilidades de la empresa.

    “Desde esta perspectiva, se aprecia que los vínculos de la Sociedad empresaria empiezan a entrelazarse al momento de la compra de acciones, demostrando la analogía entre poder y cantidad, es decir, a mayor cantidad de acciones mayor multiplicidad de sus inversiones e incremento de las ventajas obtenidas como resultado del repartimiento de las utilidades de la empresa.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: El archivo privado de Solón Wilches contiene información fiable y suficiente sobre sus relaciones, actividades e intereses como para sostener las conclusiones del estudio.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § 2. R EDES SOCIALES EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UN NUEVO ESPACIO DE PODER

    Estanislao Silva was a constituent in 1857 and provisional president of the State of Santander in the same year, a merchant, entrepreneur, and member of the financial sector as a shareholder of Banco Santander, founded in Bucaramanga in 1872.

    “Estanislao Silva, constituyente en 1857 y presidente provisional del Estado de Santander el mismo año, comerciante, empresario e integrante del sector financiero como accionista del Banco Santander, fundado en Bucaramanga en 1872”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    Natalia Wilches was first cousin and mother-in-law of General Solón Wilches.

    “Tal fue el caso de Natalia Wilches, prima en primer grado y suegra del general Solón Wilches.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § Abstract

    Bajo el argumento 'respeto a Dios y a la Constitución', Wilches se inclinó por la necesidad de la intervención económica del Estado para fomentar el progreso regional, proyectos que implicaban la reforma de la Constitución estatal para obtener una mayor capacidad operativa.

    “Bajo el argumento”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingcitation
    § 2. R EDES SOCIALES EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UN NUEVO ESPACIO DE PODER

    José de la Paz Ortiz was public notary of the Circuit of San Andrés in 1881.

    “José de la Paz Ortíz, notario público del Circuito de San Andrés en 1881.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gaceta de Santander, N o 1496

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingcitation
    § 2. R EDES SOCIALES EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UN NUEVO ESPACIO DE PODER

    Cenón Fonseca Suárez was head of the department of García Rovira in 1877.

    “Cenón Fonseca Suárez, jefe del departamento de García Rovira en 1877”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gaceta de Santander, N o 1071

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingcitation
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    The Wilches Otero family stated that the proceeds of the sale would be destined 'to buy a house in the city of Socorro.'

    “La familia Wilches Otero advertía que el producto de la venta se destinaría “para comprar una casa en la ciudad de Socorro””
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given
    § Abstract

    La quina se encontraba en los bosques aledaños a los tramos del camino, especialmente hasta el sitio de la Palmera, ubicado entre La Concepción y Málaga.

    “que se encontraba en los bosques aledaños a los tramos del camino, especialmente hasta el sitio de la Palmera, ubicado entre La Concepción y Málaga.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning
    § 2. R EDES SOCIALES EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UN NUEVO ESPACIO DE PODER

    Although Wilches made some contracts with foreigners to expand and dominate the quina business, the family and local circle was always closed to a select group of close friends and compatriots.

    “Si bien Wilches celebró algunos contratos con extranjeros para ampliar y dominar el negocio de la quina, el círculo familiar y local estuvo siempre cerrado a un grupo selecto de amigos cercanos y coterráneos.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § 2. R EDES SOCIALES EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UN NUEVO ESPACIO DE PODER

    Unlike what happened in other departments, particularly Soto, in García Rovira the hypothesis about the essential function of the entry of foreigners into the power circle is not met, because there was no presence of foreign merchants and entrepreneurs who established certain family or political relations.

    “A diferencia de lo que sucedía en los otros departamentos, particularmente en Soto 21 , en García Rovira no se cumple la hipótesis sobre la función esencial que ejerció el ingreso de extranjeros al círculo de poder, pues no hubo presencia de comerciantes y empresarios foráneos que fijaran ciertas relaciones familiares o políticas.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § Abstract

    Como presidente del Estado Soberano de Santander entre 1870 y 1872 y 1878 y 1884, Solón Wilches promovió el programa político de alentar el desarrollo de la educación mediante la construcción de escuelas y centros de instrucción pública, y también el impulso del progreso material a partir de la construcción de caminos y puentes.

    “Como presidente del Estado Soberano de Santander entre 1870 y 1872 y 1878 y 1884, Solón Wilches promovió el programa político de alentar el desarrollo de la educación mediante la construcción de escuelas y centros de instrucción pública, y también el impulso del progreso material a partir de la construcción de caminos y puentes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § 2. R EDES SOCIALES EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UN NUEVO ESPACIO DE PODER

    Presbyter Simón Gaona contributed to the opening of the road, as representative of the Boyacá government and mediator between the two governments in the construction of the work that crossed the territory of Santander and Boyacá.

    “el presbítero Simón Gaona, representante del Gobierno boyacense como mediador entre los dos gobiernos en la construcción de la obra que atravesaba el territorio de Santander y Boyacá”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingcitation
    § Additional information

    The same year the repair of the central road from San José de Cúcuta to Capitanejo in the trayecto corresponding to Capitanejo and Enciso was regulated.

    “El mismo año se reglamentó la reparación del camino central de San José de Cúcuta a Capitanejo en el trayecto correspondiente a Capitanejo y Enciso 50 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [50]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    Juan de la Cruz Calderón and Andrea Moreno were the parents of Delfina Calderón Moreno, who was married to Braulio Cáceres Wilches, son of the shareholder Braulio Evaristo Cáceres.

    “Juan de la Cruz Calderón y Andrea Moreno fueron padres de Delfina Calderón Moreno, quien estuvo casada con Braulio Cáceres Wilches, hijo del accionista Braulio Evaristo Cáceres 44 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [44]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § Additional information

    This department in turn distributed them in two strategically well-located zones.

    “Este departamento a su vez las distribuyó en dos zonas estratégicamente bien ubicadas.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § Additional information

    In 1876 two projects were promoted to link commercially Cúcuta and Socorro through the La Concepción-Málaga route: the construction of the Capitanejo bridge over the Chicamocha river and the road that united La Concepción and Capitanejo.

    “En 1876 se impulsaron dos proyectos para vincular comercialmente a Cúcuta y Socorro a través de la vía de La Concepción-Málaga: la construcción del puente de Capitanejo sobre el río Chicamocha y el camino que unía La Concepción y Capitanejo.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § Additional information

    The merchants managed to acquire lands in places where the natural resources could provide them with products desired in the international markets.

    “Los comerciantes lograron adquirir tierras en lugares donde los recursos naturales les podían proveer de productos apetecidos en los mercados internacionales.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § Additional information

    In 1865, of the distribution of 120,000 hectares of baldíos adjudicated to the State of Santander, García Rovira was ceded fourteen thousand.

    “En 1865 de la distribución de 120.000 hectáreas de tierras baldías adjudicadas al Estado Soberano de Santander, a García Rovira le cedieron catorce mil.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    In 1873, Carmen Daccara sold to Milciades Wilches the goods of her parents' succession, corresponding to a house in La Concepción, whose purchase value was $25 and which bordered lots of Antenor Montero and Cayetano Pedraza.

    “En 1873 Carmen Daccara vendió a Milciades Wilches los bienes de la sucesión de sus padres, correspondientes a una casa ubicada en La Concepción.Dicha casa, cuyo valor de compra fue de $25, lindaba con solares de Antenor Montero y Cayetano Pedraza.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [39]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    The purpose was to increase the development of industry and the progress of the two States, with the firm intention of opening a new commercial route away from the monopolistic influence of the department of Soto.

    “aumentar el desarrollo de la industria y el progreso de los dos Estados, con el propósito firme de abrir una nueva ruta comercial alejada de la influencia monopólica del departamento de Soto 51 .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [51]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    Fortunato Bernal, a neighbor of Pamplona, a General in 1885 and married to Emilia Wilches, was a partner during the first years of the Sociedad empresaria, and his participation included certain businesses related to travel and transport of tools to the road works.

    “Por ejemplo, Fortunato Bernal, vecino de Pamplona, con cargo de General en 1885 y casado con Emilia Wilches, fue socio de la compañía durante los primeros años de la Sociedad empresaria y su participación incluía ciertos negocios relacionados con viajes y transporte de herramientas a las obras del caminofoot_3 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites foot_3

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingcitation
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    Virginia Wilches, married to the shareholder Domnino Castro, in the ten years they had been together formed a family of six children.

    “A su vez, Virginia Wilches, casada con el también accionista Domnino Castro, formaron en “los diez años que llevaban juntos una familia de seis hijos” 45 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § Additional information

    In 1889 Wilches was sent three arrobas of anís chiricano, one part fresh and another dry, for the value of $21,3 reales.

    “A Wilches por ejemplo le enviaron en 1889 tres arrobas de anís chiricano (sic), una parte fresca y otra seca por el valor de $21,3 reales.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingcitation
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    Each 15 August, the traditional fair received goods including ordinary and fine mantas, pinta-pinta mantas, enjalma mantas from Socorro and Curití, pinta garnica and fine, hammocks, common quilts, and tablecloths.

    “Cada 15 de agosto a la tradicional feria llegaban mantas ordinarias, finas, mantas pinta-pinta finas y ordinarias, mantas de enjalmas socorranas y de Curití, pinta garnica y fina, hamacas, colchas comunes y manteles”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [59]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § Additional information

    As rematador of the rents of a large part of the territory of García Rovira, Wilches experienced serious losses in his income, due to the strong competition among the rents adjudicated to the various departments of Santander and on other occasions due to the fraud committed in retail aguardiente sales.

    “Sin embargo, como rematador de las rentas de gran parte del territorio de García Rovira, Wilches experimentó graves perjuicios en sus ingresos, debido a la fuerte competencia entre las rentas adjudicadas a los diversos departamentos de Santander 80 y en otras ocasiones por el fraude cometido en las ventas de aguardiente al por menor 81 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [80]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [81]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingcitation
    § Additional information

    In 1873 Montero sold to Manuel Ramírez a terrain called El Ubito, in the district of Carcasí, for the value of $160.

    “En 1873 Montero vendió a Manuel Ramírez un terreno denominado El Ubito, en el distrito de Carcasí, por el valor de $160.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [67]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    Wilches was interested in the flour business, especially in moments of scarcity, which allowed him to seek the best buy and sell options while maintaining a permanent business.

    “Wilches también se interesó en el negocio de la harina, especialmente en momentos de escasez, lo que le permitió buscar las mejores opciones de compra y venta, en tanto que mantenía un negocio permanente.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    Táriba's annual fair transacted about half a million pesos, through commercial operations in which the "Batán socorrano" was the most esteemed.

    “Su feria anual efectuaba transacciones por cerca de medio millón de pesos, mediante operaciones comerciales donde el “Batán socorrano” 58 era el más estimado.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [58]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    In 1872, Fortunato Bernal sold to Milciades Wilches a house he had previously bought from Arístides Calderón, located in La Concepción and bordering lots of Andrés Wilches, for $320 de ley.

    “En el mismo año de 1872, Fortunato Bernal vendió a Milciades Wilches una casa comprada con anterioridad a Arístides Calderón, situada en La Concepción colindando con solares de Andrés Wilches.El valor de esta casa alcanzó los $320 de ley.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [39]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingcitation
    § Additional information

    The lessees, motivated by the monopoly achieved in their own regions, enjoyed certain prerogatives regarding the free mobilization of the product, exclusively within each of the districts, since outside it a permit granted by the government of the State was required.

    “Los arrendatarios, motivados por el monopolio alcanzando en sus propias regiones, gozaron de ciertas prerrogativas en materia de libre movilización del producto, exclusivamente en el interior de cada uno de los distritos, pues fuera del él se requería un permiso otorgado por el gobierno del Estado.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § Additional information

    To the district of El Cerrito were given the lands located in south and north direction of its domain up to the limits with the department of Pamplona.

    “Entretanto, al distrito del Cerrito se le entregaron las tierras ubicadas en dirección sur y norte de su dominio hasta límites con el departamento de Pamplona.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § Additional information

    To La Concepción were assigned the lands located toward the west of the district up to the limits with the State of Boyacá.

    “A La Concepción le fueron asignadas las tierras localizadas hacia el oeste del distrito hasta límites con el Estado de Boyacá.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    Wilches commercialized cattle brought from Boyacá to Pamplona, a business that prospered especially on Fridays and Saturdays due to the arrival of buyers from Chinacota, Cucutilla and Salazar.

    “también comercializó ganado traído desde Boyacá a Pamplona, negocio que prosperaba espe cialmente los días viernes y sábado por la llegada de compradores desde Chinacota, Cucutilla y Salazar 64 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [64]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    The salt loads distributed came from Boyacá with a price that varied between $35 8/10 and $44.

    “Con relación al negocio de la sal, las cargas distribuidas venían desde Boyacá con un precio que variaba entre $35 8/10 y $44.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § Additional information

    The baldíos of García Rovira were located to the east of the districts of La Concepción and El Cerrito, in the eastern cordillera of the Andes.

    “Los terrenos baldíos de García Rovira se encontraban localizados al oriente de los distritos de La Concepción y el Cerrito, en la cordillera oriental de los Andes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § Additional information

    The auction of the aguardiente rent of the various districts of García Rovira was adjudicated most of the time for a period of three years, during which a very advantageous income was received for the rematador, given that those rents belonged to the regions where they were neighbors or natives, or through which the road toward Casanare was being built, of whose Society they were in turn accionist

    “El remate de la renta de aguardiente de los diversos distritos de García Rovira fue adjudicado la mayoría de veces por un período de tres años, tiempo en el cual se recibió un ingreso muy ventajoso para el rematador, teniendo en cuenta que dichas rentas pertenecieron a las regiones de donde eran vecinos u oriundos 76 , o por donde se estaba construyendo el camino hacia Casanare, de cuya Sociedad”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [76]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § Additional information

    In La Concepción the quina exploitation was carried out particularly in La Palmera and La Norma.

    “En La Concepción la explotación quinera se efectuó particularmente en La Palmera y La Norma.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    One of the plazas sought by Wilches was Bucaramanga, to which he sent between five and one hundred monthly loads.

    “Una de las plazas buscadas por Wilches fue Bucaramanga 62 , a donde enviaba entre cinco y cien cargas mensuales 63”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [62]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [63]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § 61

    Being most of them owners of an important extension of lands, these personages acquired lands belonging to auctions with a value exiguous in relation to their original cost.

    “Siendo la mayoría de ellos dueños de una importante extensión de tierras, estos personajes adquirían tierras pertenecientes a remates con un valor exiguo en relación a su costo original.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § 61

    The mentioned terrain belonged to Torcuato Niño, who as debtor to the national treasury for forced loan ended up losing it in 1877.

    “El mencionado terreno perteneció a Torcuato Niño, quien como deudor al tesoro nacional por empréstito forzoso lo terminó perdiendo en 1877 66 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [66]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    Intervening in the buying and selling of properties also implied a sphere of circulation exclusively family in character.

    “intervenir en la compraventa de propiedades implicaba también una esfera de circulación de carácter exclusivamente familiar.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Abstract

    As deputies of García Rovira, the shareholders of the Sociedad empresaria used public offices and proximity to political decisions to execute projects oriented both to the economic development of the region and to businesses directly related to their own property.

    “Como diputados de García Rovira, los accionistas de la Sociedad empresaria aprovecharon los cargos públicos y la cercanía sobre las decisiones políticas para ejecutar proyectos orientados tanto al desarrollo económico de la región, como aquellos relacionados directamente con los negocios de su propiedad.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Abstract

    El camino hacia Casanare no era únicamente una potencial vía de comunicación crucial entre las montañas santandereanas y las tierras bajas de los Llanos, sino un medio para alcanzar una serie de objetivos ubicados en las fronteras entre los Estados de Santander y Boyacá.

    “Como consecuencia, el camino hacia Casanare no era únicamente una potencial vía de comunicación crucial entre las montañas santandereanas y las tierras bajas de los Llanos, sino un medio para alcanzar una serie de objetivos ubicados en las fronteras entre los Estados de Santander y Boyacá.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation
    § Abstract

    The two main material projects of the political elite of García Rovira in the 19th century, the Capitanejo bridge and the García Rovira-Casanare road, show how such societies served to mediate the promotion of candidates and polarize political opinions.

    “Los dos principales proyectos materiales de la élite política de García Rovira en el siglo XIX , el puente de Capitanejo y el camino de García Rovira a Casanare, demuestran cómo este tipo de sociedades sirvieron “para mediatizar la promoción de candidatos y polarizar opiniones políticas””
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Abstract

    La participación de Solón Wilches como presidente del Estado Soberano de Santander fue importante.

    “De ahí la importancia de la participación de Solón Wilches como presidente del Estado Soberano de Santander.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    García Rovira had comparative advantages in food products relative to regions such as Socorro and Cúcuta, which maintained their incomes based on commerce and agro-export cultivation.

    “que esta región poesía ventajas comparativas en materia de productos alimenticios con respecto a regiones como el Socorro y Cúcuta, que mantenían sus ingresos con base en el comercio y en el cultivo de agroexportación”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given
    § Abstract

    A regional elite cannot be understood without recognizing its close relation with economic activities.

    “No se puede entender una élite regional sin reconocer su estrecha relación con las actividades económicas.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    En el México independiente, los comerciantes que sobrevivían eran aquellos que tenían las mejores conexiones en el más alto nivel político.

    “En su investigación, da cuenta de la importancia de reconocer que en el interior de un Estado”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    This indicates the appreciation that each of them would reach, generating profits for Ramón Wilches, shareholder of the Sociedad empresaria.

    “Esto indica la valorización que alcanzaría cada uno de ellos, generando ganancias a Ramón Wilches, accionista de la Sociedad empresaria.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    At the death of the head of the family, properties passed to their children, who ended up dividing the lands, selling them to other relatives or simply to the neighbor.

    “al momento del fallecimiento del jefe de la familia las propiedades pasaban a manos de sus hijos, quienes terminaban dividiendo las tierras, vendiéndolas a otros familiares o simplemente al vecino.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation
    § 2. R EDES SOCIALES EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UN NUEVO ESPACIO DE PODER

    Wilches's prestige generated great acceptance among the political elite of the State, creating a complex group analyzed by Juan Fernando Duarte under the concept of 'círculo político,' within which Wilches was the rovirense model, considering the enterprises proposed in the region.

    “El prestigio de Wilches generó gran aceptación entre la élite política del Estado, hasta crear un complejo grupo analizado por Juan Fernando Duarte bajo el concepto de “círculo político”, dentro del cual Wilches fue el modelo rovirense, teniendo en cuenta las empresas propuestas en la región”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Abstract

    La presencia de la quina y el fomento de institutos fue el punto de partida para recibir concesiones comerciales, motivar la especulación, préstamos, privilegios y obtención de rentas, relacionados estrechamente con las asociaciones, inversiones y alianzas familiares.

    “Éste fue el punto de partida para recibir concesiones comerciales, para motivar la especulación, préstamos, privilegios y obtención de rentas, relacionados estrechamente con las asociaciones, inversiones y alianzas familiares.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: El archivo privado de Solón Wilches contiene información fiable y suficiente sobre sus relaciones, actividades e intereses como para sostener las conclusiones del estudio.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Abstract

    Opening pastures, clearing forest, cultivating, and establishing families was a fundamental purpose to give continuity to the roads, extending them not only to points of contact with foreign countries but also to public lands being distributed by the Government.

    “abrir potreros, tumbar monte, cultivar y establecer familias fue un propósito fundamental para darle continuidad a los caminos, para extenderlos no sólo hasta los puntos de contacto con el extranjero, sino además hasta las tierras baldías que estaban siendo distribuidas por el Gobierno.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    Research on the role of the family in Latin American history points to the importance of recognizing the connections and diverse alliances arising around these social entities, particularly strategic marriages, participation in the family, modes of organization, types of investment, individual interests, social relations, and political participation.

    “Las investigaciones sobre el papel de la familia en la historia latinoamericana señalan la “importancia de reconocer las conexiones y diversas alianzas surgidas en torno dichas entidades sociales, particularmente los matrimonios estratégicos, participación en la familia, modos de organización, tipos de inversión, intereses individuales, relaciones sociales y participación política””
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [35]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    Another character entered into play, characterized by the constant search for properties acquired at reduced value, who found that heirs preferred to sell lands at low cost, but quickly, in order to change locality or detach themselves from the activities their deceased relatives had been developing.

    “Entonces entraba en juego otro personaje, caracterizado por la búsqueda constante de propiedades adquiridas a reducido valor, quien encontraba que los herederos preferían vender a bajo costo las tierras, pero rápidamente para cambiar de localidad o desligarse de las actividades que venían desarrollando sus familiares fallecidos.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    La debilidad del Estado y la fragmentación del país en Estados federales puso en evidencia la consolidación de las élites regionales que constantemente disputaban entre sí, produciendo conflictos y frecuentes cambios de gobierno.

    “Según esto, la debilidad del Estado y la fragmentación del país en Estados federales, puso en evidencia la consolidación de las élites regionales que constantemente disputaban entre sí, produciendo conflictos y frecuentes cambios de gobierno.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Additional information

    Said road allowed controlling the rest of the region, becoming a strategic position from the economic point of view.

    “Así, dicho camino permitió controlar el resto de la región, convirtiéndose en posición estratégica desde el punto de vista económico.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    Marriage was essential for tightening relations and became the mechanism by which families merged into a single group or network, inclined to be a long-lasting association of power and money, in order to create the nucleus of powerful social and economic networks, and sometimes to support a relative in disgrace.

    “El matrimonio fue esencial a la hora de estrechar relaciones y se convirtió en el “mecanismo mediante el cual las familias se fusionaban en un sólo grupo o red, inclinados a ser una asociación de poder y dinero de larga duración […] para crear el núcleo de las poderosas redes sociales y económicas” 43 , y otras veces para apoyar a algún familiar en desgracia.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Additional information

    The hacendado assumed the functions of the State, building roads and exercising justice with his own laws and his own army.

    “El hacendado asumió las funciones del Estado, construyendo vías y ejerciendo justicia con sus propias leyes y su propio ejército 71 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [71]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation
    § Additional information

    The study of the commercial links between the elites allows incursion into the political and economic sphere of the country during the second half of the 19th century and exploring the commercial businesses, speculation, loans, privileges and tax exemptions closely related to associations, investments and family alliances.

    “El estudio de los vínculos comerciales entre las élites permite incursionar en el ámbito político y económico del país durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y explorar los negocios comerciales, de especulación, préstamos, privilegios y exención de impuestos estrechamente relacionados con las asociaciones, inversiones y alianzas familiares.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    Sale with retroventa was very common during the nineteenth century, and even more so among those mentioned in this context.

    “Este tipo de compraventas o retroventa fue muy usual durante el siglo XIX, y más aún entre los mencionados en este contexto.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dolores Brandis García y Rafael Mas Hernández, “Propiedad inmueble, morfología urbana y precios del suelo en Guadalajara (siglo XIX)”, Tiempos de América 1 (1997): 57-69.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 61

    The need to organize in business societies and to argue before the Government dominion over certain lands and regions pushed the protagonists to venture into land buying and selling, thanks to the valorization the land reached with the projection of the road, and also to contemplate the possibility of possessing baldíos.

    “La necesidad de organizarse en sociedades empresarias y de argumentar ante el Gobierno el dominio sobre ciertas tierras y regiones impulsó a los protagonistas a incursionar en los negocios de compraventa de tierra, gracias a la valorización que ésta alcanzaba con la proyección del camino, y también a contemplar la posibilidad de poseer terrenos baldíos.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation
    § Additional information

    The constant opening of bids to repair the central road between these two districts evidenced the purpose of projecting a road toward the territory of Casanare, so that it connected with the route to Socorro and with the neighboring State of Boyacá, to intensify economic activity in the region of García Rovira.

    “La pretensión constante de abrir licitaciones para reparar el trayecto del camino central entre estos dos distritos 47 evidenciaron el propósito de proyectar un camino hacia el territorio del Casanare, para que se conectara con la ruta hacia el Socorro y con el vecino Estado de Boyacá, para intensificar la actividad económica en la región de García Rovira 48 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [47]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [48]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Additional information

    The important role of these places in the opening of the road from García Rovira to Casanare entailed the permanent transfer of peons who carried the loads from these places to La Concepción and from there to Bucaramanga for sale.

    “El importante papel de estos lugares en la apertura del camino de García Rovira a Casanare conllevó la transferencia permanente de peones que sacaran las cargas desde estos lugares hasta La Concepción y de allí hasta Bucaramanga para su venta.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation
    § Additional information

    The control of the rents not only corresponded to economic matters, but also redefined the political ties and the increase of the incomes of the most important politician-merchants regionally and locally.

    “El control de las rentas no correspondió sólo a asuntos económicos, sino que también redefinió los lazos políticos y el aumento de los ingresos de los políticos-comerciantes más importantes regional y localmente 75 .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [75]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Additional information

    The laws 61 of 1864 and 48 of 1882 favored certain groups in the adjudication of baldíos, leading to the monopoly and exploitation of the territories.

    “En su trabajo sobre la distribución de baldíos en el siglo xix Esperanza Villamizar señala que las leyes 61 de 1864 y 48 de 1882 favorecieron a ciertos grupos en la adjudicación de baldíos, conllevando al monopolio y a la explotación de los territorios 70 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [70]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    From the time when the sangileño lawyer occupied the executive of Santander in replacement, the tendency toward state interventionism began to be glimpsed as the change of posture that inclined them toward the independent faction of liberalism.

    “Desde la época, cuando el abogado sangileño ocupó en reemplazo el ejecutivo de Santander, la tendencia hacia el intervencionismo estatal empezaba a vislumbrarse como el cambio de postura que los inclinaba a la facción independiente del liberalismo.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation
    § Additional information

    The State as distributor of the rents allowed the emergence of certain power groups given to promoting their particular interests, who sought to exclusively monopolize the leasing of the rents, especially that of aguardiente.

    “El Estado como distribuidor de las rentas permitió el surgimiento de ciertos grupos de poder dados a impulsar sus intereses particulares, quienes buscaron acaparar exclusivamente el arrendamiento de las rentas, especialmente la de aguardiente 74 .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    The objective of constructing and repairing those works further confirmed the intense movement of merchandise and the constant supply that characterized Socorro, with direct benefit to García Rovira as part of the commercial route from Cúcuta.

    “El objetivo de construir y reparar dichas obras confirmó aún más el intenso movimiento de mercancías y el constante abastecimiento que caracterizaba a Socorro, con beneficio directo a García Rovira al hacer parte de la vía comercial procedente de Cúcuta.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation
    § 2.1. L AZOS FAMILIARES

    The shareholders of the Sociedad empresaria opened new spaces among their families, including their fortunes in properties, businesses, and political favors, and also with other powerful families in nearby regions such as Pamplona, Socorro, and Boyacá.

    “Simultáneamente, los mismos accionistas de la Sociedad empresaria abrieron nuevos espacios entre sus familias, incluyendo sus fortunas equivalentes a propiedades, negocios y favores políticos, y además a otras poderosas familias de regiones cercanas como Pamplona, Socorro y Boyacá.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Additional information

    Land took the character of merchandise, of alienable product, of productive factor and easily monopolizable.

    “La tierra, según Villamizar, tomó el carácter de mercancía, de producto enajenable, de factor productivo y fácilmente monopolizable.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [71]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § 61

    The proposal would gain for Wilches great political support in his region, by giving a forgotten land the opportunity to redeem itself with progress.

    “Dicha propuesta, ganaría para Wilches un gran apoyo político en su región, al darle a una tierra olvidada la oportunidad de reivindicarse con el progreso” 18 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § 61

    Solón Wilches's idea was to convert García Rovira into the passage site of the manufactures of the center of the State that would exit through that road to the Llano, from there to the Meta, and then to the Orinoco to join the axis of liberal progress: the world market.

    “Juan Fernando Duarte destaca la idea de Solón Wilches de “convertir a García Rovira en el sitio de paso de las manufacturas del centro del Estado que saldría por ese camino, al Llano, de ahí al Meta, y luego al Orinoco para incorporarse al eje del progreso liberal: el mercado mundial.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Additional information

    Initially the management of the Society was permanent, rigorous and organized, contributing to cement the bases on which power and control dominated the region of García Rovira and those territories considered highly productive, including the Llanos del Casanare.

    “Inicialmente su gestión fue permanente, rigurosa y organizada contribuyendo a cimentar las bases en la que el poder y el control dominaron la región de García Rovira y aquellos territorios considerados altamente productivos, incluyendo los Llanos del Casanare.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
81 of 81

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    El archivo privado de Solón Wilches contiene información fiable y suficiente sobre sus relaciones, actividades e intereses como para sostener las conclusiones del estudio.

    “La información documental sobre el tema se encuentra en el archivo privado del general Solón Wilches 3 , principal promotor de la apertura del camino, donde existen datos sobre las estrechas relaciones que mantenía con sus amigos más cercanos y su familia, cuyas actividades e intereses giraron alrededor de la apertura de esta nueva ruta comercial”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The archival sources consulted (letters, notarial instruments and official publications) reliably and representatively record the commercial and land transactions they document.

    “Resulta importante distinguir la forma como cada uno de los accionistas de la Sociedad empresaria mantenía lazos comerciales muy fuertes en cuanto al movimiento de propiedades.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The commercial and land transactions of the Sociedad empresaria's members are a valid indicator of their deliberate pursuit of economic and political power.

    “Los personajes más cercanos a la Sociedad empresaria utilizaron dicha organización para apropiarse económicamente de una región fronteriza entre García Rovira y el Casanare.”
3 of 3

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • La Concepción's baldíos are placed both east and west of the district

    Minor

    The account locates García Rovira's baldíos east of La Concepción, then says the lands assigned to La Concepción lay west of the district.

  • Bernal's property sale is dated both 1872 and 1792

    Minor

    The text places Bernal's sale to Milciades Wilches in 1872, but the cited instrument for that sale is dated 17 April 1792.

2 of 2

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 6 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Brandis García, Dolores y Rafael Mas Hernández. "Propiedad inmueble, morfología urbana y precios del suelo en Guadalajara (siglo XIX )". Tiempos de América 1 (1997): 57-69.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Metadata

Authors
Carreño Tarazona, C. I.
Venue
Historia Crítica
Publisher
Universidad de los Andes
Published
2012-01-01
Issue
46
Pages
180-201
ISSN
  • 0121-1617 (ISSN-L)
  • 1900-6152
DOI
10.7440/histcrit46.2012.10
OpenAlex
W2046971834
Cited by
2
References
6
Citations by year
2023: 1 · 2020: 1
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
es
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Historia Crítica (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Americanae (AECID Library) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • OpenEdition (OpenEdition) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Acervo Digital da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Universidade Estadual Paulista) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) (submittedVersion)
  • LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › History and Politics in Latin America
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Historical Studies in Latin America
  • Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Argentine historical studies
Keywords
trade routes, power grid, political patronage, regional development, business associations, patronage networks, 19th-century Colombia, Santander, Colombia

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