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The Spatial Economy: Cities, Regions, and International Trade
Abstract
The authors show how a common approach that emphasizes the three-way interaction among increasing returns, transportation costs, and the movement of productive factors can be applied to a wide range of issues in urban, regional, and international economics. Since 1990 there has been a renaissance of theoretical and empirical work on the spatial aspects of the economy—that is, where economic activity occurs and why. Using new tools—in particular, modeling techniques developed to analyze industrial organization, international trade, and economic growth—this "new economic geography" has emerged as one of the most exciting areas of contemporary economics. The authors show how seemingly disparate models reflect a few basic themes, and in so doing they develop a common "grammar" for discussing a variety of issues. They show how a common approach that emphasizes the three-way interaction among increasing returns, transportation costs, and the movement of productive factors can be applied to a wide range of issues in urban, regional, and international economics. This book is the first to provide a sound and unified explanation of the existence of large economic agglomerations at various spatial scales.
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“Geographic distance (or transportation costs) plays also a central role in the literature on trade and economic geography(Fujita et al. 1999).”
From Economic reforms and industrial policy in a panel of Chinese cities (2016) · cites this paper as Fujita et al. 1999
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Guo, H., Chen, C., Dong, X., & Jiang, C. (2021) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/00343404.2020.1862783 · Cited by 37
“In the economic literature, Fujita et al. (1999) pointed out the ‘agglomeration shadow’ on railroad construction.”
BackgroundAn, Y., Wei, Y. D., Yuan, F., & Chen, W. (2021) · International Journal of Sustainable Transportation · doi:10.1080/15568318.2021.1897909 · Cited by 36
“The new economic geography theory (Fujita et al., 1999; Krugman, 1991) has shown that all else equal, transportation improvement has a far-reaching impact on the location and spatial distribution of economic activities.”
BackgroundTowards a public policy of cities and human settlements in the 21st century
Creutzig, F., Becker, S., Berrill, P., Bongs, C., Bussler, A., Cave, B., Constantino, S. M., Grant, M., Heeren, N., Heinen, E., et al. (2024) · npj Urban Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s42949-024-00168-7 · Cited by 49
10 What Constrains Indian Manufacturing?
Gupta, P. G., Hasan, R., & Kumar, U. (2010) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575077.003.0010 · Cited by 36
Catching Growth Determinants with the Adaptive Lasso
Schneider, U., & Wagner, M. (2011) · German Economic Review · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0475.2011.00541.x · Cited by 36
Urban economic base as a catalyst for movements in real estate prices
Coulson, N. E., Liu, C. H., & Villupuram, S. V. (2013) · Regional Science and Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2013.09.012 · Cited by 36
Capital-induced labor migration in a spatial Solow model
Neto, J. P. J., & Claeyssen, J. C. R. (2014) · Journal of Economics · doi:10.1007/s00712-014-0404-6 · Cited by 36
Bode, E., & Nunnenkamp, P. (2011) · Review of World Economics · doi:10.1007/s10290-010-0086-2 · Cited by 36
Loertscher, S., & Muehlheusser, G. (2011) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1756-2171.2011.00148.x · Cited by 36
“For example, should a firm cater to larger (or economically more important) groups of consumers where it also expects fierce competition, or is it better off by targeting remote areas of the product spectrum where competition tends to be less intense? The canonical framework for analyzing these issues is due to Hotell…”
BackgroundInter- and intra-industry linkages as a determinant of FDI in Central and Eastern Europe
Lefilleur, J., & Maurel, M. (2010) · Economic Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ecosys.2009.12.002 · Cited by 36
Regional Migration, Growth and Convergence – A Spatial Dynamic Panel Model of Germany
Kubis, A., & Schneider, L. (2015) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/00343404.2015.1059932 · Cited by 36
“…immigration, whereas the periphery regions face sustained outmigration and decreasing per capita income due to the lack of economies of scale (FUJITA et al., 1999; HENDERSON and WANG, 2005).4 Accordingly, given a high migration propensity of workers, PUGA (1999) shows that regional…”
BackgroundPopulation, light, and the size distribution of cities
Düben, C., & Krause, M. (2020) · Journal of Regional Science · doi:10.1111/jors.12507 · Cited by 35
Effect of regional factor productivity on manufacturing sector: The case of Sino-Pak economic ties
Imran, M., Hu-sen, A., Kaleem, M., et al. (2020) · Financial Innovation · doi:10.1186/s40854-019-0163-z · Cited by 36
“Fujita et al. (1999) and Fujita and Thisse (2002) pointed out that decreasing trade costs provides a stimulus to the supply of value-added that will increase regional market size.”
BackgroundTechnological relatedness and asymmetrical firm productivity gains under market reforms in China
Howell, A., He, C., Yang, R., et al. (2016) · Cambridge Journal of Regions Economy and Society · doi:10.1093/cjres/rsw024 · Cited by 36
“The linkages between agglomeration and firm performance is strongly rooted in micro-economic theory (Fujita et al., 1999; Krugman, 1991), although both the theoretical and empirical work are overwhelmingly applied to advanced market economies, operating under the following assumptions: factors move freely across citie…”
Infrastructure and Trade: A Meta-Analysis
Celbiş, M. G., Nijkamp, P. J., & Poot, J. (2015) · REGION · doi:10.18335/region.v1i1.25 · Cited by 36
“Fujita et al. (1999) model the role of such trade costs in a world with a finite number of discrete locations where each variety of a product is produced in only one location and all varieties produced within a location have the same technology and price.”
BackgroundSpatial point pattern analysis and industry concentration
Kosfeld, R., Eckey, H.-F., & Lauridsen, J. T. (2010) · The Annals of Regional Science · doi:10.1007/s00168-010-0385-5 · Cited by 36
Trade and Geography: Paul Krugman and the 2008 Nobel Prize for Economics
Brakman, S., & Garretsen, H. (2009) · Spatial Economic Analysis · doi:10.1080/17421770902739120 · Cited by 34
“Krugman (1991) was the starting point for a whole new sub-field in economic research, the new economic geography literature as first synthesized and summarized by Krugman himself in his 1999 book co-authored with Fujita and Venables, namely The Spatial Economy (Fujita et al., 1999).”
InfluentialEquilibrium structure of a bidimensional asymmetric city
Carlier, G., & Ekeland, I. (2006) · Nonlinear Analysis Real World Applications · doi:10.1016/j.nonrwa.2006.02.008 · Cited by 36
Competing in capabilities : an informal overview
Sutton, J. D. (2005) · Cited by 36
Geographic determinants of China's urbanization
Christensen, P., & McCord, G. C. (2016) · Regional Science and Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2016.05.001 · Cited by 36
“…linked geography to the virtuous cycles of agglomeration, postulating that declining transport costs can stimulate industrial production by increasing the purchasing power of rural consumers and the market for manufactured goods (Fujita and Thisse, 1996; Fujita et al., 1999; Krugman, 1991).”
Residential equilibrium in a multifractal metropolitan area
Cavailhès, J., Frankhauser, P., Peeters, D., et al. (2009) · The Annals of Regional Science · doi:10.1007/s00168-009-0316-5 · Cited by 36
“The problem can be solved by two-step method suggested by Fujita et al. (1999). Let”
MethodA Spatial Econometric Analysis of Geographic Spillovers and Growth for European Regions, 1980-1995Preprint
Baumont, C., Ertur, C., & Gallo, J. L. (2001) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 36
Pei, P., Zhang, S., & Zhou, G. (2024) · Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1007/s12061-024-09580-z · Cited by 35
“The spatial agglomeration formed by the proximity and interdependence of production factors such as labor, capital, technology, and their economic activities in space is a typical fact of modern economic growth (Fujita et al., 1999; Zhou, 2022).”
The economics of targeted mitigation in infrastructure
Lecocq, F., & Shalizi, Z. (2013) · Climate Policy · doi:10.1080/14693062.2014.861657 · Cited by 36
Laperche, B., Lorek, M., & Uzunidis, D. (2011) · Revue d’Économie Régionale & Urbaine · doi:10.3917/reru.112.0341 · Cited by 35
Decomposing European NUTS2 regional inequality from 1980 to 2009
Doran, J., & Jordan, D. (2013) · Journal of Economic Studies · doi:10.1108/01443581311283484 · Cited by 35
“However, this comes at the expense of peripheral regions, which see a migration of economic activity to the core region (Fujita et al., 1999).”
InfluentialThe location of the Italian manufacturing industry, 1871–1911: a sectoral analysis
Basile, R., & Ciccarelli, C. (2017) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbx033 · Cited by 35
“riod In order to analyze the importance of domestic market access as a key driver of the spatial distribution of economic activity (as suggested by the NEG theory; Fujita, Krugman, and Venables, 1999; Combes, Mayer, and Thisse, 2008), a sound measure of accessibility to demand is required.”
BackgroundA new type of cities for liveable futures. Isobenefit Urbanism morphogenesis
D’Acci, L. S. (2019) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.129 · Cited by 35
Regional Specialization, Competitive Pressure, and Cooperation: The Cocktail for Innovation
Marco‐Lajara, B., Sánchez‐García, E., Martínez‐Falcó, J., & Poveda‐Pareja, E. (2022) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en15155346 · Cited by 35
Impact of Transport Infrastructure on Firm Formation
Melo, P. C., Graham, D. J., & Noland, R. B. (2010) · Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.3141/2163-15 · Cited by 35
“Improvements in transport infrastructure change transportation costs and, consequently, the balance between agglomeration and dispersion forces and the resulting spatial distribution of economic activities (8).”
BackgroundTransport–Regional Equity Issue Revisited
Almeida, E., HADDAD, E. A., & Hewings, G. J. D. (2006) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/00343400601056847 · Cited by 35
Andersson, M., & Johansson, B. (2008) · Growth and Change · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2257.2008.00417.x · Cited by 35
TOURISM AND INDUSTRIAL AGGLOMERATION
Zeng, D., & Zhu, X. (2008) · Japanese Economic Review · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5876.2010.00518.x · Cited by 37
“Extensive reviews on this subject can be found in the books of Fujita et al. (1999), Fujita and Thisse (2002), and Baldwin et al. (2003).”
BackgroundNational fiscal consolidations and regional inequality in Europe
Agnello, L., Fazio, G., & Sousa, R. M. (2016) · Cambridge Journal of Regions Economy and Society · doi:10.1093/cjres/rsv033 · Cited by 35
Export diversification and economic development: A dynamic spatial data analysis
Basile, R., Parteka, A., & Pittiglio, R. (2017) · Review of International Economics · doi:10.1111/roie.12316 · Cited by 35
“…urban studies), the main areas of application of these concepts in economics include: economic geography and agglomeration economics (Krugman, 1991; Fujita et al., 1999; Fujita and Thisse, 2002; Duranton and Puga, 2004, Glaeser, 2008); the spatial diffusion of knowledge, technology and innovation…”
Building Competitiveness and Cohesion: The Role of New Housebuilding in Central Scotland's Cities
Bramley, G., & Morgan, J. (2003) · Housing Studies · doi:10.1080/02673030304245 · Cited by 35
“It focuses on new private sector housing in the two major city regions of Central Scotland, Glasgow and Edinburgh, and presents new empirical evidence based on targeted household surveys conducted there.”
BackgroundFirms’ export decisions—fixed trade costs and the size of the export market
Medin, H. (2002) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/s0022-1996(02)00076-4 · Cited by 35
“It is widely recognized in the new theory of international trade and economic geography (see Helpman and Krugman, 1985; and Fujita et al., 1999 for overviews).”
BackgroundExplaining the pattern of regional unemployment: The case of the Midi Pyrénées region
Aragon, Y., Haughton, D., Haughton, J., Leconte, E., Malin, É., Ruiz‐Gazen, A., & Thomas‐Agnan, C. (2003) · Papers of the Regional Science Association · doi:10.1111/j.1435-5597.2003.tb00009.x · Cited by 36
Rich Nations, Poor Nations: How Much Can Multiple Equilibria Explain?Preprint
Graham, B. S., & Temple, J. R. W. (2005) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.734264 · Cited by 35
“Equations (30) and (31) imply that: v 1− v = μ b 1− b ¶μ s 1− s ¶μ 1− a”
Foreign Direct InvestmentPreprint
Markusen, J. R. (2000) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.231202 · Cited by 35
The Challenge of Reducing Subsidies and Trade Barriers
Anderson, K. (2004) · World Bank policy research working paper · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-3415 · Cited by 35
Editorial: The ‘New Economic Geography’: Challenge or Irrelevance?
(1999) · Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers · doi:10.1111/j.0020-2754.1999.00387.x · Cited by 35
Human Capital, Labour Productivity and Employment
Bhat, S., & Siddharthan, N. S. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-0857-0_2 · Cited by 34
Quantifying long-term evolution of intra-urban spatial interactions
Sun, L., Jin, J. G., Axhausen, K. W., Lee, D.-H., & Cebrián, M. (2014) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2014.1089 · Cited by 34
Commodity Prices over Two Centuries: Trends, Volatility, and Impact
Williamson, J. G. (2012) · Annual Review of Resource Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-resource-110811-114502 · Cited by 34
Sectoral diversification as insurance against economic instability
Kluge, J. (2017) · Journal of Regional Science · doi:10.1111/jors.12349 · Cited by 34
Use and validation of location-based services in urban research: An example with Dutch restaurants
Arribas‐Bel, D., & Bakens, J. (2018) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/0042098018779554 · Cited by 33
“These results again support the findings of Glaeser et al. (2001) and Fujita et al. (1999) that consumers value diversity of products.”
ResultSpatial location patterns of Spanish manufacturing firms
Albert, J. M., Casanova, M. R., & Orts, V. (2011) · Papers of the Regional Science Association · doi:10.1111/j.1435-5957.2011.00375.x · Cited by 34
“…the importance of trade costs towards the spatial concentration, the relationship between market integration and industrial concentration and considere the possibility of there being ‘multiple equilibriums’, as we can see in Fujita et al. (1999), Puga (1999, 2002) and Ottaviano and Puga (1998).”
BackgroundForeign Direct Investment Spillovers in Portugal: Additional Lessons from a Country Study
Flôres, R. G., Fontoura, M. P., & Santos, R. G. (2007) · European Journal of Development Research · doi:10.1080/09578810701507126 · Cited by 34
“We venture that such factors are a combination of centrifugal and centripetal effects, in the lines of Fujita et al. (1999), responsible for agglomerations like the one in the Greater Lisbon industrial area, where many firms are located.”
BackgroundIntroduction: Knowledge and Geography
Lorenzen, M. (2005) · Industry and Innovation · doi:10.1080/13662710500381484 · Cited by 34
Clusters As a Driving Engine for FDI
Yehoue, E. B. (2005) · Economic Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2009.03.006 · Cited by 34
The spatial dimension in environmental and resource economics
Xepapadeas, A. (2010) · Environment and Development Economics · doi:10.1017/s1355770x10000355 · Cited by 33
“These concepts will be defined more precisely in the following section. formation and has been extensively studied in the context of new economic geography models (e.g., Krugman, 1996; Fujita et al., 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialFujita, M. (1999) · The Annals of Regional Science · doi:10.1007/s001680050110 · Cited by 34
Self-citationOptimal city hierarchy: A dynamic programming approach to central place theory
Hsu, W., Holmes, T. J., & Morgan, F. (2014) · Journal of Economic Theory · doi:10.1016/j.jet.2014.09.018 · Cited by 34
“The extension to the plane utilizes Morgan and Bolton’s (2002) theorem that the hexagonal market area is most efficient in terms of saving on transportation cost, given the number of cities.”
MethodEconomic integration and agglomeration in a middle product economy
Peng, S., Thisse, J., & Wang, P. (2005) · Journal of Economic Theory · doi:10.1016/j.jet.2005.06.005 · Cited by 36
“JEL classification: D90; F15; O41; R13 Keywords: Economic integration; Agglomeration; Intermediate goods trade; Growth”
Common Ground? Prospects for Integrating the Economic Geography of Geographers and Economists
Sjöberg, Ö., & Sjöholm, F. (2002) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1068/a3447 · Cited by 34
“For example, although acknowledging the importance of knowledge spillovers, the new economic geography has largely left them out of the discussion and has done so for reasons of modelling convenience (Fujita et al, 1999, page 5).”
BackgroundExport diversity and regional growth: Empirical evidence from South AfricaPreprint
Matthee, M., & Naudé, W. A. (2007) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 34
Location Choices of Multinational Firms: the case of Mergers and AcquisitionsPreprint
Bertrand, O., Mucchielli, J.-L., & Zitouna, H. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.556206 · Cited by 57
“Following Girma (2002) and Basile (2004), we use the same set of variables in the first and second step.”
BackgroundMethodCan Australia Match US Productivity Performance?Preprint
Dolman, B., Parham, D., & Zheng, S. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1018881 · Cited by 34
Local analysis of economic disparities in Italy: a spatial statistics approach
Patacchini, E. (2007) · Statistical Methods & Applications · doi:10.1007/s10260-007-0054-8 · Cited by 33
Income divergence and global connectivity of U.S. urban regions
Buchholz, M., Bathelt, H., & Cantwell, J. (2020) · Journal of International Business Policy · doi:10.1057/s42214-020-00057-7 · Cited by 33
Aniţa, S., Capasso, V., Kunze, H. E., et al. (2013) · Applied Mathematics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.aml.2013.04.002 · Cited by 33
Spatial Dynamics of Optimal Management in Bioeconomic Systems
Aadland, D. M., Sims, C. B., & Finnoff, D. (2014) · Computational Economics · doi:10.1007/s10614-014-9442-y · Cited by 32
Unemployment Volatility and Regional Specialization in the European Union
Ezcurra, R. (2010) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/00343401003713332 · Cited by 33
“BEGOVIC B. (1992) Industrial diversification and city size: the case of Yugoslavia, Urban Studies 29, 77–88.”
BackgroundInfluentialPort City Factors and Port Production: Analysis of Chinese Ports
Cheung, S. M. S., & Yip, T. L. (2011) · Transportation Journal · doi:10.5325/transportationj.50.2.0162 · Cited by 33
Surgimiento y transformación de clusters y milieus en los procesos de desarrollo
Vázquez‐Barquero, A. (2006) · EURE (Santiago) · doi:10.4067/s0250-71612006000100005 · Cited by 33
“…(Scott, 1988), los clusters indus-triales (Porter, 1990), la economía del cono - cimiento (Cooke, 2002), la nueva geografía económica (Krugman, 1990; Fujita et al ., 2000), la teoría de los entornos innovadores (Aydalot, 1986; Maillat, 1995), o la sociolo - gía económica (Granovetter, 1985).”
Ikeda, K., Murota, K., Akamatsu, T., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Economic Theory · doi:10.1111/ijet.12120 · Cited by 33
Agglomeration externalities of fast-growth firms
Du, J., & Vanino, E. (2020) · Regional studies · doi:10.1080/00343404.2020.1760234 · Cited by 33
Globalization and spatial inequality: Does economic integration affect regional disparities?
Ezcurra, R., & Villar, A. D. (2021) · The Annals of Regional Science · doi:10.1007/s00168-021-01050-5 · Cited by 34
Does Transport Infrastructure Inequality Matter for Economic Growth? Evidence from China
Chen, A., Li, Y., Ye, K., et al. (2021) · Land · doi:10.3390/land10080874 · Cited by 33
“They concur on the negative impacts of excessive agglomeration, such as environmental pollution, traffic congestion, and intensive business competition [38,39], and account for the bell-shaped relationship between transport costs and agglomeration [40,41].”
BackgroundDistribution of Foreign Direct Investment among Transition Economies in Central and Eastern Europe
Deichmann, J. (2001) · Post-Soviet Geography and Economics · doi:10.1080/10889388.2001.10641167 · Cited by 46
The Impact of European Integration on Regional Structural Change and Cohesion
Krieger-Boden, C., Morgenroth, E., & Petrakos, G. (2008) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203934821 · Cited by 33
Assessing the ex ante economic impacts of transportation infrastructure policies in Brazil
HADDAD, E. A., Perobelli, F. S., Domingues, É. P., et al. (2011) · Journal of Development Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19439342.2010.545891 · Cited by 33
“See, for instance, Fujita et al. (1999) and Fujita and Thisse (2002).”
BackgroundThe theoretical bases of urban competitiveness : does proximity matter ?
Martin, R., & Simmie, J. M. (2008) · Revue d’Économie Régionale & Urbaine · doi:10.3917/reru.083.0333 · Cited by 33
Zou, Y., Mason, R., & Zhong, R. (2015) · Urban Geography · doi:10.1080/02723638.2015.1027121 · Cited by 33
Global Metropolis: Assessing Economic Activity in Urban Centers Based on Nighttime Satellite Images
Florida, R. L., Mellander, C., & Gulden, T. (2011) · The Professional Geographer · doi:10.1080/00330124.2011.583590 · Cited by 33
“Fujita, Krugman, and Venables (1999) showed that the trade-off between scale economies and transportation costs leads to the emergence of multiple central places serving surrounding markets.”
Specialisation changes in European regions: the role played by externalities across regions
Mora, T., & Moreno, R. (2009) · Journal of Geographical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10109-009-0098-4 · Cited by 33
“Although we would expect a positive impact of these agglomeration variables on regional specialisation, Fujita et al. (1999) and Fujita and Thisse (2002) indicate the existence of possibly contradictory effects.”
BackgroundModeling Cities in 3D: A Cellular Automaton Approach
Benguigui, L. G., Czamanski, D. Z., & Roth, R. (2008) · Environment and Planning B Planning and Design · doi:10.1068/b33075 · Cited by 33
“Urban growth has been studied with tools from geography (Krakover, 1985), economics (Fujita et al, 1999) and synergetics (Portugali, 2000).”
BackgroundDistance, Skill Deepening and Development: Will Peripheral Countries Ever Get Rich?
Redding, S. J., & Schott, P. K. (2003) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w9447 · Cited by 33
Showing or telling? Local interaction and organization of behavior
Babutsidze, Z., & Cowan, R. (2013) · Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination · doi:10.1007/s11403-013-0117-x · Cited by 32
“…the system (10) as Related research in economics uses both discrete (time–space) and continuous settings for this kind of analysis (see for example Fujita et al. 1999; Quah 2000, 2002; Ioannides 2006; Chincarini and Asherie 2008; Ikeda et al. 2012), however the equivalence of the approaches…”
BackgroundWater scarcity will constrain the formation of a world-class megalopolis in North China
Zhang, Z., Shi, M., Chen, K. Z., et al. (2021) · npj Urban Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s42949-020-00012-8 · Cited by 32
Zincenko, A., Petrovskii, S., Volpert, V. A., & Banerjee, M. (2021) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2021.0034 · Cited by 30
Does economic structure matter for income inequality?
Ghosh, S., Doğan, B., Can, M., et al. (2022) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-022-01462-1 · Cited by 32
Directional imbalance in transport prices and economic geography
Takahashi, T. (2010) · Journal of Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jue.2010.08.003 · Cited by 32
Urban Clustering, Development Similarity, and Local Growth: A Case Study of Canada
Portnov, B. A. (2006) · European Planning Studies · doi:10.1080/09654310600933355 · Cited by 32
The effect of labour market spatial structure on commuting in England and Wales ‡
Melo, P. C., Graham, D. J., & Noland, R. B. (2011) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbr011 · Cited by 33
Choose the Neighbor before the House: Agglomeration Externalities in a UK Science Park
Christian Helmers, B. (2017) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbx042 · Cited by 32
What drives urban population growth and shrinkage in postsocialist East Germany?
Heider, B. (2019) · Growth and Change · doi:10.1111/grow.12337 · Cited by 32
Revisiting Inter-Port Relationships under the New Economic Geography Research Framework
Ducruet, C., Notteboom, T., & de Langen, P. W. (2009) · Flanders Marine Institute (Flanders Marine Institute) · doi:10.4324/9781315601564-8 · Cited by 32
“One main principle to retain from NEG is that high transport costs create spatial equality by sustaining the dispersion of activities, while low transport costs foster core-periphery inequalities by fostering their agglomeration (Krugman, 1991; Fujita et al., 1999; Combes et al., 2008).”
InfluentialGlobal Outsourcing Relationships and Innovation: A Conceptual Framework and Research Propositions
Roy, S., & Sivakumar, K. (2012) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2012.00922.x · Cited by 32
Centres and Peripheries in Finland: Granger Causality Tests Using Panel Data
Tervo, H. (2009) · Spatial Economic Analysis · doi:10.1080/17421770903317652 · Cited by 32
“The new economic geography (henceforth, NEG) predicts strong concentration of spatial growth (e.g., Fujita et al., 1999; Fujita, 2007).”
BackgroundTrade integration and regional disparity in a model of scale-invariant growth
Minniti, A., & Parello, C. P. (2010) · Regional Science and Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2010.07.003 · Cited by 32
Population landscape: a geometric approach to studying spatial patterns of the US urban hierarchy
Mu, L., & Wang, X. (2006) · International Journal of Geographical Information Systems · doi:10.1080/13658810600661342 · Cited by 32
“…a few, Getis and Getis (1966) used CPT to elaborate the marketing principle and other derived networks, such as transportation and administration; Fujita et al. (1999) tested the economic foundation of both location and land use theory to support the idea that human factors, such as population,…”
BackgroundDiebolt, C., & Hippe, R. (2017) · Education Economics · doi:10.1080/09645292.2017.1401979 · Cited by 32
“The proposed NEG model has originally been developed by Fujita, Krugman, and Venables (1999).”
BackgroundMethodForeign direct investment (FDI) determinants and spatial spillovers across Mexico's states
Escobar, O. (2012) · Journal of International Trade & Economic Development · doi:10.1080/09638199.2011.624190 · Cited by 32
“NEG literature (Fujita, Krugman, and Venables 1999) points out the importance of agglomeration and dispersion forces to attract or discourage firms from locating in a given region.”
The Agglomeration Wage Differential Reconsidered: An Investigation Using German Micro Data 1984–1997
Möller, J., & Haas, A. (2003) · Advances in spatial science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-24760-9_10 · Cited by 32
Sobrino, J. (2003) · Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos · doi:10.24201/edu.v18i3.1156 · Cited by 32
Agglomeration and Trade with Input–Output Linkages and Capital Mobility
Robert-Nicoud, F. L. (2006) · Spatial Economic Analysis · doi:10.1080/17421770600662459 · Cited by 32
“Qualitatively, this is an innocuous assumption, but this is required to keep the analysis manageable (see also Fujita et al ., 1999, Ch. 14).”
BackgroundThere's More Than One Way to be ‘Serious’ about City‐Regions
Jonas, A. E. G., & WARD, K. G. (2007) · International Journal of Urban and Regional Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2007.00744.x · Cited by 32
The hidden hyperbolic geometry of international trade: World Trade Atlas 1870-2013
García-Pérez, G., Boguñá, M., Allard, A., & Serrano, M. Á. (2015) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1512.02233 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Fujita, M., Krugman, P., & Venables, A. J.
- Venue
- The MIT Press eBooks
- Publisher
- The MIT Press
- Published
- 1999-06-11
- OpenAlex
- W2889260602
- Cited by
- 4,788
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 149 · 2025: 132 · 2024: 112 · 2023: 121 · 2022: 126 · 2021: 156 · 2020: 142 · 2019: 163 · 2018: 179 · 2017: 165 · 2016: 115 · 2015: 171 · 2014: 186 · 2013: 211 · 2012: 245
- FWCI
- 173.24
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The MIT Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Agglomeration and Urban Systems
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Regional Economic Trends and Sectoral Structure
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Global trade and economics
- Keywords
- new economic geography, increasing returns, transportation costs, factor mobility, agglomeration economies, urban economics, regional economics, international trade, industrial organization, economic growth, spatial economics
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