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The Spatial Economy: Cities, Regions, and International Trade
Abstract
The authors show how a common approach that emphasizes the three-way interaction among increasing returns, transportation costs, and the movement of productive factors can be applied to a wide range of issues in urban, regional, and international economics. Since 1990 there has been a renaissance of theoretical and empirical work on the spatial aspects of the economy—that is, where economic activity occurs and why. Using new tools—in particular, modeling techniques developed to analyze industrial organization, international trade, and economic growth—this "new economic geography" has emerged as one of the most exciting areas of contemporary economics. The authors show how seemingly disparate models reflect a few basic themes, and in so doing they develop a common "grammar" for discussing a variety of issues. They show how a common approach that emphasizes the three-way interaction among increasing returns, transportation costs, and the movement of productive factors can be applied to a wide range of issues in urban, regional, and international economics. This book is the first to provide a sound and unified explanation of the existence of large economic agglomerations at various spatial scales.
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“Geographic distance (or transportation costs) plays also a central role in the literature on trade and economic geography(Fujita et al. 1999).”
From Economic reforms and industrial policy in a panel of Chinese cities (2016) · cites this paper as Fujita et al. 1999
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Clusters and knowledge: local buzz, global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation
Bathelt, H., Malmberg, A., & Maskell, P. (2004) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1191/0309132504ph469oa · Cited by 4,478
“This is, for instance, the case in recent theories of increasing returns and endogenous growth and is spilling over into the models developed within the branch of economics which is sometimes referred to as ‘new economic geography’ or geographical economics (Fujita et al., 1999).”
BackgroundBuzz: face-to-face contact and the urban economy
Storper, M., & Venables, A. J. (2004) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jnlecg/lbh027 · Cited by 2,700
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Globalization and the Gains From Variety
Broda, C., & Weinstein, D. E. (2006) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.541 · Cited by 2,478
Hausmann, R., Hwang, J., & Rodrik, D. (2006) · Journal of Economic Growth · doi:10.1007/s10887-006-9009-4 · Cited by 2,576
Zipf's Law for Cities: An Explanation
Gabaix, X. (1999) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355399556133 · Cited by 2,044
“Seeing how this is compatible with the new economic geography [Fujita, Krugman, and Venables 1999] would also be extremely interesting. shock to its climate), or municipal policy shocks (more efficient police, or education, or higher taxes).”
BackgroundOn the notion of regional economic resilience: conceptualization and explanation
Martin, R., & Sunley, P. (2014) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbu015 · Cited by 2,217
THE CASE FOR REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTION: PLACE‐BASED VERSUS PLACE‐NEUTRAL APPROACHES*
Barca, F., McCann, P., & Rodríguez‐Pose, A. (2012) · Journal of Regional Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9787.2011.00756.x · Cited by 1,618
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Self-citationThe Origins of Scaling in Cities
Bettencourt, L. M. A. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1235823 · Cited by 1,529
Easterly, W. R. (2001) · The World Bank Economic Review · doi:10.1093/wber/15.2.177 · Cited by 1,444
“In giving theoretical content to this residual, Grossman and Helpman (1991), Romer (1990) and Aghion and Howitt (1998) focus on technology, on better instructions for combining raw materials into useful products and services.”
BackgroundThe Size, Scale, and Shape of Cities
Batty, M. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1151419 · Cited by 1,434
“As yet, there are no integrated theories tying these ideas together in an economic framework consistent with physical scaling, although progress is being made (18).”
BackgroundEntrepreneurship and Economic Growth
Audretsch, D. B., Keilbach, M., & Lehmann, E. E. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183511.001.0001 · Cited by 1,450
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Feenstra, R. C. (2004) · Princeton University Press eBooks · Cited by 1,142
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Krugman, P. (1998) · Oxford Review of Economic Policy · doi:10.1093/oxrep/14.2.7 · Cited by 1,081
Self-citationFaber, B. M. (2014) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdu010 · Cited by 1,065
“A trade based mechanism could also be based on neoclassical constant returns to scale trade 17See Fujita et al. (1999), Baldwin et al. (2003), and Combes et al. (2008) for comprehensive reviews of this literature.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDelgado, M., Porter, M. E., & Stern, S. (2010) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbq010 · Cited by 991
Smart Specialization, Regional Growth and Applications to European Union Cohesion Policy
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“However, innovation-related knowledge flows are embodied in both the face-toface interactions (MCCANN, 2007) between people and also the mobility of human capital, and as is known from New Economic Geography the Krugman shadow effect associated with centrifugal forces (KRUGMAN and VENABLES, 1995; FUJITA et al., 1999)…”
BackgroundInfluentialRethinking human capital, creativity and urban growth
Storper, M., & Scott, A. J. (2008) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbn052 · Cited by 987
Regional inequality in Europe: evidence, theory and policy implications
Iammarino, S., Rodríguez‐Pose, A., & Storper, M. (2018) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lby021 · Cited by 1,149
“There is a consensus that greater agglomeration generates the positive externalities that lie behind the dynamism of large cities and regions and make them motors of economic growth (Fujita et al., 1999; Duranton and Puga, 2001).”
Under the hood Issues in the specification and interpretation of spatial regression models
Anselin, L. (2002) · Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1574-0862.2002.tb00120.x · Cited by 973
Regions, Globalization, Development
Scott, A. J., & Storper, M. (2003) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/0034340032000108697a · Cited by 980
“…1998; US DEPARTMENT OF COM-The increasing liberalization of economic exchange as globalization has proceeded, combined with steady MERCE, 1998; FUJITA et al., 1999; ANDERSSON and ANDERSSON, 2000; BEAVERSTOCK et al., 2000).improvements in technologies of transportation and communication has…”
BackgroundInfluentialUnder the hood Issues in the specification and interpretation of spatial regression models
Anselin, L. (2002) · Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1016/s0169-5150(02)00077-4 · Cited by 1,296
“, 1996); and models of increasing returns, path dependence and imperfect competition underlying the new economic geography (Fujita et al., 1999).”
BackgroundThe “Out of Africa” Hypothesis, Human Genetic Diversity, and Comparative Economic Development
Ashraf, Q. H., & Galor, O. (2013) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.103.1.1 · Cited by 922
“A detailed survey of the new economic geography literature is conducted by Fujita et al. (1999). 44 Indeed, a significant positive relationship between proximity to waterways and contemporary population density has been demonstrated by Gallup et al.”
Related Variety, Trade Linkages, and Regional Growth in Italy
Boschma, R. A., & Iammarino, S. (2009) · Economic Geography · doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2009.01034.x · Cited by 952
“Variety has also been seen as a major source of economic growth by the proponents of the NEG (e.g., Fujita, Krugman, and Venables 1999).”
BackgroundAgglomeration and Trade Revisited*
Ottaviano, G. I. P., Tabuchi, T., & Thisse, J. (2002) · International Economic Review · doi:10.1111/1468-2354.t01-1-00021 · Cited by 947
“Equilibrium prices also rise when the relative desirability of the differentiated product with respect to the numéraire, evaluated by a, gets larger or when the degree of product differentiation, inversely measured by c, increases provided that (5) holds.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSchneider, A., & Woodcock, C. E. (2008) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/0042098007087340 · Cited by 885
“From a theoretical standpoint, the forms and patterns of urban land development have garnered attention for nearly a century (Burgess, 1925/1967; Hoyt, 1939; Christaller, 1933; Harris and Ullman, 1945; Blumenfeld, 1954; Alonso, 1964; Muth, 1969; Batty and Longley, 1988; Fujita et al., 1999).”
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Dunford, M. (2017) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/00343404.2017.1278972 · Cited by 866
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Thacker, S., Adshead, D., Fay, M., Stéphane Hallegatte, A., Harvey, M., Meller, H., O’Regan, N., Rozenberg, J., Watkins, G. G., & Hall, J. W. (2019) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0256-8 · Cited by 787
Agglomeration, integration and tax harmonisation
Baldwin, R., & Krugman, P. (2003) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/s0014-2921(02)00318-5 · Cited by 775
Self-citationKanbur, R., & Zhang, X. (2005) · Review of Development Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9361.2005.00265.x · Cited by 846
'Old Economy' Inputs for 'New Economy' Outcomes: Cluster Formation in the New Silicon Valleys
Bresnahan, T. F. (2001) · Industrial and Corporate Change · doi:10.1093/icc/10.4.835 · Cited by 742
“See, for example, Fujita et al. (1999), who argue against use of ‘ad hoc dynamics’ to take models too far past the question ‘When is a spatial concentration of economic activity sustainable?’”
BackgroundIammarino, S., & McCann, P. (2006) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2006.05.004 · Cited by 746
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�cs, Z. J., & Varga, A. (2005) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-005-1998-4 · Cited by 663
On the Internal Structure of Cities
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“…urban economic models have focused on explaining the formation of urban spatial structure as an endogenous process that is the result of “interactions” among individual economic agents distributed in space (Fujita et al., 1999; Krugman, 1991, 1996; Anas and Kim, 1996; Zhang, 1993; Arthur, 1988).”
BackgroundAu, C.-C., & Henderson, J. V. (2006) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-937x.2006.00387.x · Cited by 636
Trade and the Topography of the Spatial Economy *
Allen, T., & Arkolakis, C. (2014) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qju016 · Cited by 635
“10 However, with a discrete number of locations, stability has to be analyzed in a case-by-case basis as in Fujita, Krugman, and Venables (1999) since a change in the population in one location will affect the price index.”
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Romp, W. E., & de Haan, J. (2007) · Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2516.2007.00242.x · Cited by 570
The Lost Decades: Developing Countries' Stagnation in Spite of Policy Reform 1980–1998
Easterly, W. R. (2001) · Journal of Economic Growth · doi:10.1023/a:1011378507540 · Cited by 562
GRAVITY REDUX: MEASURING INTERNATIONAL TRADE COSTS WITH PANEL DATA
Novy, D. (2012) · Economic Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2011.00439.x · Cited by 545
Döring, T. F., & Schnellenbach, J. (2006) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/00343400600632739 · Cited by 547
The Role of Geography in Development
Krugman, P. (1999) · International Regional Science Review · doi:10.1177/016001799761012307 · Cited by 537
Self-citationArzaghi, M., & Henderson, J. V. (2008) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-937x.2008.00499.x · Cited by 516
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Angelini, P., & Generale, A. (2008) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.98.1.426 · Cited by 480
Chapter 53 The evolution of city size distributions
Gabaix, X., & Ioannides, Y. M. (2004) · Handbook of regional and urban economics · doi:10.1016/s1574-0080(04)80010-5 · Cited by 492
“When such amenity shocks are in- 20For the latter, see several prominent reviews of Fujita et al. (1999), such as Anas (2001); Davis (2002); Neary (2001). dependent and identically distributed, the conditions of Gibrat’s Law are satisfied.”
BackgroundZipf's Law for cities: a cross-country investigation
Soo, K. T. (2005) · Regional Science and Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2004.04.004 · Cited by 485
The Institutional Determinants of Bilateral Trade Patterns
de Groot, H. L. F., Linders, G. M., Rietveld, P., & Subramanian, U. (2004) · Kyklos · doi:10.1111/j.0023-5962.2004.00245.x · Cited by 516
“Amongst others, studies by Helpman and Krugman (1985) and Deardorff (1998) show that both new trade theories of product differentiation as well as the classical Heckscher-Ohlin theory of comparative advantage can provide a theoretical rationale for the gravity model of bilateral trade.”
BackgroundEvidence on the political economy of the urbanization process
Davis, J. C., & Henderson, J. V. (2003) · Journal of Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/s0094-1190(02)00504-1 · Cited by 472
FDI and the Capital Intensity of “Dirty” Sectors: A Missing Piece of the Pollution Haven Puzzle
Cole, M., & Elliott, R. (2005) · Review of Development Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9361.2005.00292.x · Cited by 471
“See Markusen et al. (1995) and Markusen (2002) for an overview and Beckman and Thisse (1986), Fujita et al. (1999), and Mayer (1998) for surveys of the different strands of the FDI literature.”
Quantitative Spatial Economics
Redding, S. J., & Rossi‐Hansberg, E. (2017) · Annual Review of Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-063016-103713 · Cited by 520
“Early theoretical research on new economic geography [as synthesized by Fujita et al. (1999), Fujita & Thisse (2002), and Baldwin et al. (2003)] concentrated on formalizing mechanisms for agglomeration and cumulative causation, including forward and backward linkages between economic activities.”
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Florida, R. L., Adler, P., & Mellander, C. (2016) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/00343404.2016.1255324 · Cited by 464
“Another explanation for the clustering of innovation comes from the New Economic Geography (Fujita and Thisse, 1996; Krugman, 1990, 1991, 1998; Venables et al., 1999).”
BackgroundGlaeser, E. L., & Kerr, W. R. (2009) · Journal of Economics & Management Strategy · doi:10.1111/j.1530-9134.2009.00225.x · Cited by 462
“The savings benefit of reduced shipping costs to distant consumers is the core agglomerative force of the new economic geography (e.g., Fujita et al., 1999).”
Structure of Urban Movements: Polycentric Activity and Entangled Hierarchical Flows
Roth, C., Kang, S. M., Batty, M., & Barthélemy, M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015923 · Cited by 461
The United States as a Coastal Nation
Rappaport, J. M., & Sachs, J. D. (2003) · Journal of Economic Growth · doi:10.1023/a:1022870216673 · Cited by 460
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Baldwin, R., & Okubo, T. (2005) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbi020 · Cited by 460
Entrepreneurship, Geography, and American Economic Growth
Ács, Z. J., & Armington, C. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511510816 · Cited by 454
Bertinelli, L., & Black, D. (2004) · Journal of Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jue.2004.03.003 · Cited by 446
Economic reforms and industrial policy in a panel of Chinese cities
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“47Such measures of market access or market potential appear in models of trade and economic geography, see for example Fujita et al. (1999).”
BackgroundAssessing the Regional Economic Development Impacts of Universities: A Review of Current Approaches
Drucker, J. M., & Goldstein, H. (2006) · International Regional Science Review · doi:10.1177/0160017606296731 · Cited by 450
“These models generally fall within the family of endogenous growth models originated by Romer (1986, 1990) and adapted (e.g., by Fujita, Krugman, and Venables 1999) to the regional context.”
BackgroundUrban Resurgence and the Consumer City
Glaeser, E. L., & Gottlieb, J. D. (2006) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1080/00420980600775683 · Cited by 439
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Du, J., Lu, Y., & Tao, Z. (2008) · Journal of Comparative Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jce.2008.04.004 · Cited by 434
The broader economic consequences of transport infrastructure investments
Lakshmanan, T. R. (2010) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.01.001 · Cited by 433
Henderson, J. V. (2009) · Journal of Regional Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9787.2009.00636.x · Cited by 433
“First are the “static” models in Harris-Todaro (1970) and the new economic geography (Krugman, 1991; Fujita, Krugman, and Venables, 1999), which stress the idea of either a technology change or productivity differential which leads to a shift of resources out of agriculture or a hinterland region…”
The universal visitation law of human mobility
Schläpfer, M., Dong, L., O’Keeffe, K. P., Santi, P., Szell, M., Salat, H., Anklesaria, S., Vazifeh, M. M., Ratti, C., & West, G. B. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03480-9 · Cited by 449
“[1, 2) [2, 5) [5, 10) [10, 20) [20, 50) [50, 100) [1, 2) [2, 5) [5, 10) [10, 20) [20, 50) [50, 100)”
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Holl, A. (2003) · Regional Science and Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/s0166-0462(03)00059-0 · Cited by 418
Rappaport, J. M. (2007) · Regional Science and Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2006.11.004 · Cited by 417
van Asselen, S., & Verburg, P. H. (2013) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.12331 · Cited by 408
“This applies for example to urban area: urban expansion preferably occurs adjacent to existing cities (Fujita et al., 1999).”
BackgroundYeung, H. W. (2009) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/00343400902777059 · Cited by 416
“…time has further legitimized an analytical focus on internal sources of regional growth, particularly those associated with human capital, technological change, and increasing returns to scale (ROMER, 1986, 1994; KRUGMAN, 1995; FUJITA et al., 1999; FUJITA and KRUGMAN, 2004; COMBES et al., 2008).”
BackgroundEditorial: Constructing an evolutionary economic geography
Boschma, R. A., & Martin, R. (2007) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbm021 · Cited by 407
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Storper, M., & Scott, A. J. (2016) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/0042098016634002 · Cited by 394
“At the same time, the city is always embedded in a far-flung spatial economy that sustains it without compromising its integrity as a distinctive social phenomenon (Fujita, Krugman, and Venables 1999).”
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Becsky, R. (2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-2283 · Cited by 393
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Qin, Y. (2016) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbw013 · Cited by 380
Spatial determinants of productivity: Analysis for the regions of Great Britain
Rice, P. G., Venables, A. J., & Patacchini, E. (2006) · Regional Science and Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2006.03.006 · Cited by 365
“For theoretical derivation of particular forms of this equation, see Fujita et al (1999) or”
Self-citationLocation Matters: Where We Have Been and Where We Might Go in Agglomeration Research
McCann, B. T., & Folta, T. B. (2008) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206308316057 · Cited by 357
Firm location decisions, regional grants and agglomeration externalities
Devereux, M. P., Griffith, R., & Simpson, H. (2007) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2006.12.002 · Cited by 364
What Causes Industry Agglomeration? Evidence from Coagglomeration PatternsPreprint
Ellison, G., Glaeser, E. L., & Kerr, W. R. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.980966 · Cited by 354
EMPIRICAL STUDIES IN INDUSTRIAL LOCATION: AN ASSESSMENT OF THEIR METHODS AND RESULTS*
Arauzo‐Carod, J., Solís, D. L., & Manjón-Antolín, M. C. (2009) · Journal of Regional Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9787.2009.00625.x · Cited by 362
“First, the fact that the New Economic Geography concluded that agglomeration economies arise mainly at local level and decrease as distance increases (Fujita et al. 1999, Fujita and Thisse 2002).”
Background(How) Do (Firms in) Clusters Create Knowledge?
Malmberg, A., & Power, D. (2005) · Industry and Innovation · doi:10.1080/13662710500381583 · Cited by 355
“…recent years on the role of knowledge and innovation as key factors behind sustained industrial competitiveness has brought some of these core considerations of economic geography on to the research agenda in a wider community of economic scholars (Storper, 1995; Porter, 1998; Fuijta et al., 1999).”
BackgroundGeography and public policy: the case of the missing agenda
Martin, R. (2001) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1191/030913201678580476 · Cited by 348
Infrastructure And Growth In Developing Countries : Recent Advances And Research Challenges
Straub, S. (2008) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-4460 · Cited by 345
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Meen, G. P. (2002) · Journal of Housing Economics · doi:10.1006/jhec.2001.0307 · Cited by 339
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Easterly, W., & Levine, R. E. (2001) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.269108 · Cited by 333
“In giving theoretical content to this residual, Grossman and Helpman (1991), Romer (1990) and Aghion and Howitt (1998) focus on technology, on better instructions for combining raw materials into useful products and services.”
Spatial statistics for urban analysis: A review of techniques with examples
Páez, A., & Scott, D. M. (2004) · GeoJournal · doi:10.1007/s10708-005-0877-5 · Cited by 327
“Sources of theory include the 'new economic geography' (NEG) of regional science (Fujita et al., 1999), a field concerned with the spatial distribution of economic activity ; the economic theory of externalities, public goods and club goods (Cornes and Sandler, 1996 ); and the sociological concept…”
BackgroundAgglomeration Economies: Ambiguities and Confusions
Parr, J. B. (2002) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1068/a34106 · Cited by 326
Trade-offs in Staying Close: Corporate Decision Making and Geographic Dispersion
Landier, A., Nair, V. B., & Wulf, J. M. (2007) · Review of Financial Studies · doi:10.1093/rfs/hhm042 · Cited by 326
“1 For excellent reviews see Fujita and Venables (1999); Fujita and Thisse (2002), and Duranton and Puga (2005).”
Zipf's Law and the Growth of Cities
Gabaix, X. (1999) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.89.2.129 · Cited by 324
Entrepreneurship in the Region: Breeding Ground for Nascent Entrepreneurs?
Mueller, P. (2006) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-006-6951-7 · Cited by 320
Cultural economy: a critical review
Gibson, C., & Kong, L. (2005) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1191/0309132505ph567oa · Cited by 320
“Observations of the agglomerative tendencies in activities within the cultural economy concur with work in what has been labelled ‘new geographical economics’ (Krugman, 1998; Fujita et al., 1999; Porter, 2002).”
BackgroundUnemployment clusters across Europe's regions and countries
Overman, H. G., & Puga, D. (2002) · Economic Policy · doi:10.1111/1468-0327.00085 · Cited by 319
Cohesion Policy in the European Union: Growth, Geography, Institutions
Farole, T., Rodríguez‐Pose, A., & Storper, M. (2011) · JCMS Journal of Common Market Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5965.2010.02161.x · Cited by 319
“…transport costs and home market effects combine to favour the concentration of economic activity in ‘core’ regions, and how the advantages of large, flexible, highly specialized labour markets and localized technological spillovers reinforce these tendencies (Krugman, 1991; Fujita et al., 1999).”
Goods trade, factor mobility and welfare
Redding, S. J. (2016) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2016.04.003 · Cited by 304
“Our paper is related to the literature on economic geography including Krugman (1991a,b), Helpman (1998), Hanson (2005), Redding and Sturm (2008), Ramondo, Rodríguez-Clare, and Saborio (2012), Coşar and Fajgelbaum (2013), and Caliendo, Parro, Rossi-Hansberg, and Sarte (2014).”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Fujita, M., Krugman, P., & Venables, A. J.
- Venue
- The MIT Press eBooks
- Publisher
- The MIT Press
- Published
- 1999-06-11
- OpenAlex
- W2889260602
- Cited by
- 4,788
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 149 · 2025: 132 · 2024: 112 · 2023: 121 · 2022: 126 · 2021: 156 · 2020: 142 · 2019: 163 · 2018: 179 · 2017: 165 · 2016: 115 · 2015: 171 · 2014: 186 · 2013: 211 · 2012: 245
- FWCI
- 173.24
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The MIT Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Agglomeration and Urban Systems
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Regional Economic Trends and Sectoral Structure
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Global trade and economics
- Keywords
- new economic geography, increasing returns, transportation costs, factor mobility, agglomeration economies, urban economics, regional economics, international trade, industrial organization, economic growth, spatial economics
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