The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Access Controlled: The Shaping of Power, Rights, and Rule in Cyberspace
Open accessAbstract
Reports on a new generation of Internet controls that establish a new normative terrain in which surveillance and censorship are routine. Internet filtering, censorship of Web content, and online surveillance are increasing in scale, scope, and sophistication around the world, in democratic countries as well as in authoritarian states. The first generation of Internet controls consisted largely of building firewalls at key Internet gateways; China's famous “Great Firewall of China” is one of the first national Internet filtering systems. Today the new tools for Internet controls that are emerging go beyond mere denial of information. These new techniques, which aim to normalize (or even legalize) Internet control, include targeted viruses and the strategically timed deployment of distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, surveillance at key points of the Internet's infrastructure, take-down notices, stringent terms of usage policies, and national information shaping strategies. Access Controlled reports on this new normative terrain. The book, a project from the OpenNet Initiative (ONI), a collaboration of the Citizen Lab at the University of Toronto's Munk Centre for International Studies, Harvard's Berkman Center for Internet and Society, and the SecDev Group, offers six substantial chapters that analyze Internet control in both Western and Eastern Europe and a section of shorter regional reports and country profiles drawn from material gathered by the ONI around the world through a combination of technical interrogation and field research methods.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In cases where domestic companies own those servers, governments often have legal and illegal means to compel providers to comply with governmental control practices (Deibert & Rohozinski, 2010).”
From How Dictators Control the Internet: A Review Essay (2020) · cites this paper as Deibert & Rohozinski, 2010
In the citing paper
“However, even when the infrastructure is in place, there are other means to temporarily disable the entire infrastructure (Deibert & Rohozinski, 2010).”
From How Dictators Control the Internet: A Review Essay (2020) · cites this paper as Deibert & Rohozinski, 2010
In the citing paper
“This means that in the case of political events that are potentially threatening to a regime, 'just-in-time' shutdowns allow governments to temporarily disconnect parts of or the whole population (Dainotti etal., 2014; Deibert etal., 2010; Freyburg & Garbe, 2018; Gohdes, 2015).”
From How Dictators Control the Internet: A Review Essay (2020) · cites this paper as Deibert et al., 2010
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [28]Reporters Without Borders, ''A Textbook Case in Press Censorship for the Past 20 Years,''
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 298
Common, M. (2022) · International Review of Law Computers & Technology · doi:10.1080/13600869.2022.2043093 · Cited by 12
Does Legality Produce Political Legitimacy? An Experimental Approach
Fu, Y., Xu, Y., & Zhang, T. (2025) · The Journal of Legal Studies · doi:10.1086/732785 · Cited by 9
Networked publics: multi-disciplinary perspectives on big policy issues
Dutton, W. H. (2018) · Internet Policy Review · doi:10.14763/2018.2.795 · Cited by 8
Internet regulation and crisis-related resilience: from Covid-19 to existential risks
Asmolov, G. (2022) · The Communication Review · doi:10.1080/10714421.2022.2129124 · Cited by 9
Farrand, B. M. (2013) · Journal of Information Technology & Politics · doi:10.1080/19331681.2013.843922 · Cited by 8
Utopia Lost – Human Rights in a Digital World
Brantly, A. F. (2022) · Applied Cybersecurity & Internet Governance · doi:10.5604/01.3001.0016.1238 · Cited by 12
Government’s echo. Twitter discussions around news topics in Russian networked authoritarianism
Dergacheva, D., & Tous, A. (2021) · Russian Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/19409419.2021.1874790 · Cited by 7
Dander, V. (2017) · MedienPädagogik Zeitschrift für Theorie und Praxis der Medienbildung · doi:10.21240/mpaed/29/2017.09.05.x · Cited by 7
Blog Medvedev: Aiming for Public Consent
Yagodin, D. (2012) · Europe Asia Studies · doi:10.1080/09668136.2012.712269 · Cited by 7
Googling for the trade–human rights nexus in China:
Gao, H. S. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139136716.014 · Cited by 7
Farrand, B. M., & Carrapico, H. F. (2013) · Journal of Information Technology & Politics · doi:10.1080/19331681.2013.843920 · Cited by 12
Edwards, L. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1875708 · Cited by 7
Information Warfare: A Response to Taddeo
Stevens, T. (2012) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-012-0070-y · Cited by 6
WikiLeaks, National Security and Cosmopolitan Ethics
Tambini, D. (2013) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137317513_14 · Cited by 6
Oates, S. (2012) · Europe Asia Studies · doi:10.1080/09668136.2012.712277 · Cited by 6
The Digitalization of Russian Politics and Political Participation
Wijermars, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42855-6_2 · Cited by 6
Applying classification controls to Internet content in Australia
Leitch, S., & Warren, M. J. (2015) · Journal of Information Communication and Ethics in Society · doi:10.1108/jices-08-2014-0037 · Cited by 6
Lee, J. K. (2015) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2015/39.2.e0 · Cited by 6
Winseck, D. R. (2013) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137275745_10 · Cited by 5
Protest and digital adaptation
Strauch, R., & Weidmann, N. B. (2022) · Research & Politics · doi:10.1177/20531680221100440 · Cited by 6
Internet–Based Communication: Rights, Risks and Opportunities
Lucchi, N. (2015) · European Journal of Risk Regulation · doi:10.1017/s1867299x00004347 · Cited by 5
The Vulnerabilities of Trusted Notifier-Models in Russia: The Case of Netoscope
Sivetc, L., & Wijermars, M. (2021) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.v9i4.4237 · Cited by 5
Platform regulation and “overblocking” – The NetzDG discourse in Germany
Pohlmann, J., Barbaresi, A., & Leinen, P. (2023) · Communications · doi:10.1515/commun-2022-0098 · Cited by 5
In Putin's Russia, Information Has You
Ognyanova, K. (2015) · Advances in public policy and administration (APPA) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-8553-6.ch003 · Cited by 5
Affective Resistance Against Online Misogyny and Homophobia on the RuNet
Lokot, T. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96226-9_11 · Cited by 5
El sistema internacional cibernético: elementos de análisis
Orozco, G. A. P. (2019) · OASIS · doi:10.18601/16577558.n30.10 · Cited by 5
(Un)Sicherheit hinter dem Bildschirm: Die Versicherheitlichung des Internets
Schulze, M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-02638-7_9 · Cited by 4
What shapes the internet? An overview of social science and interdisciplinary perspectives
Hoebanx, P. (2022) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.13032 · Cited by 5
Internet Regulation: A Text-Based Approach to Media Coverage
Широканова, А. А., & Silyutina, O. (2018) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02843-5_15 · Cited by 4
François, C., & Lin, H. (2020) · Hérodote · doi:10.3917/her.177.0033 · Cited by 5
In Putin's Russia, Information Has You
Ognyanova, K. (2018) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-7113-1.ch088 · Cited by 4
Legalizing control: the rise of restrictive internet regulation in sub-Saharan Africa
Schumann, M. P. (2026) · Democratization · doi:10.1080/13510347.2025.2503370 · Cited by 3
AĞ TOPLUMUNDA POST-DEMOKRATİK GÖZETİM, MİLLÎ KİMLİK, VATANDAŞLIK VE EGEMENLİK İLİŞKİSİ
Şimşek, S. S. (2024) · Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.35343/kosbed.1490392 · Cited by 3
ANO Dialog: innovation in controlling Russia’s digital information
Poliakoff, S., Toepfl, F., & Kling, J. (2025) · Post-Soviet Affairs · doi:10.1080/1060586x.2025.2559218 · Cited by 3
Cao, H. (2022) · Convergence The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies · doi:10.1177/13548565221110369 · Cited by 3
Lemon, E. J., & Antonov, O. (2025) · Swiss Political Science Review · doi:10.1111/spsr.12665 · Cited by 3
Bowe, B. J., Blom, R., & Freedman, E. (2012) · International Journal of Information Communication Technologies and Human Development · doi:10.4018/jicthd.2012040101 · Cited by 3
Rogerson, K., & Milton, D. (2013) · Journal of Information Technology & Politics · doi:10.1080/19331681.2013.843989 · Cited by 3
Durdağ, B. (2017) · Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.21547/jss.272243 · Cited by 3
Strauch, R. (2023) · Journal of Information Technology & Politics · doi:10.1080/19331681.2023.2283011 · Cited by 6
Digital manipulation and mass mobilization over the long run: evidence from Latin America
Alcántara‐Lizárraga, J. Á., & Jima‐González, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2024.1296004 · Cited by 10
Ontology-Based Information Flow Control of Network-Level Internet Communication
Kasten, A., & Ansgar Scherp, A. (2015) · International Journal of Semantic Computing · doi:10.1142/s1793351x15500014 · Cited by 3
The global digital divide as impeded access to content
Burri, M. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139136716.022 · Cited by 3
Oates, S. (2011) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-011-0045-4 · Cited by 3
Speaking for Freedom, Normalizing the Net?
Smith, P. J. (2013) · Journal of Information Technology & Politics · doi:10.1080/19331681.2013.843932 · Cited by 3
Law in the militarization of cyber space: framing a critical research agenda
(2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315669878-18 · Cited by 3
Schmidt, H. (2020) · Ledizioni eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.ledizioni.13094 · Cited by 3
Jiang, M., & Okamoto, K. E. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2097430 · Cited by 3
Rule-takers or rule-makers? How regional hubs design digital governance frameworks
Bandemer, S., Daßler, B., Rittberger, B., Weiß, M., & Will, K. (2026) · Globalizations · doi:10.1080/14747731.2026.2653368 · Cited by 2
The DVD region code system: Standardizing home video’s disjunctive global flows
Elkins, E. (2014) · International Journal of Cultural Studies · doi:10.1177/1367877914547300 · Cited by 4
Wang, C., & Westwood, S. J. (2024) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s030574102400047x · Cited by 2
Assessing Power and Hierarchy in Cyberspace: An Approach of Power Transition Theory
Lorci, E. (2024) · Applied Cybersecurity & Internet Governance · doi:10.60097/acig/190481 · Cited by 3
Technical infrastructure as a hidden terrain of disinformation
Bradshaw, S., & DeNardis, L. (2024) · Journal of Cyber Policy · doi:10.1080/23738871.2024.2419010 · Cited by 4
Alves, A. D. M. (2015) · Canadian Journal of Communication · doi:10.22230/cjc.2015v40n3a2742 · Cited by 2
The internet as a democratising force
Laidlaw, E. B. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107278721.002 · Cited by 2
Pétervári, K., & Pázmándi, K. (2018) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/448/1/012030 · Cited by 2
Weaponization of Access, Communication Inequalities as a Form of Control: Case of Israel/Palestine
Kreitem, H. M. (2020) · Global transformations in media and communication/Global transformations in media and communication research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32706-4_7 · Cited by 2
The politics of internet freedom rankings
Lokot, T., & Wijermars, M. (2023) · Internet Policy Review · doi:10.14763/2023.2.1710 · Cited by 2
Online media in Armenia: a taste of free expression
Sargsyan, T. (2014) · Journal of Southeast European and Black Sea Studies · doi:10.1080/14683857.2014.904546 · Cited by 2
The Innovation Dilemma and the Consolidation of Autocratic RegimesPreprint
Goebel, C. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2287539 · Cited by 2
A Comparative View of Censored and Uncensored Political Discussion
Ji, Q. (2016) · Advances in public policy and administration (APPA) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-1081-9.ch015 · Cited by 1
Flonk, D., & McNeil‐Willson, R. (2023) · Policy & Internet · doi:10.1002/poi3.377 · Cited by 1
Internet Censorship in Authoritarian Contexts: A Case Study of Kazakhstan
Rakhmetov, B. (2025) · Journal of Eurasian Studies · doi:10.1177/18793665251411329 · Cited by 4
Khwaileh, K. M., & Makhadmeh, N. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2026.1815400 · Cited by 1
Methods and resources to monitor internet censorship
Fourie, I., Bitso, C., & Bothma, T. (2014) · Library Hi Tech · doi:10.1108/lht-11-2013-0156 · Cited by 1
Protest and Patronage: A Theory of Electoral Contest in Competitive Authoritarianism
Wong, S. H. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-387-3_2 · Cited by 1
Klein, W. E. J. (2015) · IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS) · doi:10.1109/istas.2015.7439428 · Cited by 1
Protesting in a Cultural Frame
Rosas, A. (2014) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-6066-3.ch018 · Cited by 1
Klein, W. E. J. (2017) · International series on intelligent systems, control and automation: science and engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46667-5_5 · Cited by 1
The evolution of network based cybersecurity norms: An analytical narrative
Basuchoudhary, A., & Choucri, N. (2014) · IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration (IRI) · doi:10.1109/iri.2014.7051951 · Cited by 1
Die Regulierung von Internetinhalten am Beispiel Hassrede: Ein Forschungsüberblick
Schünemann, W. J., & Steiger, S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65964-9_8 · Cited by 1
Authoritarian Alliances and the Politicking of Data in Africa
Townsend, B., & Gwagwa, A. E. (2023) · Journal of Online Trust and Safety · doi:10.54501/jots.v2i1.111 · Cited by 1
Human Rights as a Lens on Global Media Developments
Jørgensen, R. F. (2023) · Global transformations in media and communication/Global transformations in media and communication research · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29616-1_11 · Cited by 1
Below, K. C. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37481-4_6 · Cited by 1
Contested Information Environment Framework for Assessing Networked Authoritarian Regimes
Forner, D. (2024) · Journal of Information Policy · doi:10.5325/jinfopoli.14.2024.0011 · Cited by 1
The developmental party and the regulatory state in China's Internet governance
Ma, Y., & Liu, C. (2024) · Policy & Internet · doi:10.1002/poi3.410 · Cited by 4
Multimodal disinformation trolling campaigns targeting Canada
Al‐Rawi, A. (2025) · Global Media and Communication · doi:10.1177/17427665251345593 · Cited by 1
Russia and China: Autocratic and On-line
Iosifidis, P., & Wheeler, M. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-41030-6_8 · Cited by 1
Kshetri, N. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40554-4_13 · Cited by 1
Intellectual Property Rights in the Digital Sphere
Lucchi, N. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-08357-1_27 · Cited by 1
Movilizaciones por la red. Las evoluciones del movimiento open
Villarroya, A. A. (2019) · Arbor · doi:10.3989/arbor.2019.791n1002 · Cited by 1
Practices, Background Knowledge, Communities of Practice, Social Orders
Adler, E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108325615.005 · Cited by 1
Disruptive Internet Innovation and Communications LawPreprint
Riley, M. C. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1933611 · Cited by 1
Race to the Online Mass Surveillance: The End of Privacy and Open Internet?Preprint
Karim, M. R. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2462321 · Cited by 1
Friending Brandeis: Privacy and Government Surveillance in the Era of Social MediaPreprint
Gaffin, E. S. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2049013 · Cited by 1
Discourse Networks on State-Mandated Access Blocking in France and GermanyPreprint
Breindl, Y. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2809761 · Cited by 1
Content Effects: Political Communication
Semetko, H. A., & Tworzecki, H. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0124 · Cited by 1
Adler, E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108325615.012 · Cited by 1
The Evolution of Network Based Cybersecurity Norms: An Analytical NarrativePreprint
Choucri, N., & Basuchoudhary, A. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2492162
Leslie, C. (2011) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.21633
Park, D. (2014) · The Information Society · doi:10.1080/01972243.2014.875793
Struggling for open information environments
Hintz, A., & Milan, S. (2012) · iConference · doi:10.1145/2132176.2132218
Shin, B. (2011) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21660-2_44
Strategies of System Architecture
Price, M. E. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139680486.006
Transnational Political Communication
Gagliardone, I. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118541555.wbiepc084
Negotiating Boundaries between Control and Dissent
Bowe, B. J., Blom, R., & Freedman, E. (2014) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-6433-3.ch092
Wagner, B. (2016) · Law, governance and technology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33513-1_3
Semetko, H. A. (2015) · The International Encyclopedia of Political Communication · doi:10.1002/9781118541555.wbiepc181
Social Media, Changing Culture and Policymaking
Kandara, M., & Çelikyay, H. H. (2017) · Strategic Public Management Journal · doi:10.25069/spmj.358058
Metadata
- Authors
- Deibert, R. J., Palfrey, J., Rohozinski, R., & Zittrain, J. L.
- Venue
- The MIT Press eBooks
- Publisher
- The MIT Press
- Published
- 2010-04-02
- OpenAlex
- W4254715066
- Cited by
- 298
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 28.28
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- The MIT Press eBooks (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies
- Social Sciences › Law › Freedom of Expression and Defamation
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Privacy, Security, and Data Protection
- Keywords
- internet control, internet censorship, online surveillance, internet filtering, Great Firewall of China, DDoS attacks, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, democratic state, authoritarian state
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review