Dual leucine zipper kinase-dependent PERK activation contributes to neuronal degeneration following insult
Open accessAbstract
The PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) arm of the Integrated Stress Response (ISR) is implicated in neurodegenerative disease, although the regulators and consequences of PERK activation following neuronal injury are poorly understood. Here we show that PERK signaling is a component of the mouse MAP kinase neuronal stress response controlled by the Dual Leucine Zipper Kinase (DLK) and contributes to DLK-mediated neurodegeneration. We find that DLK-activating insults ranging from nerve injury to neurotrophin deprivation result in both c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) signaling and the PERK- and ISR-dependent upregulation of the Activating Transcription Factor 4 (ATF4). Disruption of PERK signaling delays neurodegeneration without reducing JNK signaling. Furthermore, DLK is both sufficient for PERK activation and necessary for engaging the ISR subsequent to JNK-mediated retrograde injury signaling. These findings identify DLK as a central regulator of not only JNK but also PERK stress signaling in neurons, with both pathways contributing to neurodegeneration.
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Proinflammatory factors such as transforming growth factor ß (TGFß), interleukin-6 (IL6) and Wnt all activate NLK through MAPK-dependent signaling.
“Proinflammatory factors such as transforming growth factor ß (TGFß), interleukin-6 (IL6) and Wnt all activate NLK through MAPK-dependent signaling (54).”
From Nemo-like kinase disrupts nuclear import and drives TDP43 mislocalization in ALS (2025) · cites this paper as [54]
The Results section, “DLK/JNK signaling is required for PERK activation” (page unavailable), concerns DLK, JNK and PERK signaling after neuronal injury. Searches for NLK and for TGFβ, IL-6 and Wnt found no passage in our copy addressing whether those factors activate NLK through MAPK-dependent signaling. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA pathway involving DLK, JNK, and PERK has previously been implicated in neuronal death.
“A pathway involving DLK, JNK and PERK has previously been implicated in neuronal death (Ghosh et al., 2011; Huntwork-Rodriguez et al., 2013; Larhammar et al., 2017; Miller et al., 2009; Pozniak et al., 2013; Watkins et al., 2013; Welsbie et al., 2013), validating our approach.”
From CRISPR Interference-Based Platform for Multimodal Genetic Screens in Human iPSC-Derived Neurons (2019) · cites this paper as Larhammar et al., 2017
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DLK signaling in axotomized neurons triggers complement activation and loss of upstream synapses
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Regulation of the Activity of the Dual Leucine Zipper Kinase by Distinct Mechanisms
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“…involved in ALS/FTLD-TDP disease pathogenesis, we initially investigated NLK expression in progranulin knockout ( GRN -KO) mature brain organoids (mbOrgs), an FTLD-TDP model neurons overexpressing dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK), a key regulator of axon degeneration and neuronal survival (52–54).”
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DNL343 and Disease Progression in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
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BindingDB (2020) · UC San Diego · doi:10.7270/q2g163g3
- Authors
- Larhammar, M., Huntwork-Rodriguez, S., Jiang, Z., Solanoy, H., Sengupta Ghosh, A., Wang, B., Kaminker, J. S., Huang, K., Eastham-Anderson, J., Siu, M., Modrusan, Z., Farley, M. M., Tessier-Lavigne, M., Lewcock, J. W., & Watkins, T. A.
- Affiliations
- Genentech (US)
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, United States
- Pathology, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, United States
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lewcock, Joseph W
- Watkins, Trent A
- ORCID
- Venue
- eLife
- Publisher
- eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
- Published
- 2017-04-25
- Volume
- 6
- ISSN
- 2050-084X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5404924
- OpenAlex
- W2606365238
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 4.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- eLife (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Genentech
- Mission Connect, a program of TIRR Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Disease
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Ion Channels and Receptors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- PERK, integrated stress response, dual leucine zipper kinase, neurodegeneration, neuronal injury, JNK signaling, ATF4, nerve injury, MAPK signaling, endoplasmic reticulum stress
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Gene Expression Regulation, Nerve Degeneration, Neurons, eIF-2 Kinase, MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases, MAP Kinase Signaling System, Mice
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