Exposure to Feline and Canine Pathogens in Bobcats and Gray Foxes in Urban and Rural Zones of a National Park in California
Open accessAbstract
Exposure of bobcats (Lynx rufus) and gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) to a range of common canine and feline pathogens was assessed in urban and rural zones of Golden Gate National Recreation Area, a National Park in the San Francisco Bay Area, (California, USA) from 1992 to 1995. Testing included serology for canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus (CPV), canine adenovirus, Leptospira interrogans, feline calicivirus (FCV), feline panleukopenia virus, feline herpesvirus, feline enteric coronavirus (FECV), feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus, Toxoplasma gondii, and Bartonella henselae. Testing was also performed for Dirofilaria immitis. Significantly more gray foxes were seropositive for CPV in the urban zone than in the rural zone. In addition, radio-tracking of gray foxes in the rural zone indicated that all three of the rural CPV-seropositive foxes had traveled into adjoining small towns, whereas only one of the 11 seronegative animals had done so. Significantly more bobcats were seropositive for FCV in the rural zone than in the urban zone. Individual bobcats with positive FCV antibody titers had patterns of movement that intercepted park inholdings where domestic cats lived. Bobcat samples were seronegative for all five of the other viral feline pathogens, with the exception of a FECV-seropositive bobcat. High seroprevalence was detected for B. henselae and T. gondii in both zones. Variation in the seroprevalence for different pathogens might be related to differences in the exposure of bobcats and foxes to domestic animals: in the urban zone, gray foxes were located in residential areas outside the park, whereas bobcats were not. Although for most of the pathogens examined there was no relationship between urbanization and exposure, our results for CPV in foxes and FCV in bobcats indicated that proximity to urban areas or contact with humans can increase the risk of disease exposure for wild carnivore populations. Combining behavioral information from radio-tracking with data on pathogen exposure or disease incidence can provide valuable insights into the ecology of wildlife disease that might be missed with broad-scale, population-level comparisons alone.
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Urbanisation influences pathogen exposure and prevalence in wildlife.
“Urbanisation influences pathogen exposure and prevalence in wildlife.”
From Red fox viromes in urban and rural landscapes (2020) · cites this paper as Riley, Foley, and Chomel 2004
The prevalence of parvovirus increases with proximity to urban areas in grey foxes in the USA.
“For example, the prevalence of parvovirus increases with proximity to urban areas in grey foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) in the USA (Riley, Foley, and Chomel 2004), and dogs in urban areas in Brazil harbour more tick-borne pathogens than rural dogs (Vieira et al. 2013).”
From Red fox viromes in urban and rural landscapes (2020) · cites this paper as Riley, Foley, and Chomel 2004
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BackgroundWaite, T. A., Chhangani, A. K., Campbell, L. G., Rajpurohit, L. S., & Mohnot, S. M. (2007) · EcoHealth · doi:10.1007/s10393-007-0112-6 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Recent work has shown that vertebrate populations living in or near urban environments are more frequently exposed to diseases (Riley et al., 2004; see also Schillaci et al., 2006), which could in turn increase human exposure to diseases (Fuentes, 2006, Jones-Engel et al.”
BackgroundAdjemian, J., Weber, I. B., McQuiston, J., Griffith, K., Mead, P., Nicholson, W., Roche, A., Schriefer, M., Fischer, M., Kosoy, O. I., et al. (2012) · Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases · doi:10.1089/vbz.2011.0917 · Cited by 44
“…which may carry pathogens that cause zoonotic infections from direct animal or vector-borne contact (Rayor 1985; McLean et al. 1989; New et al. 1993; Taylor et al. 1997; Gese et al. 1997; Mills et al. 1998; Rhyan et al. 2001; Riley et al. 2004; Reeves 2007; Greger 2007; Winters et al. 2008).”
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PATHOGEN SEROPREVALENCE AND INFECTION IN ROCKY MOUNTAIN COUGARS
Biek, R., Ruth, T. K., Murphy, K., Anderson, C., Johnson, M. D., Desimone, R., Gray, R., Hornocker, M., Gillin, C., & Poss, M. (2006) · Journal of Wildlife Diseases · doi:10.7589/0090-3558-42.3.606 · Cited by 43
McCleery, R. (2010) · doi:10.2134/agronmonogr55.c5 · Cited by 42
“Moreover, contact with dogs and cats appear to have increased the exposure of urban gray foxes and bobcats to pathogens common in domestic pets (Riley et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfectious canine hepatitis in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the United Kingdom
Thompson, H., O'Keeffe, A. M., Lewis, J., Stocker, L., Laurenson, M. K., & Philbey, A. (2010) · Veterinary Record Case Reports · doi:10.1136/vetreccr.b4763rep · Cited by 41
Eymann, J., Herbert, C., & Cooper, D. (2006) · doi:10.1071/am06025 · Cited by 41
McCleery, R., Moorman, C., & Peterson, M. N. (2014) · Springer US · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-7500-3 · Cited by 36
Temporal occurrence and environmental risk factors associated with cytauxzoonosis in domestic cats
Reichard, M. V., Baum, K. A., Cadenhead, S. C., & Snider, T. A. (2008) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.12.031 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“For example, significantly more bobcats in rural areas were positive for feline calicivirus antibodies than bobcats in urban zones, indicating greater contact with domestic cats in rural areas (Riley et al., 2004).”
BackgroundNájera, F., Grande‐Gómez, R., Peña, J., Vázquez, A., Palacios, M. J., Rueda, C., Corona-Bravo, A. I., Zorrilla, I., Revuelta, L., Molino, M. G., et al. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11020547 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Sequential circulation of canine adenoviruses 1 and 2 in captive wild carnivores, France
Dowgier, G., Lahoreau, J., Lanave, G., Losurdo, M., Varello, K., Lucente, M., Ventriglia, G., Bozzetta, E., Martella, V., Buonavoglia, C., et al. (2018) · Veterinary Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.05.025 · Cited by 33
Kelehear, C., Brown, G. P., & Shine, R. (2013) · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00292.x · Cited by 33
Seroprevalence of Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in the Pennsylvania Bobcat (Lynx rufus rufus)
Mucker, E., Dubey, J. P., Lovallo, M. J., & Humphreys, J. (2006) · Journal of Wildlife Diseases · doi:10.7589/0090-3558-42.1.188 · Cited by 31
Hiding in plain sight: risk mitigation by a cryptic carnivore foraging at the urban edge
Leighton, G. R. M., Bishop, J. M., Merondun, J., Winterton, D., O'Riain, M. J., & Serieys, L. E. K. (2021) · Animal Conservation · doi:10.1111/acv.12732 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“As for other felid mesocarnivores (e.g., Riley et al., 2004; Mateo et al., Animal Conservation 25 (2022) 244–258 ª 2021 The Zoological Society of London 253 2012; Serieys et al., 2015; Boyles & Nielsen, 2017), exposure to pollutants (e.g., rodenticides, Serieys et al., 2019, and pesticides,…”
BackgroundTapir health and conservation medicine.
Mangini, P. B., Medici, E. P., & Fernandes-Santos, R. (2012) · Integrative Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1749-4877.2012.00323.x · Cited by 30
Restrictions to cross species transmission of lentiviral infection gleaned from studies of FIV
VandeWoude, S., Troyer, J., & Poss, M. (2009) · Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.10.005 · Cited by 30
“In contrast, seroprevalence reported in other bobcat populations are less than 10% (Barr et al., 1989) (Olmsted et al., 1992), including a report of 0% in a population of 25 animals from Northern California (Riley et al., 2004).”
BackgroundAn integrated dietary assessment increases feeding event detection in an urban carnivore
Leighton, G. R. M., Bishop, J., O'Riain, M. J., Broadfield, J., Meröndun, J., Avery, G., Avery, D., & Serieys, L. E. K. (2020) · Urban Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s11252-020-00946-y · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Simon, A., Poulin, M., Rousseau, A., Dubey, J., & Ogden, N. (2013) · Journal of Wildlife Diseases · doi:10.7589/2012-02-048 · Cited by 28
Canine Distemper in an Isolated Population of Fishers (Martes pennanti) from California
Keller, S. M., Gabriel, M., Terio, K., Dubovi, E., VanWormer, E., Sweitzer, R., Barret, R., Thompson, C., Purcell, K., & Munson, L. (2012) · Journal of Wildlife Diseases · doi:10.7589/2011-12-350 · Cited by 28
A Comparison of Two Field Chemical Immobilization Techniques for Bobcats (Lynx rufus)
Rockhill, A., Chinnadurai, S., Powell, R., & DePerno, C. (2011) · Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine · doi:10.1638/2010-0152.1 · Cited by 27
“7 mg/kg xylazine.(3,25,28,33) The use of a ketamine-medetomidine-butorphanol (KMB) drug combination compared to the ketamine-xylazine (KX) combinations previously used for bobcats was evaluated as part of a study that analyzed microhabitat use, movement, and genetic relatedness of bobcats at Bull Neck Swamp Research F…”
MethodInfectious Disease and Contaminants in Urban Wildlife: Unseen and Often Overlooked Threats
Riley, S. P. D., Serieys, L. E. K., & Moriarty, J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-7500-3_10 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationHuang, H., Wang, T., Yang, G., Zhang, Z., Wang, C., Yang, Z., Luo, L., Liu, L., Lan, J., & Huang, X. (2009) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.053 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Holland, C. V. (2023) · International Journal for Parasitology Parasites and Wildlife · doi:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.10.008 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The bobcat, L . rufus or Felis rufus is the most widely distributed carnivore in North America (Roberts and Crimmins, 2010) with a tolerance for fragmented habitats (Riley et al., 2004).”
BackgroundHiestand, S. J., Nielsen, C., & Jiménez, F. (2014) · Parasite · doi:10.1051/parasite/2014005 · Cited by 26
“The increase in bobcat populations is considered a success in wildlife management [53], yet it also raises concerns about the proportional increase in their role as reservoirs of epizootic and zoonotic parasites [5, 51, 64].”
Zoonotic Parasites of Bobcats around Human Landscapes
Carver, S., Scorza, A. V., Bevins, S., Riley, S. P. D., Crooks, K., VandeWoude, S., & Lappin, M. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.01558-12 · Cited by 25
“Thus, along urban boundaries, abundant sympatric populations of permissive hosts may amplify the pathogen circulation and force of infection (18, 32).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDetection of Feline Leukemia Virus in the Endangered Iberian Lynx (Lynx Pardinus)
Luaces, I., Doménech, A., García-Montijano, M., Collado, V. M., Sónchez, C., Tejerizo, J. G., Galka, M., Fernóndez, P., & Gómez-Lucia, E. (2008) · Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation · doi:10.1177/104063870802000325 · Cited by 25
“Published studies on wild lynx populations (including Iberian lynx, Eurasian lynx, and Bobcat) did not show the presence of antibodies against FeLV or FIV by different immunological techniques or FeLV p27 antigenemia.(12,13,15) In contrast, feline leukemia was diagnosed in captive Bobcat (Lynx rufus),(18) in which bot…”
BackgroundInfectious Canine Hepatitis in a Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus)
Gerhold, R., Allison, A., Temple, D., Chamberlain, M. J., Strait, K. R., & Keel, M. (2007) · Journal of Wildlife Diseases · doi:10.7589/0090-3558-43.4.734 · Cited by 25
Sacristán, I., Acuña, F., Aguilar, E., García, S., López, M. J., Cabello, J., Hidalgo-Hermoso, E., Sanderson, J., Terio, K., Barrs, V., et al. (2020) · Evolutionary Applications · doi:10.1111/eva.13181 · Cited by 24
“Higher exposure to pathogens in wild carnivore populations and disease emergence have been reported in human-dominated landscapes (Alexander & Appel, 1994; Cleaveland et al., 2000; Laurenson et al., 1998; Millán et al., 2016; Riley et al., 2004; Sillero-Zubiri et al., 1996).”
BackgroundFELINE CORONAVIRUS AND FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS IN NONDOMESTIC FELID SPECIES
Stout, A. E., André, N., & Whittaker, G. (2021) · Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine · doi:10.1638/2020-0134 · Cited by 23
Hernández, F. A., Manqui, J., Mejías, C., & Acosta-Jamett, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.631788 · Cited by 22
Symptomatic Raccoon Dogs and Sarcoptic Mange Along an Urban Gradient
Saito, M. U., & Sonoda, Y. (2017) · EcoHealth · doi:10.1007/s10393-017-1233-1 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Wasieri, J., Schmiedeknecht, G., Förster, C., König, M., & Reinacher, M. (2009) · Journal of Comparative Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2008.11.003 · Cited by 22
“non-domestic felids to feral domestic cats has been suggested to increase the risk of direct contact and interspecies disease transmission (Sleeman et al., 2001; Riley et al., 2004).”
BackgroundDifference Analysis Between Canine Adenovirus Types 1 And 2
Zhu, Y.-Z., Xu, J.-F., Lian, S.-Z., Zhang, R., Hou, J.-Y., Wang, M.-C., & Yan, X.-J. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.854876 · Cited by 21
Belanger, D. H., Perkins, S., & Rockwell, R. (2011) · Journal of Parasitology · doi:10.1645/ge-2679.1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Gabriel, M., Brown, R. N., Foley, J., Higley, J. M., & Botzler, R. (2009) · Journal of Wildlife Diseases · doi:10.7589/0090-3558-45.2.344 · Cited by 20
“…1982), overlap spatially with the reported HGA case distribution (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007), commonly coinhabit areas and structures with humans (Hoff et al., 1974; Harrison, 1997; Neale and Sacks, 2001), and may interact with domestic animals (Riley et al., 2004).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLewis, J. S., Logan, K., Alldredge, M., Carver, S., Bevins, S., Lappin, M., VandeWoude, S., & Crooks, K. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187035 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Canine Distemper Virus in Wild Felids of Costa Rica
Avendaño, R., Barrueta, F., Soto-Fournier, S., Chavarría, M., Monge, O., Gutiérrez-Espeleta, G., & Chaves, A. (2016) · Journal of Wildlife Diseases · doi:10.7589/2015-02-041 · Cited by 18
“Moreover, the fact that the hosts can shed CDV within 60–90 d of infection may facilitate its detection (Greene and Appel 1990; Riley et al. 2004).”
BackgroundChomel, B., Molia, S., Kasten, R., Borgo, G., Stuckey, M., Maruyama, S., Chang, C.-C., Haddad, N., & Koehler, J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148299 · Cited by 18
“henselae antigen in 74% of 25 bobcats [30].”
BackgroundSelf-citationHill, N., Dubey, J., Vogelnest, L., Power, M., & Deane, E. (2008) · Veterinary parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.01.002 · Cited by 18
Dental Pathology of the Grey Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus).
Evenhuis, J., Zisman, I., Kass, P. H., & Verstraete, F. (2018) · Journal of Comparative Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.11.002 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Ecological spillover dynamics of organisms from urban to natural landscapes
Spear, J. E., Grijalva, E., Michaels, J., & Parker, S. (2018) · doi:10.1093/jue/juy008 · Cited by 18
Kapfer, J., & Kirk, R. (2012) · doi:10.1656/058.011.0313 · Cited by 17
Lan, J.-C., Fu, Y., Yang, Z., Zhang, Z., Wang, C.-D., Luo, L., Liu, L., Gu, X.-B., Wang, S.-X., Peng, X.-R., et al. (2012) · Parasitology international · doi:10.1016/j.parint.2012.01.006 · Cited by 17
Yang, S.-T., Xia, X., Qiao, J., Liu, Q., Chang, S., Xie, Z., Ju, H.-Y., Zou, X.-H., & Gao, Y.-W. (2008) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.11.073 · Cited by 17
Feline Leukemia Virus Frequently Spills Over from Domestic Cats to North American Pumas
Petch, R. J., Gagne, R., Chiu, E. S., Mankowski, C., Rudd, J. L., Roelke-Parker, M., Vickers, T., Logan, K., Alldredge, M., Clifford, D., et al. (2022) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01201-22 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“This is the first report of FeLV in a free-ranging bobcat, although other populations have been tested (45).”
BackgroundSacristán, I., Esperón, F., Pérez, R., Acuña, F., Aguilar, E., García, S., López, M., Neves, E., Cabello, J., Hidalgo-Hermoso, E., et al. (2020) · Transboundary and Emerging Diseases · doi:10.1111/tbed.13937 · Cited by 16
Kozakiewicz, C. P., Burridge, C., Funk, W., Craft, M. E., Crooks, K. R., Fisher, R. N., Fountain-Jones, N. M., Jennings, M. K., Kraberger, S., Lee, J. S., et al. (2020) · Evolutionary Applications · doi:10.1111/eva.12927 · Cited by 16
Self-citationNovel Insights into the Transcriptome of Dirofilaria immitis
Fu, Y., Lan, J.-C., Zhang, Z., Hou, R., Wu, X., Yang, D.-Y., Zhang, R.-H., Zheng, W.-P., Nie, H.-M., Xie, Y., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041639 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis in dogs and cats, and also infects a wide range of wild mammals, as well as humans [1–6].”
BackgroundMolecular Detection of Viral and Bacterial Pathogens in Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Italy
Magliocca, M., Taddei, R., Urbani, L., Bertasio, C., Facile, V., Gallina, L., Sampieri, M., Rugna, G., Rubini, S., Maioli, G., et al. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14131969 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…whose causative infectious agents represent a direct threat not only for wild animals but also for domestic animals and humans’ health [1,2,4]. transmission of infectious diseases, whose causative infectious agents represent a direct threat not only for wild animals but also for domestic…”
BackgroundKärvemo, S., Laurila, A., & Höglund, . (2019) · Diseases of Aquatic Organisms · doi:10.3354/dao03359 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Often this results in higher transmission probability in urban environments (e.g. Riley et al. 2004, Farnsworth et al. 2005, Bradley & Altizer 2007).”
BackgroundFeline Calicivirus Infection: Current Understanding and Implications for Control Strategies
Profio, F. D., Carnevale, M., Marsilio, F., Pellegrini, F., Martella, V., Martino, B. D., & Sarchese, V. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15142009 · Cited by 11
Smith, J. G., Jennings, M. K., Boydston, E., Crooks, K., Ernest, H., Riley, S. P. D., Serieys, L. E. K., Sleater-Squires, S., & Lewison, R. (2020) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-020-00971-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationEmerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife and Species Conservation
Medina-Vogel, G. (2013) · Microbiology spectrum · doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.oh-0004-2012 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Suitability of canine herpesvirus as a vector for oral bait vaccination of foxes
Reubel, G., Wright, J., Pekin, J., French, N., & Strive, T. (2006) · Veterinary Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.12.008 · Cited by 9
“This lack of population immunity against the vaccine vector may be of critical advantage over other potential canid viruses, such as CAdV which are common in foxes (Truyen et al., 1998; Garcelon et al., 1992; Riley et al., 2004) .”
Reed, P., Dwyer, J. F., & Stankowich, T. (2023) · Wildlife Biology · doi:10.1002/wlb3.01095 · Cited by 8
Moura, C. W., Clucas, B., & Furnas, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2022.867188 · Cited by 8
“Additionally, urban studies using camera traps have typically focused on areas of relatively low levels of human development surrounded by more intact habitat in urban parks and nature preserves (Prange and Gehrt, 2004; Riley, 2006; Ordeñana et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSerosurvey of mountain lions in southern Arizona†
Nicholson, K. L., Noon, T. H., & Krausman, P. (2012) · Wildlife Society bulletin · doi:10.1002/wsb.155 · Cited by 8
“Seroprevalence of antibody to FCV was high in bobcats (Table 2) in California, USA, in rural zones where they potentially came into contact with domestic cats (Riley et al. 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialHernández-Camacho, N., López-González, C., & Guerrero-Carrillo, M. D. J. (2010) · doi:10.12933/therya-10-13 · Cited by 8
“2003; Riley et al. 2004).”
Habitat-Associated Differences in Flea Assemblages of Striped Skunks (Mephitis mephitis)
Brinkerhoff, R. (2008) · doi:10.1654/4314.1 · Cited by 8
A Review of Bartonella Infections in California—Implications for Public and Veterinary Health
Billeter, S. (2022) · Journal of medical entomology · doi:10.1093/jme/tjac056 · Cited by 7
Willingham, A. (2008) · doi:10.2172/971003 · Cited by 7
“…as rabies (Riley et al. 1998), canine distemper virus (Hoff et al. 1974, Nicholson and Hill 1984, Schubert et al. 1998, Gese et al. 2004), canine parvovirus (Gese et al. 2004, Riley et al. 2004), canine adenovirus (Gese et al. 2004), and parasitic infections such as mange (Gosselink et al. 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialEcology of emerging infectious diseases and wild species conservation
Medina-Vogel, G. (2010) · doi:10.4067/s0301-732x2010000100003 · Cited by 6
Balboni, A., Magliocca, M., Urbani, L., & Battilani, M. (2025) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens14020200 · Cited by 6
“…most frequently used for screening in wild animals (Table 1), but it is unable to discriminate antibodies against CAdV-1 from those against CAdV-2 [47,57,83–86, 89, 94, The direct diagnostic assays most frequently used for CAdV-1 and CAdV-2 detection are VI on canine kidney cells, such as…”
- Authors
- Riley, S. P. D., Foley, J., & Chomel, B.
- Affiliations
- National Park Service (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Wildlife Diseases
- Publisher
- Wildlife Disease Association
- Published
- 2004-01
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 11-22
- ISSN
- 0090-3558 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2093424405
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 7.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.bioone.org
- Locations
- Journal of Wildlife Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BioOne Complete (BioOne) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of California, Davis
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Zoonotic diseases and public health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Keywords
- bobcat, gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, canine parvovirus, feline calicivirus, Bartonella henselae, Toxoplasma gondii, urbanization, radio telemetry, seroprevalence, human-wildlife interactions, Golden Gate National Recreation Area
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animal Identification Systems, Animals, Domestic, Animals, Wild, Bacterial Infections, California, Carnivora, Disease Reservoirs, Female, Foxes, Male, Parasitic Diseases, Animal, Rural Population, Urban Population, Virus Diseases, Seroepidemiologic Studies
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