Non-invasive assessment of phosphate metabolism and oxidative capacity in working skeletal muscle in healthy young Chinese volunteers using31P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Open accessAbstract
Background.Generally, males display greater strength and muscle capacity than females while performing a task. Muscle biopsy is regarded as the reference method of evaluating muscle functions; however, it is invasive and has sampling errors, and is not practical for longitudinal studies and dynamic measurement during excise. In this study, we built an in-house force control and gauge system for quantitatively applying force to quadriceps while the subjects underwent 31 P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (31 P-MRS); our aim was to investigate if there is a sex difference of phosphate metabolite change in working muscles in young heathy Chinese volunteers. Methods.Volunteers performed knee-extending excises using a force control and gauge system while lying prone in a Philips 3T Magnetic Resonance (MR) scanner. The 31 P-MRS coil was firmly placed under the middle of the quadriceps .31 P-MRS measurements of inorganic phosphate (Pi), phosphocreatine (PCr) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were acquired from quadriceps while subjects were in a state of pre-, during- and post-exercise. The PCr, Pi, PCr/Pi, PCr/ATP, pH, work/energy cost ratio (WE), k PCr and oxidative capacity were compared between males and females. Results.A total of 17 volunteers underwent the study. Males:N= 10,age= 23.30 ± 1.25 years; females:N= 7, age = 23.57 ± 0.79 years. In this study, males had significantly greater WE (16.33 ± 6.46 vs. 7.82 ± 2.16,p= 0.002) than females. Among PCr, Pi, PCr/Pi, PCr/ATP, pH, kPCr and oxidative capacity at different exercise status, only PCr/Pi (during-exercise, males = 5.630 ± 1.647, females = 4.014 ± 1.298,p= 0.047), PCr/ATP (during-exercise, males =1.273 ± 0.219, females = 1.523 ± 0.167,p= 0.025), and ATP (post-exercise, males = 24.469 ± 3.911 mmol/kg, females = 18.353 ± 4.818 mmol/kg,p= 0.035) had significant sex differences. Males had significantly greater PCr/Pi, but less PCr/ATP than females during exercise, suggesting males had higher energy transfer efficiency than females. At the post-exercise status, the recovery of PCr did not show sex difference. Conclusions.Our in-house force control and gauge system quantitatively applied force during the exercise for 31 P-MRS experiments, and a sex difference of higher energy transfer efficiency and WE was detected in males with mild loaded exercising quadriceps. This noninvasive technology allows us to further study and understand the sex difference of high energy phosphate metabolism in the future.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Muscle β-oxidation increases in response to a high-fat diet, but excessive lipid content or duration can exceed this capacity, leading to ectopic lipid accumulation and impaired lipid metabolism.
“muscle β-oxidation increases in response to a high-fat diet (HFD) [83–86], although excessive lipid content or duration of such diets can exceed this capacity, leading to ectopic lipid accumulation and impaired lipid metabolism [87–91].”
From Targeting Intramyocellular Lipids to Improve Aging Muscle Function (2025) · cites this paper as [85]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Oxidative capacity and ageing in human muscle
Conley, K. E., Jubrias, S. A., & Esselman, P. C. (2000) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00203.x · Cited by 651 · see citing works
Muscle metabolic responses to exercise above and below the “critical power” assessed using 31 P-MRS
JONES, A. M., Wilkerson, D. P., DiMenna, F. J., Fulford, J., & Poole, D. C. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00731.2007 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Skeletal muscle histochemical and biochemical characteristics in sedentary male and female subjects
Simoneau, J. A., Lortie, G., Boulay, M. R., Thibault, M. C., Thériault, G., & Bouchard, C. (1985) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/y85-005 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Kemp, G. J., Ahmad, R., Nicolay, K., & Prompers, J. J. (2014) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.12307 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Male and female differences in enzyme activities of energy metabolism in vastus lateralis muscle
Green, H. J., Fraser, I. G., & Ranney, D. A. (1984) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(84)90095-9 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Mitochondrial energetics is impaired <i>in vivo</i> in aged skeletal muscle
Gouspillou, G., Bourdel‐Marchasson, I., Rouland, R., Calmettes, G., Biran, M., Deschodt‐Arsac, V., Miraux, S., Thiaudiere, E., Pasdois, P., Detaille, D., et al. (2014) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.12147 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Jaworowski, Å., Porter, M. M., Holmbäck, A. M., Downham, D., & Lexell, J. (2002) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.1365-201x.2002.t01-2-01004.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Layec, G., Bringard, A., Fur, Y. L., Vilmen, C., Micallef, J., Perrey, S., Cozzone, P. J., & Bendahan, D. (2009) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.22085 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Wu, J. S., Buettner, C., Smithline, H., Ngo, L. H., & Greenman, R. L. (2011) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.21847 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
31P-Magnetization Transfer Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Measurements of In Vivo Metabolism
Befroy, D. E., Rothman, D. L., Petersen, K. F., & Shulman, G. I. (2012) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db12-0558 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Meyerspeer, M., Scheenen, T. W. J., Schmid, A. I., Mandl, T., Unger, E., & Moser, E. (2011) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.22730 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Dynamic Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of the Quadriceps Muscle
Schunk, K., Pitton, M. B., Düber, C., Kersjes, W., Schadmand‐Fischer, S., & THELEN, M. (1999) · Investigative Radiology · doi:10.1097/00004424-199902000-00004 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Schmitz, J. P. J., Jeneson, J. A. L., van Oorschot, J. W. M., Prompers, J. J., Nicolay, K., Hilbers, P. A. J., & van Riel, N. A. W. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034118 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Rana, P., Marwaha, R. K., Kumar, P., Narang, A., Devi, M. M., Tripathi, R. P., & Khushu, S. (2014) · Endocrine Research · doi:10.3109/07435800.2013.865210 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Sargeant, A. J., & HAAN, A. D. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Rana, P., Sripathy, G., Varshney, A., Kumar, P., Devi, M. M., Marwaha, R. K., Tripathi, R. P., & Khushu, S. (2012) · PubMed · doi:10.3275/7676 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Wu, F., Tu, H.-J., Qin, B., Chen, T., Xu, H.-F., Qi, J., & De-hang, W. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Skurvydas, A., Masiulis, N., Stanislovaitis, A., & Kamandulis, S. (2008) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina44100098 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Rana, P., Varshney, A., Devi, M. M., Kumar, P., & Khushu, S. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Rhee, K.-Y., Kim, T., Oh, I. S., Lee, S. J., & Ledowski, T. (2015) · Korean Journal of Anesthesiology · doi:10.4097/kjae.2015.68.1.13 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sun, Y., Pan, S., Chen, Z., Zhao, H., Ma, Y., Zheng, L., Li, Q., Deng, C., Fu, X.-H., Lu, Z., et al. (2014) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20122565 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Jelaska (2000) · Pure Amsterdam UMC · doi:10.1002/1529-0131(200010)43:10 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 23 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The impact of a high-fat diet in mice is dependent on duration and age, and differs between muscles
Messa, G. A. M., Piasecki, M., Hurst, J., Hill, C., Tallis, J., & Degens, H. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.217117 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Gerdle, B. U. C., Ghafouri, B., Lund, E., Bengtsson, A., Lundberg, P., van Ettinger-Veenstra, H., Leinhard, O. D., & Forsgren, M. F. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9113527 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Lewis, M. T., Kasper, J. D., Bazil, J. N., Frisbee, J. C., & Wiseman, R. W. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20215271 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Targeting Intramyocellular Lipids to Improve Aging Muscle Function
Russ, D. W., Manickam, R., & Tipparaju, S. M. (2025) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-025-02622-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Multinuclear MRI in Drug Discovery
Bartusik‐Aebisher, D., Bober, Z., Zalejska–Fiolka, J., Kawczyk‐Krupka, A., & Aebisher, D. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27196493 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Richter, J., Rabe, D., Duysen, K., Melchert, U. H., & Oltmanns, K. M. (2019) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.4167 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Singh, M., Jhajharia, A., Pruthi, R., & Carmichael, O. T. (2025) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.70023 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Chen, F., Lu, F., Yao, L., Wang, H., Wang, K., Han, P., Zhang, Q.-L., Li, M., Zhang, X., Dai, Z.-Y., et al. (2019) · Chinese Journal of Academic Radiology · doi:10.1007/s42058-019-00018-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Li, M., Chen, F., Wang, H., Wu, W., Zhang, X., Tian, C., Yu, H., Liu, R., Zhu, B., Zhang, B., & Dai, Z.
- Affiliations
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (CN)
- Southeast University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Bing
- Dai, Zhenyu
- ORCID
- Venue
- PeerJ
- Publisher
- PeerJ
- Published
- 2016-07-21
- Volume
- 4
- Pages
- e2259
- ISSN
- 2167-8359 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4963215
- OpenAlex
- W2493982158
- Cited by
- 8
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 0.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PeerJ (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81571040, 81300925, 81471643)
- Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20131085)
- Provincial postdoctoral project (1501076A)
- Project of the sixth peak of talented people (WSN-O50)
- Key project of Nanjing Health Bureau (ZKX14027)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- phosphate metabolism, skeletal muscle, sex differences, 31P NMR, quadriceps, knee extension exercise, phosphocreatine, inorganic phosphate, adenosine triphosphate, oxidative capacity, muscle energy metabolism, healthy young adults, Chinese volunteers, non-invasive muscle assessment, muscle pH
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
