Significance of nitric oxide level in giardiasis
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Giardiasis is one of the most prevalent intestinal protozoa infections in humans. Nowadays, nitric oxide (NO) is known to be involved in the immune system against Giardia intestinalis. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the level of NO in individuals with giardiasis in comparison to normal subjects. METHODS: This descriptive study was conducted among 49 Giadia positive and 39 age and gender matched healthy volunteers. Examination of stool samples was done by wet mount technique and formol-ether concentration method. Serum samples were obtained for laboratory examination. NO production was quantified by measuring nitrite, a stable end product of NO, using the Griess reaction based on ELISA method. By using the standard curve in Excel program, the concentration of NO2- in samples was obtained. Finally, all data were analyzed using SPSS version 17. RESULTS: Values obtained from NO assays were placed into 4 groups: ≤ 10 (decline), 10.01 - 15 (normal), 15.01 - 25 (increase), and more than 25 µM (sharp increase). The mean level of NO in patients with G. intestinalis was 32.19 ± 2.15 µM and in people without G. intestinalis was 17.1 ± 1.33 µM. Eight point two percent of patients with Giardiasis were in normal range, but 2%, 20.4%, and 69.4% were in decline, increase, and sharp increase ranges, respectively. In group 2 (without infection), 17.9% were in normal range, and 20.5%, 51.3%, and 10.3% were in decline, increase, and sharp increase ranges, respectively. There was a statistical difference in nitric oxide levels between positive and negative groups with a 95% confidence interval. (p-value = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In our study, the number of people who showed a sharp increase in NO levels was significantly higher in individuals with giardiasis as compared to the control group, and patients infected with giardiasis showed significant increase in NO levels. Therefore, we suggest that further studies are required to understand the exact function of NO in the immune system against giardiasis in humans. It will be important to offer a new therapeutic target for eliminating G. intestinalis.
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•NO is involved in immunity against Giardia intestinalis, and a strong increase in •NO and its derivatives was observed among patients infected with this parasite.
“•NO is also involved in the immunity provided against Giardia intestinalis, in the study by Zarebavani et al., 2017, a strong increase in •NO and its derivatives was observed among patients infected with this parasite [140].”
From The Role of Reactive Species on Innate Immunity (2022) · cites this paper as [140]
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The Role of Reactive Species on Innate Immunity
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Khedr, S. I., Mokhamer, E.-H. M., Hassan, A. A., El-Feki, A. S., El‐Khodary, G. M., & El-Gerbed, M. S. A. (2020) · Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.026 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Gültekin, M., Voyvoda, H., Ural, K., Erdoğan, H., Balıkçı, C., & Gültekin, G. (2019) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.15459 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Barrett, D., Estensoro, I., Sitjà‐Bobadilla, A., & Bartholomew, J. L. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10091179 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Pacheco, F. T. F., de Carvalho, S. S., Cardoso, L. S., Andrade, L. S., das Chagas, G. M. T., Gomes, D. C., Mercês, C. F., Rocha, F. C., Silva, L. K., Soares, N. M., et al. (2019) · Immunobiology · doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2019.04.001 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zarebavani, M., Dargahi, D., Einollahi, N., Dashti, N., Safari, F., & Rezaeian, M.
- Venue
- Clinical Laboratory
- Publisher
- Clinical Laboratory Publications
- Published
- 2017
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 01/2017
- Pages
- 47-52
- ISSN
- 1433-6510 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2586129489
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 0.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Laboratory (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasitic Infections and Diagnostics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasites and Host Interactions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Amoebic Infections and Treatments
- Keywords
- giardiasis, Giardia lamblia, nitric oxide, serum nitrite, nitric oxide production, intestinal protozoa infection, host immune response
- MeSH terms
- Calibration, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Ethylenediamines, Feces, Giardiasis, Humans, Nitric Oxide, Predictive Value of Tests, Reference Standards, Sulfanilamides, Reproducibility of Results, Biomarkers, Up-Regulation, Case-Control Studies
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